Mentira terapêutica: a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro sobre uma estratégia de comunicação controversa no atendimento ao paciente com demência / Therapeutic lying: Brazilian speech and language therapists' point of view about a controversial communication strategy employed in the care for people with dementia

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro a respeito da utilização da mentira terapêutica como estratégia de comunicação no manejo de pacientes com demência. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, transversal, de caráter descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada de modo online através de um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha e resposta aberta. Resultados Os resultados quantitativos indicaram que a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos já fizeram uso da estratégia e desejam aprender mais sobre, julgando a técnica como relativamente válida, ética e adequada. Os dados qualitativos indicaram os motivos para o uso da técnica, sendo estes: tranquilizar o paciente em situação de agitação; estimular o engajamento na terapia; evitar estresse relacionado à perda de memória; manejar dificuldade ou recusa alimentar; manejar dificuldade ou recusa ao tratamento medicamentoso; evitar que paciente evada o local; manejar situações de delírio, confusão e/ou paranoia; garantir a segurança; e quando outras estratégias não funcionam. Conclusão A maioria dos fonoaudiólogos brasileiros utilizam a mentira terapêutica em sua prática clínica e o fazem levando em consideração o benefício da pessoa com demência, embora reconheçam a falta de conhecimento e preparo acerca do assunto. Consideraram essa estratégia de comunicação relativamente ética, válida e adequada. O artigo chama atenção para a necessidade de formação e de recomendações sobre o uso da mentira terapêutica entre pessoas com demência pelos fonoaudiólogos.

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this research was to obtain the speech and language therapists' point of view about the use of therapeutic lying as a communication strategy in dementia care. Methods The present research was a quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected through an online survey with multiple choices and open answer questions. Results The quantitative results indicated that the majority of the speech and language therapists have already used therapeutic lying as a communicative strategy and wish to learn more about it, considering the technique as relatively valid, ethical and adequate. The qualitative results indicated the reasons for the usage of the technique: to reassure the patient in case of agitation; to encourage engagement in therapy; to avoid stress-related to memory loss; to manage difficulty or refusal to eat; to manage difficulty or refusal for drug treatment; to prevent patients from leaving the building; to manage delirium, confusion and/or paranoia; to ensure safety; and for use when other strategies do not work. Conclusion The majority of speech and language therapists use therapeutic lying in their clinical practice, taking into consideration the best interest of the person with dementia, although professionals recognize their lack of knowledge on the subject. They have considered the communication strategy as relatively ethical, valid and adequate. The article calls attention to the necessity of education and guidelines for speech and language therapists in the use of therapeutic lying among people with dementia.

Progress of Keystroke Dynamics in Deception Research / 法医学杂志

Traditional polygraph techniques mostly rely on the changes of an individual's physiological indicators, such as electrodermal activity, heart rate, breath, eye movement and function of neural signals and other indicators. They are easily affected by individual physical conditions, counter-tests, external environment and other aspects, and it is difficult to conduct large-scale screening tests based on the traditional polygraph techniques. The application of keystroke dynamics to polygraph can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional polygraph techniques to a large extend, increase the reliability of polygraph results and promote the validity of legal evidence of polygraph results in forensic practice. This paper introduces keystroke dynamics and its application in deception research. Compared with the traditional polygraph techniques, keystroke dynamics can be used with a relatively wider application range, not only for deception research but also for identity identification, network screening and other large-scale tests. At the same time, the development direction of keystroke dynamics in the field of polygraph is prospected.

Relação entre traços sombrios da personalidade e o uso de engano nas relações

Resumo: O engano consiste em um fenômeno que está presente no cotidiano das pessoas em suas interações sociais, como nos relacionamentos amorosos e pode estar relacionado a mentiras, distorção e ocultação de informações. Desse modo, considera-se importante os estudo de variáveis que possam auxiliar na compreensão desse fenômeno, a exemplo da tríade sombria da personalidade. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou conhecer em que medida os traços sombrios de personalidade se relacionam com o uso de engano e engano percebido pelo parceiro nos relacionamentos românticos. Contou-se com a participação de 300 pessoas que estavam em um relacionamento amoroso (75.7% mulheres; M idade = 25.79; DP = 6.1). Estes responderam as escalas de Uso de Engano, Engano Percebido pelo Parceiro, Tríade Sombria e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que o Uso de Engano e o Engano Percebido pelo Parceiro foram explicados pelo traço de maquiavelismo. Conclui-se que maquiavelismo obteve as relações mais consistentes com o uso de engano, sugerindo que as tendências para a insensibilidade e manipulação interpessoal, facilita o engajamento em mentiras.

