Effect of combination treatment of protocatechuic acid with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin on colon cancer Caco-2 cell line

Among the most common antitumor drugs used in the treatment of colon cancer are 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (5-FU and OXA). However, both these drugs have many side effects, and hence there is a need for new treatment\approach to reduce the side effects aas well as drug concentration. In this context, here, we investigated the effect of addition of protocatechuic acid (PCA) onto either monotherapies or combination therapies of 5-FU and OXA on the human colon cancer (Caco-2) cell line. In addition, we did evaluate the synergistic effect of PCA with 5-FU and OXA. Further, we determined the suppressive effects of different doses of PCA alone or in combination with 5-FU/OXA on cell proliferation after 24 and 48 hours. We identified a suppressive effect of PCA on cell viability at 48 h starting from the dose of 50 µM Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 gene expression levels and apoptotic effects showed significant increases and decreases depending on the dose and time applied in the experimental groups. The highest synergistic activity was seen at 2:1 concentration of 5-FU+ PCA. Our findings indicate the presence of the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of PCA in Caco-2 cells at 48 h, increasing with a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Elemental Study of Common Iced Fish Species Sold in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

There is a death of information on the mineral composition of essential, toxic elements of commonly consumed frozen fishes in Nigeria, hence, this study was conducted to determine the proximate, elemental composition and also estimate the daily intake of the minerals obtained in the frozen samples of Hake (Merluccius merluccius), Sardine (Sardinella eba), Chub Mackerel (Scomber jopanicus), Atlantic horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and, Croaker (Pseudolithus elongatus) obtained from four markets in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The fish species examined contained appreciable concentrations of protein which ranged from 15.19% in Chub mackerel to 21.75 % in Atlantic horse mackerel. The ash and moisture content suggest that the fish species are a good source of minerals and a veritable medium for microbial proliferation respectively, while, the crude fat value ranging between 0.16 % in Atlantic horse mackerel to 0.27 % in Hake showed that they are lean fat fishes. The Estimated Dietary Intake (EDI) of the macro and microelements analysed in the fish species (except for phosphorus) fell short of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) that were established by the Institute of Medicine. However, the concentrations of toxic elements such as lead, arsenic and cadmium exceeded the maximum limits set for these elements in foods, and this consequently poses a long term risk as a result of the bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of these toxic elements in the body.

Fresado de hueso temporal: modelo de bajo costo y aplicación sencilla / Temporal bone drilling: low-cost and easy-to-use model

Introducción: Desarrollar y potenciar las habilidades neuroquirúrgicas que se requieren en la disección del hueso temporal aplicado a la realización de abordajes quirúrgicos transtemporales, a través de modelos de bajo costo y aplicación sencilla. Materiales y métodos: Trabajamos sobre huesos temporales secos, con insumos hospitalarios descartables y con materiales básicos obtenidos en ferreterías. Se identificaron con silicona y teflón coloreados con acrílico, estructuras vasculares y nerviosas que forman los principales reparos anatómicos y se utiliza material sintético de látex adherido a la superficie endocraneal para recrear duramadre. Realizamos un estudio exhaustivo del hueso temporal con las diferentes estructuras anatómicas íntimamente relacionadas con él, abordándolo desde diferentes vistas. Una vez familiarizados con la anatomía, se ensayan abordajes neuroquirúrgicos y disecciones anatómicas profundizando el conocimiento sobre las estructuras relevantes no visibles previa a la disección. Discusión: En la formación neuroquirúrgica no solo importa el conocimiento teórico, sino que se requiere praxis eficaz aplicada al mismo y se logra sólo a través de auténticas experiencias, la cual da al practicante, la oportunidad de ensayar aspectos de un abordaje para lograr competencia previa a su aplicación en el paciente. Conclusión: El residente puede utilizar esta técnica de fácil acceso y bajo costo para realzar su experiencia de aprendizaje anatómico y fresado de huesos temporales y así poder discutir aspectos y ensayar un abordaje previo a una cirugía.

Introduction: Develop and enhance the neurosurgical skills required for temporal bone drilling applied to transtemporal surgical approaches through low cost and simple application models. Materials and methods: We worked on dry temporal bones with disposable hospital supplies and basic materials obtained in hardware stores. Vascular and nervous structures that form the main anatomical structures are identified with silicone and Teflon colored with acrylic and synthetic latex material is attached to the endocranial surface to recreate the dura mater. We carried out an exhaustive study of the temporal bone with the different anatomical structures intimately related to it, approaching it from different views. Once familiarized with the anatomy, neurosurgical approaches and anatomical dissections are practiced, increasing the understanding of the relevant structures not visible prior to dissection. Discussion: During neurosurgical training theoretical knowledge is not the only domain that matters, rather effective praxis applied to i t is needed and achieved only through authentic experiences, which gives the practitioner the opportunity to examine aspects of an approach in order to achieve expertise prior to its application to the patient. Conclusion: The resident can use this accessible and low cost technique to enhance their experience in anatomical learning and temporal b ones drilling and therefore, be able to discuss certain aspects and practice an approach prior to surgery.

