RESUMO
At present, a considerable proportion of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) cannot be effectively relieved by standard drug and psychotherapy, so researchers have turned their attention to new directions of physiotherapy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as an adjuvant therapy for refractory OCD, is a non-invasive nerve stimulation technique. Many studies have shown that rTMS is effective in the treatment of OCD. However, there were also disputes in the selection of stimulation targets, parameter settings and so on. This article systematically combs the setting and application of standard rTMS in the treatment of OCD, and comprehensive therapeutic effect of rTMS, and then discusses the deficiency of treatment so far, in order to put forward the future development direction and promote clinical treatment progress.
RESUMO
Existem evidências que apontam para a importância do córtex préfrontal dorsolateral (CPFDL) na percepção de intervalos de tempo. A ETCC (eletroestimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua) modula a excitabilidade cortical, podendo ser utilizada para influenciar o desempenho de diferentes funções cerebrais, como a estimativa de tempo. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da estimulação do CPFDL direito e esquerdo sobre a reprodução de intervalos de tempo. 26 indivíduos foram submetidos a estimulação transcraniana de 2mA no CPFDL por 20 min (anódica, catódica ou sham). Em seguida, participaram de uma tarefa de reprodução de intervalos de tempo de 4 e 8 segundos. Através de ANOVA para medidas repetidas para os fatores estimulação (anódica, catódica, sham), Intervalos (4s e/ou 8s) e local (esquerdo e direito), pudemos observar que a estimulação anódica do CPFDL do hemisfério direito resultou em subestimativa maior no intervalo de 4 segundos, enquanto o uso de corrente catódica sobre o CPFDL esquerdo provocou uma superestimativa do tempo para o intervalo de 4 segundos. Nossos resultados corroboram a importância do CPFDL direito na percepção de tempo. Ainda, o efeito assimétrico observado é interessante, confirmando que o CPFDL esquerdo está associado às funções executivas, importantes na percepção de tempo.
There is evidence supporting the importance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the perception of time. The tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) modulates cortical excitability and can be applied to influence the performance of different brain functions, such as timing. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of stimulation of right and left DLPFC on a task of production of time. 26 patients underwent transcranial stimulation of 2mA over the DLPFC for 20 min (anodic, cathodic or sham). Then they participated in a reproduction task of 4 and 8 seconds. Through ANOVA for repeated measures for stimulating factors (anode, cathode, sham), intervals (4S and / or 8s) and location (left and right), we observed that the anodic stimulation of the right DLPFC resulted in greater underestimation in 4-seconds interval, while the use of cathodic current on the left DLPFC caused an overestimation of 4-seconds interval. Our results confirm the importance of the right DLPFC in the perception of time. Furthermore, the observed asymmetric effect is interesting, confirming that the left DLPFC is associated with the executive, important roles in perception of time.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to identify which neural substrates are engaged during manual Stroop task performance and compare the activation between 8 late proficient Macedonian-English bilinguals and 10 matched English monolinguals. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adult participants performed four Stroop task conditions in a block design (control, congruent, semantically incongruent, response incongruent). Here, we focussed on differences in activation between the two groups in two contrasts: (1) the presence of task-irrelevant information that conflicts at both the response and semantic level (response incongruent versus congruent); and (2) the presence of competing task-relevant information that confl icts at the response level only (response incongruent versus semantically incongruent). For the first contrast, comparisons between monolinguals (English) and the first language of bilinguals (Macedonian) revealed greater activation in the posterior regions of monolinguals, possibly indicative of a more elaborate stimulus evaluation process. For the second contrast, bilinguals showed less activation in anterior cingulate and prefrontal regions than monolinguals. As poor performance on the Stroop task has been found to be associated with greater activation in these two regions, we interpret this in light of earlier ideas regarding cognitive control and the advantages of bilingualism. That is, less effortful word-form processing might indicate that bilinguals are more effectively dealing with response conflict. Together the current findings suggest that learning two languages may modify the neural substrates engaged during tasks that rely on executive functioning.