Resumen: El engaño consiste en un fenómeno que está presente en la vida cotidiana de las personas en sus interacciones sociales, como en las relaciones amorosas, y puede estar relacionado con mentiras, distorsiones y ocultamiento de información. Por ello, se considera importante estudiar variables que puedan ayudar a comprender este fenómeno, como la tríada de la personalidad oscura. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo saber en qué medida los rasgos de personalidad oscura están relacionados con el uso del engaño y del engaño percibido por la pareja en las relaciones románticas. Para esto, 300 personas que estaban en una relación romántica (75.7% mujeres; M edad = 25.79; DP = 6.1) participaron de nuestro estudio. Estos respondieron a las escalas de Uso del Engaño, el Engaño Percibido por la Pareja, la Tríada Oscura y las preguntas demográficas. Los resultados que indican que el Uso del Engaño y el Engaño Percibido por la Pareja se explicaron por el Rasgo del Maquiavelismo. Se concluye que el Maquiavelismo obtuvo las relaciones más consistentes con el uso del engaño.

Abstract: Deception consists of a phenomenon that is present in people's daily lives in their social interactions, as in love relationships and can be related to lies, distortion and hiding information. Thus, it is considered important to study variables that can help in understanding this phenomenon, such as the dark personality triad. The present study aimed to know how extent the dark personality traits are related to the use of deception and deception perceived by the partner in romantic relationships. There was the participation of 300 people who were in a loving relationship. (75.7% women; Mage = 25.79; SD = 6.1). These answered the scales of Deception Use, Deception Perceived by the Partner, Dark Triad and demographic questions. Results indicating that the Use of Deception and Deception Perceived by the Partner were explained by the Machiavellianism Trace. In conclusion, the Machiavellianism obtained the most consistent relations with the use of deception, suggesting that the tendencies towards insensitivity and interpersonal manipulation, facilitate the engagement in lies.

A metáfora do amor: A posição do analista perante o (des)encontro no encontro amoroso / The love metaphor: The analyst's role in the face of (mis)matches on love matches / La metáfora del amor: La posición del analista frente al (des)encuentro en el encuentro amoroso

O presente trabalho propõe circunscrever um delineamento possível para pensarmos o amor, a transferência e a posição do analista diante da limitação caracterizada em cada enlace amoroso. Tal limitação é problematizada pela psicanálise lacaniana como um vazio estrutural que, devido à relação com a linguagem, resta no encontro entre os sujeitos. A trilha para esse caminho entreabre-se guiada pela concepção, proposta por Lacan, de que o falante é um ser sem essência, que precisa passar pelo significante para se representar. Neste movimento, algo é cifrado circunscrevendo, concomitantemente, um vazio inextirpável em seu advento. Almeja-se então pensar como o amor, amparado pela escuta analítica, pode lidar com esta falta, encarnada como um desencontro por aqueles que amam, sem comparecer apenas como uma enganação que a escamoteia. Assim, esse artigo bordeja uma diferente resposta possível para a emergência de um caminho inédito para o amor. Com esse intuito, perpassam-se textos lacanianos sobre amor e transferência, textos freudianos sobre a técnica analítica e passagens da literatura.(AU)

The present work aims at circumscribing a possible outlining when considering love, transference and the analyst's role facing the distinct limitations on each and every love engagement. The aforementioned limitation has been problematized by Lacanian psychoanalysis as a structural void which lies on the encounter of the subjects due to their relation with language. This path unravels guided by the conception, proposed by Lacan, that the speaker is an essence-lacking being, who needs to go through the significance in order to represent themselves. While experiencing this movement, something is concurrently ciphered, circumscribing an inextirpable void at its arrival. It is sought to think how love, sustained by analytical listening, may deal with that void, incarnated on a mismatch lived by those who love, avoiding presenting itself as some deceiving pilfering. Thus, this article seeks a distinctive possible answer to an emerging original path for love. Along this motif, spans Lacanian texts regarding love and displacement, Freudian texts with reference to analytical technique and literature excerpts.(AU)

