Prevalencia de mastitis subclínica en tambo lechero en Paraguay / Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Farm in Paraguay

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación se llevó a cabo en un tambo del distrito de Nueva Italia, situado en el departamento Central. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de mastitis subclínica. Para el efecto, se contó con 147 animales de la especie bovina, hembras de razas holando, cruces jersey-holando y holando-gyr, de diferentes edades y periodos de lactación, con y sin síntomas de mastitis. Se realizó la prueba California Mastitis Test (CMT) y, de las 147 muestras analizadas, 110 dieron positivo a mastitis subclínica, lo que representa una prevalencia de 74,83 %. De los 551 cuartos estudiados, 315 fueron positivos, equivalentes al 57 %. Los cuartos posteriores resultaron ser el 50,6% de los cuartos totales. Según grados de CMT los resultados fueron: negativo, 43 % (236); trazas, 17 % (91); grado 1, 25 % (138); grado 2: 13,7 % (76), y grado 3: 1,8 % (10). La merma fue de 129,6 litros de leche por ordeñe. Teniendo en cuenta que el precio por litro de leche es Gs 2300 (USD 0,35), el total fue de Gs 298 080 (USD 45,6), que representa el 8,6 % de pérdida.

Abstract This research work was conducted in a dairy farm in the Nueva Italia district, located in the Central Province. The research aimed to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis therein. To do so, 147 female bovine subjects were studied, including Holstein specimens, Jersey-Holstein crossbreeds, and Holstein-Gyr crossbreeds, with different ages and lactation periods. There were both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. A California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied and out of the 147 sampled animals, 110 resulted positive to the disease, accounting for a prevalence of 74.83%. Out of the 551 studied rooms, 315 were positive, accounting for 57%. The rooms in the backside accounted for 50.6% of the total positive rooms. Based on the CMT grades, the results were as follows: negative, 43% (236); traces, 17% (91); grade 1.25% (138); grade 2: 13.7% (76), and grade 3: 1.8% (10). There was a decrease of 129.6 liters milk per milking session. Considering that per-liter price is Gs 2300 (USD 0.35), the total loss of the milk was Gs 298,080 (USD 45.6), equaling 8.6% of profit loss.

Effect of seasonal conditions and milk management practices on bulk milk quality in Minas Gerais State - Brazil / Efeito da sazonalidade e práticas de manejo na qualidade do leite de tanque no estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil

The influence of seasonality and the training and implementation of good dairy farming practices on raw milk production and quality was evaluated on dairy farms in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The physico-chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC) were determined in 3,096 milk samples collected from bulk tanks originated from 43 dairy farms over a three-year period and correlated with key climatic factors. The recommended milking management practices were applied through a training program and correlated with the seasonal data in three stages: I) prior to training (dry period); II) 48 days after the training (transition period); III) 96 days after the training (rainy period). In the first stage, a diagnosis of the situation was performed with raw milk samplings for laboratory analysis, and training for implementation of good milking practices. In stages II and II, the checklist and laboratory analysis were also performed. The rainfall and high temperatures were found to represent the main factors affecting the milk composition and production, and TBC. The composition and physical properties of raw milk, and the TBC and SCC parameters can be controlled or minimized by applying proper milking management practices and constant monitoring.(AU)

Avaliou-se a influência das condições climáticas em regiões tropicais, bem como do treinamento e da implementação de boas práticas de manejo na produção e qualidade do leite em distintos períodos em fazendas leiteiras no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. No presente estudo, as características físico-químicas do leite, a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) foram determinadas em 3.096 amostras de tanques de leite proveniente de 43 fazendas leiteiras, durante um período de três anos, e correlacionadas com os principais fatores climáticos (temperatura diária do ar mínima, média e máxima; pluviosidade e umidade relativa). Foram avaliados os resultados obtidos nas análises das amostras de leite cru coletadas no ano anterior (2009/2010) e também no posterior (2011/2012) àquele em que foi realizado o treinamento para implementação das boas práticas de manejo de ordenha (2010/2011), compreendendo três etapas: antes do treinamento (período seco - tempo 0, etapa I), 48 dias após o treinamento (período de transição - etapa II) e 96 dias após o treinamento (período chuvoso - etapa III). Na etapa I foi realizado um diagnóstico de situação com coleta de amostras para análises laboratoriais, aplicação da lista de verificação padronizada e treinamento para a implementação das boas práticas de manejo de ordenha; na etapa II foram realizadas novas análises laboratoriais e reaplicação da lista de verificação para avaliar a eficiência do treinamento; e na etapa III foi realizada a repetição da etapa II. Com base no histórico dos três anos, observou-se que condições climáticas de alta temperatura e pluviosidade representam importantes fatores que afetam a composição do leite e o volume produzido, assim como parâmetros higiênico-sanitários do leite. Ademais, as boas condições de manejo são ferramentas úteis, eficazes, práticas e essenciais para a maior produção de leite com qualidade, desde que constantemente monitoradas.(AU)

Supervivencia de VTEC O157 y no-O157 en agua de bebederos y materia fecal de bovinos / Survival of VTEC O157 and non-O157 in water troughs and bovine feces

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Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is the etiologic agent of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which typically affects children ranging in age from six months to five years old. Transmission is produced by consumption of contaminated food, by direct contact with animals or the environment and from person to person. In previous studies we determined that the environment of a dairy farm is a non-animal reservoir; thus, we proposed to study the survival of 4 VTEC isolates (O20:H19; O91:H21; O157:H7 and O178:H19) in sterile water troughs and bovine feces by viable bacteria count and detection of virulence genes by PCR. It was demonstrated that the survival of different VTEC isolates (O157 and non-O157) varied in terms of their own characteristics as well as of the environmental conditions where they were found. The main differences between isolates were their survival time and the maximal counts reached. The competitive and adaptive characteristics of some isolates increase the infection risk for people that are visiting or working on a farm, as well as the risk for reinfection of the animals and food contamination.

Association of some milking parameters with milk quality of smallholder dairy farms in Samsun region, Turkey.

This study was carried out to determine the association between some milking factors and milk quality in dairy cows. While questionnaires collected from a total of 50 smallholder farms in Bafra and Samsun, number of milkers (NM), milking duration (MD), care frequency for milking machine (CMM) and age of milking machine (AMM) were used as milking parameters. Milk quality was measured by somatic cell count (SCC) of milk by direct microscopy. Milk parameters were assessed in two groups according to SCC: <400,000 and >400,000 cells ml-1, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS, and no statistical difference was found in each parameter by SCC thresholds. However, significant (P<0.01) difference was determined among MD means by NM groups. Estimated correlation (r=0.47; P<0.01) indicated that lower NM causes to shorter MD during milking activity. The results of the study suggest that dairy farmers should focus on milking factors to obtain more quality milk.