FOXO4 D-retro-inverso peptide increases radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To explore the effects of FOXO4 D-retro-inverso peptide (FOXO4-DRI)on the radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.Methods To detect the effect of FOXO4-DRI on NSCLC cells,H460 and A549 human lung cancer cells were divided into four groups,including untreated control,FOXO4-DRI,γ-ray irradiation and FOXO4-DRI + γ-ray groups.A sigle dose rate of 0.99 Gy γ-rays was used for radiation.H460 cells were administered with 6 μmol/L FOXO4-DRI and A549 cells were adiminstered with 30 μmol/L FOXO4-DRI at 10 min before radiation.Cell viability and survival were detected by CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay,respectively.Cell migration was detected by wound healing assay.Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were detected with flow cytometry.Results FOXO4-DRI inhibited growth of H460 and A549 cells (t =1.06-50.75,P＜ 0.05),and decreased cell mobility (t =33.37-139.10,P＜0.05) and colony formation (t =5.20-93.48,P＜0.05).FOXO4-DRI also increased apoptosis (t=2.95-42.00,P＜0.05) and caused a cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase accompanied with a decreased proportion of G2/M phase (t =3.50-3 1.59,P＜0.05).Furthermore,FOXO4-DRI increased radiosensitivity of both H460 cells and A549 cells (t =2.94-23.40,P＜0.05),caused a Further Decrease of radiation-mediated mobility (t =5.25,7.56,P＜0.05) and colony formation (t =8.43-34.00,P＜ 0.05) and a more increase of radiation-induced apoptosis (t =9.20-11.52,P ＜0.05).FOXO4-DRI also further decreased the proportion of G2/M phase cells but increased the proportion of S phase cells (t =3.85-17.62,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion FOXO4-DRI increases radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells by inducing apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation.

FOXO4 D-retro-inverso peptide increases radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of FOXO4 D-retro-inverso peptide (FOXO4-DRI) on the radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.@*Methods@#To detect the effect of FOXO4-DRI on NSCLC cells, H460 and A549 human lung cancer cells were divided into four groups, including untreated control, FOXO4-DRI, γ-ray irradiation and FOXO4-DRI + γ-ray groups. A sigle dose rate of 0.99 Gy γ-rays was used for radiation. H460 cells were administered with 6 μmol/L FOXO4-DRI and A549 cells were adiminstered with 30 μmol/L FOXO4-DRI at 10 min before radiation. Cell viability and survival were detected by CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay, respectively. Cell migration was detected by wound healing assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were detected with flow cytometry.@*Results@#FOXO4-DRI inhibited growth of H460 and A549 cells (t=1.06-50.75, P<0.05), and decreased cell mobility (t=33.37-139.10, P<0.05) and colony formation (t=5.20-93.48, P<0.05). FOXO4-DRI also increased apoptosis (t=2.95-42.00, P<0.05) and caused a cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase accompanied with a decreased proportion of G2/M phase (t=3.50-31.59, P<0.05). Furthermore, FOXO4-DRI increased radiosensitivity of both H460 cells and A549 cells (t=2.94-23.40, P<0.05), caused a Further Decrease of radiation-mediated mobility (t=5.25, 7.56, P<0.05) and colony formation (t=8.43-34.00, P<0.05) and a more increase of radiation-induced apoptosis (t=9.20-11.52, P<0.05). FOXO4-DRI also further decreased the proportion of G2/M phase cells but increased the proportion of S phase cells (t=3.85-17.62, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#FOXO4-DRI increases radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells by inducing apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation.

Colagem ortodôntica em dentes posteriores facilitada pelo uso dos Dri-Angles / Orthodontics bonding of posterior teeth: optimization tge Dri-Angles

A colagem ortodôntica em dentes posteriores pode representar um grande desafio ao ortodontista, pois em muitas situações impõe dificuldades de visão, acesso e isolamento da superfície vestibular de premolares e, principalmente, dos molares, mesmo com a utilização dos afastadores convencionais de lábios e bochechas. diante dese problema, este artigo tem o objetivo de demonstrar como a utilização de triângulos de celulose, chamados de Dri-Angle, pode facilitar significativamente a colagem de acessórios ortodônticos nos dentes posteriores.

Vitamin E: alpha-Tocopherol and the Other Forms of Vitamin E

Vitamin E has been a generic term for all tocopherol and tocotrienol derivatives. The most active form of vitamin E isoforms in vivo is regarded to be alpha-tocopherol which is the only form defined as vitamin E in the US Food and Nutrition Board, causing controversy over setting dietary reference intake (DRI) of vitamin E. However, most of the countries other than the US maintain the original concept that all isoforms are accepted as vitamin E but with different biopotency. The roles of the isoforms of vitamin E other than alpha-tocopherol have received continuous attention. Among them those of gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol have been most studied in comparison with alpha-tocopherol, since gamma-tocopherol comprises major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and those of the both vitamin E have been implicated in unique physiological functions. This review summarizes findings that have led a better understanding of vitamin E absorption, transport, tissue storage and various functions common and specific to vitamin E isoforms focusing alpha- and gamma-tocopherol as well as tocotrienols. It is expected to help redefining vitamin E and setting its DRI for Koreans.