El presente trabajo se propone trazar un dibujo posible para pensar el amor, la transferencia y la posición del analista frente a la limitación caracterizada en cada enlace amoroso. Tal limitación es problematizada por el psicoanálisis lacaniano como un vacío estructural que surge en el encuentro entre dos sujetos debido a su relación con el lenguaje. El sendero para este camino se entreabre guiado por la noción, propuesta por Lacan, de que el hablante es un ser sin esencia, que necesita pasar por el significante para representarse. En este movimiento, algo es cifrado circunscribiendo, al mismo tiempo, un vacío inextirpable en su acontecimiento. Se anhela entonces pensar como el amor, amparado por la escucha analítica, puede lidiar con esta falta, encarnada como un desencuentro por aquellos que se aman, sin aparecer apenas como un engaño que la esconde. Así pues, este artículo contorna una posible respuesta diferente para la emergencia de un camino inédito para el amor. Con esta intención, se recorren textos lacanianos sobre el amor y transferencia, textos freudianos sobre la técnica analítica y pasajes de la literatura.(AU)

La adolescencia con Freud y Flaubert / Adolescence with Freud and Flaubert

resumen El texto aborda dos aspectos fundamentales de la crisis en la adolescencia desde las obras de Sigmund Freud y Gustave Flaubert: su encuentro con su objeto del deseo, el goce, el acto sexual y las causas del desprendimiento de la autoridad paterna y sus efectos. Se estudiaron en la obra de Flaubert las causas del enigma que el autor deja entrever en su texto Memorias de un loco: ¿Soy Otro o yo mismo?, ese sentimiento de extrañeza en el adolescente enfrentado en el despertar de un sueno, con un sentido y un deseo nuevo del objeto de amor. El deseo ardiente de ser como un grande y las mociones hacia los padres, influyen las decisiones para las que el joven no está preparado, dadas la educación acuñada y las respuestas a sus investigaciones sexuales infantiles no satisfechas. Lacan puntúa que la relación sexual no existe y Freud puntúa el amor como siendo narcisista e infantil; las primeras manifestaciones amorosas, dado el fantasma que las recubre, continúan siendo las mismas, lo que se explica a través de Flaubert y del comentario de Lacan a Wedekind, en El despertar de la primavera. En la infancia el cuerpo de goce no está comprometido, por eso es tan simple; el adolescente sería ya una representación de la división del sujeto, del corte hecho por su inconsciente, del cual su cuerpo en ciertos casos portara las marcas, estará sorprendido, desconcertado por ese deseo nuevo que produce su inconsciente hasta el paso al acto sexual.

abstract The text approaches two fundamental aspects of the adolescent crisis from the works of Sigmund Freud and Gustave Flaubert: their encounter with their object in desire, pleasure, sexual act, and the causes the detachment from parental authority and their effects. A study was made on the work of Flaubert on the causes of the enigma, which the author suggests in his Memoirs of a Madman: Am I another or myself? That feeling of strangeness the adolescent experiences on waking up in a dream, with a new feeling and desire of the love object. The ardent desire of being like a grown-up, and the motions toward their parents, influence decisions for which the young are not prepared, given their cradled education and the unsatisfactory answers to their infant sexual investigation. Lacan notes that the sexual relationship does not exist. Freud rates love as being narcissistic and childish. The first amorous manifestations, given the fantasy that cloaks them always remain the same, as explained by Flaubert and Lacan's comment to Wedekind, in The Spring Awakening. In childhood the enjoyment of body is not involved. For this reason, it is so simple, the adolescent would be a representation of the division of the subject, the cut made by their unconscious, which their body, in certain cases, will carry the marks. They will be surprised, puzzled by this new desire that produces their unconscious to step toward the sexual act.

A Study to Investigate The Impact Of Love Styles On The Level of Deception

Background: The causes of deception in a close relationship need to be zeroed upon to improve the qualityof a relationship. The present study explores the causes of deception in close relationships based uponAlan Lee’s Love styles which describe three primary love styles namely Eros (physical love), Ludus (gameplaying love) and Storge (companionate love).Methods: The sample consisted of a group of 30 participants in the age group of 18 to 28 years andaverage number of years of relationship being two years one month. The Love Attitude scale wasadministered on them to ascertain their love styles and the Tim Cole scale measured their level ofdeception. Based upon their scores on the Love style scale the sample was grouped into three categoriesnamely Eros, Ludus and Storge.Results: The highest mean for deception was for Eros style (24.5) followed by Ludus (21.2) and least beingfor Storge (14.8). An f test was calculated to find out whether the difference between the three means wasstatistically significant or not.The f value was found to be 6.47 which was found to be statisticallysignificant at the .05 level of significance. In order to find out which of the two means were significantlydifferent the Tukey HSD was calculated and the value was found to be 6.77. The difference between Erosand Storge contributed significantly to the difference.Conclusion: Thus, to conclude people having different love styles have different levels of deceptionimpacting the relationship.

In search of the moral-psychological and neuroevolutionary basis of political partisanship / Em busca das bases moral-psicológicas e neuroevolutivas do partidarismo político

ABSTRACT In many countries, a radical political divide brings several socially relevant decisions to a standstill. Could cognitive, affective and social (CAS) neuroscience help better understand these questions? The present article reviews the moral-psychological and neuroevolutionary basis of the political partisanship divide. A non-systematic literature review and a conceptual analysis were conducted. Three main points are identified and discussed: 1) Political partisan behavior rests upon deep moral emotions. It is automatically processed and impervious to contradiction. The moral motifs characterizing political partisanship are epigenetically set across different cultures; 2) Political partisanship is linked to personality traits, whose neural foundations are associated with moral feelings and judgement; 3) Self-deception is a major characteristic of political partisanship that probably evolved as an evolutionary adaptive strategy to deal with the intragroup-extragroup dynamics of human evolution. CAS neuroscience evidence may not resolve the political divide, but can contribute to a better understanding of its biological foundations.

RESUMO Em diversos países, uma divisão política radical leva à estagnação de várias decisões socialmente relevantes. Poderia a neurociência cognitiva, afetiva e social (CAS) contribuir para a compreensão dessas questões? O presente artigo revisa as bases morais psicológicas e neuroevolutivas do partidarismo político. Uma revisão não-sistemática da literatura e uma análise conceitual foram realizadas. Três pontos principais são identificados e discutidos: 1) o comportamento político partidário tem como base emoções morais profundas. Ele é automaticamente processado e insensível à contradição. Os motivos morais que caracterizam o partidarismo político são definidos epigeneticamente através de diferentes culturas; 2) partidarismo político está ligado a traços de personalidade, cujas fundações neurais estão associadas a sentimentos e julgamentos morais; 3) O auto-engano é uma das principais características de partidarismo político, que provavelmente evoluiu como estratégia evolutiva adaptativa para lidar com a dinâmica intragrupo-extragrupo da evolução humana. As evidências da neurociência CAS podem não resolver a divisão política, mas podem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão de seus fundamentos biológicos.

Intentional Production Of Symptoms: A Narrative Review

: Illness deception or the intentional production of symptoms holds special significance in the mental-health field. Mental health professionals need to be aware about the various presentations of such cases, including how to identify and manage them. Further, management is also complicated by several ethical and legal issues. Methods: A narrative review covering the various aspects of intentional production of symptoms is presented here, with articles searched at pubmed-indexed literature, supplemented with cross reference search and manual search of title/abstract of relevant articles, using suitable key words. Results: Overall, relatively few publications were found from the more recent years. The prevalence of intentional production of symptoms seems substantial, yet is likely to be undetected in the majority of the cases. The boundary of the current conceptualization of illness behavior/intentional production of symptoms is blurred and warrants further exploration with well-designed studies and robust debate. Clinical interview is the cornerstone of assessment. Further, psychological tests are available for detecting illness deception, which may be employed. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider a possibility of illness deception whenever is in doubt and extreme care needs to be taken in documenting such cases. Further research is needed in this area to clarify the current controversies in the concept of this entity to help in better detection, and objective assessment of such cases. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 18 (1): January – June 2017: XX XX