Vitamin B6 Requirement: Indicators and Factors Affecting

The purpose of this study was to establish the selection of indicators for estimating and factors affecting the requirement of vitamin B6. There has been a need to establish the human requirements of vitamin B6 since vitamin B6 is thought to be involved in more than one hundred biochemical reactions as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids, glucose, and lipid, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For the review of the literature, this study included from early findings of the sixties to studies of 2009. This study suggests that plasma pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP) is the best single indicator of vitamin B6 status for the healthy but not for the non-healthy. Erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activation by PLP as an indirect measure and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid excretion as a direct measure are useful as supporting indicators. Bioavailability, nutrient interaction, physiological need, and chronic diseases may increase the requirement for vitamin B6. However, these effects can not be quantified due to insufficient evidences.

Annual Changes in the Estimated Dietary Fiber Intake of Korean during 1991~2001

The present study determined the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intake per capita of Korean from 1991 to 2001 andanalyzed the major food sources of dietary fiber for Korean using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the Korean National (Health and) Nutrition Survey Reports and the recently established DF database by the Korean Nutrition Society. The estimated mean daily DF intakes of Korean during the last 11 years (1991~2001) were in the range of 19.25~21.22 g or 9.97~11.99 g/1,000 kcal with a small range of fluctuations. As of 2001, average DF intake per capita of Korean was estimated as 20.92 g or 10.59 g/1,000 kcal. The average DF intake level was under the Adequate Intake for DF (12 g per 1,000 kcal) of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans established in 2005. The level of DF intake was relatively lower in small city residents compared to the large city or rural area. The top two major food group sources of DF for Korean were vegetables and cereals, in addition, legumes, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings were included among top five food groups. The ratio of DF intake from fruits was gradually increased but the ratio from legumes was steadily decreased during the last 11 years. The mostly contributed single foods for DF intakes of Korean were Kimchi and rice regardless of year and area. Percentage of DF intake from top ten single foods was continuously decreased from 65% in 1991 to 51% in 2001. The results of this study revealed that DF intakes of Korean as of 2001 is insufficient compared to the Adequate Intake for DF for Korean and the source of fiber in Korean diet has been more various. Therefore the beneficial health effects of DF and the increased consumption of DF from a variety of food sources should be continuously emphasized through the nutritional education.

Bases para estimar las necesidades de vitamina C en la gestación / Bases to determine the dose of vitamin C in pregnancy

Objetivo: Establecer la dosis de vitamina C para mantener una concentración leucocitaria >18 µg/10(8) células en mujeres embarazadas entre las semanas 28 y 32 de la gestación, con la finalidad de establecerla como base para la estimación de la ingestión diaria recomendada (IDR). Metodología: Etapa 1: estudio agudo de suplementación. Se suplementó a 10 gestantes al inicio del segundo trimestre con dosis que fueron de 0 a 200 mg/día de vitamina C (sin contar con el aporte dietético), cada dosis se administró durante una semana. Etapa 2: estudio doble ciego aleatorizado (100 mg/día de vitamina C vs. Placebo) entre la semana 20 y el término de la gestación con 52 mujeres. Resultados: Etapa 1. Con 100 mg/día de vitamina C se alcanzó la saturación leucocitaria sin incrementar significativamente la excreción urinaria. Etapa 2. Las mujeres que recibieron placebo disminuyeron significativamente su concentración leucocitaria de vitamina C a lo largo de la gestación mientras que las gestantes que recibieron el suplemento la incrementaron en forma significativa manteniéndola por arriba de >18 µg/10(8) células. Conclusión: Una dosis diaria de 100 mg de vitamina C durante la segunda mitad del embarazo ocasiona una reserva leucocitaria adecuada y puede ser considerada como referencia para establecer la IDR.

Objective: Determine the dose of Vitamin C able to maintain a leukocyte Vitamin C concentration of >18 µg/10(8)cells, in pregnant women with 28 to 32 weeks of gestation, in order to compile a database to estimate the daily recommended intake (DRI) during pregnancy. Methodology: Stage 1: acute supplementation study. A group of 10 healthy women in late first and early second trimester pregnancy were supplemented with 0 to 200 mg vitamin C/day during one week each. Stage 2: a randomized double blind study (placebo vs. vitamin C [100 mg/d]) was carried out with 52 women studied from week 20 to week 32 of pregnancy. Their plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentrations were measured every 4 weeks to evaluate the previously established supplementation dose. Results: Stage 1: with the 100 mg/day dose, leukocyte vitamin C saturation was reached without increasing urinary excretion. Stage 2: leukocyte concentration of vitamin C decreased throughout pregnancy in women receiving placebo, while supplemented women maintained their concentrations >18 µg/10(8) cells. Conclusion: A 100 mg/day dose of vitamin C during the second half of pregnancy keeps leucocyte storage and could be useful to establish the DRI of Vitamin C during pregnancy.