Self-deception: An Introduction / Auto-engaño: Una introducción

Self-deception has been studied by philosophers and psychologists for some time. Frenkel-Brunswik (1939) published the first psychology paper. In Triandis (2009, p. ix) there are references to 24 papers by philosophers and psychologists that examined this concept. All humans have self-deceptions, some more frequently than others. That is, they see the world the way they would like to be rather than the way it is. As I thought about the concept over the years I believe that the most important point for understanding self-deception is to examine what percentage of the information that humans use when constructing (Taylor, 1998b) the way they see the world comes from inside their body or from outside their body. If most of it comes from inside their body there is a high probability that they have a self-deception. The information from inside the body consists of emotions (e.g., hopes), needs (e.g., hunger pangs), desires (e.g., imagined attractive objects), cognitive systems (e.g., prejudices, stereotypes, in-group preferences), memories (e.g., we are descendents of heroes), theories, ideologies, and elements of subjective culture acquired during socialization. The information from the outside the body is reality, and captures aspects of the ecology. Geography, climate, the actions of others, occupations, and events in the environment, are all relevant. For example, when a wild animal is attacking we focus on outside information. But when making judgments about philosophy, economics, religion, education, politics, terrorism, aesthetics and the like we often use inside information to shape our perceptions. The Buddha had the insight that we use information from both outside the body (reality, truth) and inside our body (emotions, ideology) when he said "Where self is, truth is not; where truth is, self is not." (Spencer-Rogers, Williams, & Pang, 2010). In this paper I will start with some examples of self-deception. Then I will discuss some of the characteristics of self-deception-it is often linked to cognitive simplicity, megalomania, and if we have no self-deceptions we might be depressed, but if we have large self-deceptions we might be mentally ill. Then I will discuss how self-deception is implicated in many of the controversial issues of our times. I will end with some suggestions for further research linking culture and self-deception.

El auto-engaño ha sido estudiado por filósofos y psicólogos durante algún tiempo. Frenkel-Brunswik (1939) publicó el primer trabajo de corte psicológico. En Triandis (2009, p. ix) se pueden encontrar referencias de 24 trabajos de filósofos y psicólogos que han examinado este concepto. Todos los humanos tienen auto-engaños, algunos más frecuentemente que otros. Esto es, ven el mundo de la manera en que les gustaría que fuera y no tanto de la manera en que es. Tal como he pensado acerca del concepto a través de los años, creo que el punto más importante para el entendimiento del auto-engaño, es examinar qué porcentaje de la información que los humanos utilizan cuando construyen (Taylor, 1988b) y la manera en que ven el mundo, proviene de dentro o fuera de su cuerpo. Si el mayor porcentaje viene de dentro, existe una alta probabilidad de que se trate de auto-engaño. La información de dentro del cuerpo consiste en emociones (p.e. deseos), necesidades (p.e. dolores por hambre), deseos (p.e. objetos atractivos imaginarios), sistemas cognoscitivos (p.e. prejuicios, estereotipos, preferencias de endo-grupo), memorias (p.e. descendemos de héroes), teorías, ideologías, y elementos de cultura subjetiva adquiridos durante la socialización. La información fuera del cuerpo es la realidad, y captura aspectos ecológicos. Geografía, clima acciones de los otros, ocupaciones y eventos del medio ambiente, todos son relevantes. Por ejemplo, cuando un animal ataca nos enfocamos en la información de fuera; pero cuando se hacen juicios sobre filosofía, economía, religión, educación, política, terrorismo, estética y cosas que nos gustan, utilizamos información de dentro para moldear nuestras percepciones. En este trabajo empezaré con algunos ejemplos de auto-engaño; después discutiré algunas de las características del auto-engaño -que está frecuentemente ligado a la simplicidad cognoscitiva, megalomanía, y que si no tenemos auto-engaño es probable que estemos deprimidos, pero si tenemos demasiados auto-engaños podríamos estar mentalmente no sanos; continuaré discutiendo cómo el auto-engaño está implicado en muchos de los puntos controversiales de nuestros tiempos; y terminaré con algunas sugerencias para futuras investigaciones vinculando la cultura y el auto-engaño.

Recent trend of precedents for National Health Insurance

This paper introduces the major issues related to the Health Insurance Act and the core content of recent precedents, in order to prevent health insurance arguments and to contribute to health insurance-related administrative litigation. The basis of Korea's health insurance system is the National Health Insurance Act. After providing medical services, the medical cost is covered by the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC). If the doctor was paid deceptively or improperly, then the NHIC will seize the entire payment, and the Minister of Health and Welfare will order the doctor to suspension practice or, similarly, fine the doctor for five times the original payment. In addition, doctors who have used deception will have their license suspended. If the doctor has any objection against this administrative measure, he or she can file an administrative lawsuit. So far, if the action was illegal, the court has generally made principle-based judgments, regardless of whether the behavior was intentional or negligent; however, recently, especially in cases related to the court of first instance (only a few cases), the court has made a judgment clearly cancelling the measure under the condition that the measure was beyond the level by analyzing the reason why the practitioner committed an offense. From the practitioners' point of view, it is encouraging that the judges have started to understand the reality of the medical field. Further, this paper argues that judges should increase their understanding the medical field and specific validity. This article reviews the litigation process related to the National Health Insurance Act and recent trends in its precedents. From now on, these judgments should support the arguments of practitioners. Con-clusively, these judgments were the result of legal actions; therefore, doctors should avoid taking an attitude of annoyance toward lawsuits or being intimidated by the organization, and as a result, respond passively by simply paying out the lawsuit settlements.

Mensonge, duperie de soi et clivage / Mentira, auto-ilusão e clivagem / Lying, self-deception and splitting / Mentira, auto-engaño y clivaje

À partir d'observations en clinique du travail, le présent article propose de discuter la pertinence de la notion de clivage pour la compréhension des phénomènes de double fonctionnement psychique. Pour cela, une discussion est engagée avec les travaux de la psychanalyse et de la psychologie morale. Il en ressort que l'explication de certaines manifestations cliniques repose sur la référence à un modèle de l'appareil psychique qui accorde une place centrale au clivage, tel que dans la troisième topique formulée par Christophe Dejours. Nous verrons de quelle façon le clivage structurel de la troisième topique proposé par Dejours se double dans certaines circonstances d'un autre type de clivage, nommé clivage forcé.

Partindo de observações em clínica do trabalho, o presente artigo visa discutir a pertinência da noção de clivagem para a compreensão dos fenómenos de duplo funcionamento psíquico. Para tal efeito inicia-se um diálogo com trabalhos da área da psicanálise e da psicologia moral. Conclui-se que a explicação de certas manifestações clínicas necessita a referência a um modelo do aparelho psíquico que conceda um lugar de relevo à clivagem, tal como no caso da terceira tópica formulada por Christophe Dejours. Veremos de que forma a clivagem estrutural da terceira tópica proposta por Dejours se redobra em certas circunstâncias de um outro tipo de clivagem, que designamos clivagem forçada.

Based on observations from a clinic of work, this article aims to discuss the relevance of the notion of splitting to understand phenomena such as dual psychic functioning. For that purpose, we engage in a talk with authors mainly from the domains of psychoanalysis and moral psychology. It appears that the explanation of some clinical manifestations is based on the reference to a model of the psychic apparatus which grants specific importance to splitting, as is the case for Christophe Dejours' third topic. We will see how the structural splitting of the third topic proposed by Dejours is plays out in some circumstances by a different type of splitting, called forced splitting.

Partiendo de observaciones en clínica del trabajo, el presente artículo pretende discutir la pertinencia de la noción de clivaje para la comprensión de los fenómenos del doble funcionamiento psíquico. Para ello, se inicia un diálogo con trabajos del área de psicoanálisis y de la psicología moral. Se concluye que la explicación de algunas manifestaciones clínicas necesita la referencia de un modelo del aparato psíquico que le de un lugar central al clivaje, como en el caso de la tercera tópica elaborada por Christophe Dejours. Veremos cómo el clivaje estructural de la tercera tópica propuesta por Dejours se redobla, en algunas circunstancias, a un otro tipo de clivaje, que designamos clivaje forzado.

Cognitive awareness of carbohydrate intake does not alter exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether cognitive awareness of carbohydrate beverage consumption affects exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis, independent of actual carbohydrate intake. INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate supplementation during aerobic exercise generally protects against the immunosuppressive effects of exercise. It is not currently known whether carbohydrate consumption or simply the knowledge of carbohydrate consumption also has that effect. METHODS: Endurance trained male and female (N = 10) athletes were randomly assigned to one of two groups based on either a correct or incorrect cognitive awareness of carbohydrate intake. In the incorrect group, the subjects were informed that they were receiving the carbohydrate beverage but actually received the placebo beverage. Participants completed a 60-min ride on a cycle ergometer at 80 percent VO2peak under carbohydrate and placebo supplemented conditions. Venous blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after exercise and were used to determine the plasma glucose concentration, lymphocyte count, and extent of lymphocyte apoptosis. Cognitive awareness, either correct or incorrect, did not have an effect on any of the measured variables. RESULTS: Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise did not have an effect on lymphocyte count or apoptotic index. Independent of drink type, exercise resulted in significant lymphocytosis and lymphocyte apoptosis (apoptotic index at rest = 6.3 ± 3 percent and apoptotic index following exercise = 11.6 ± 3 percent, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Neither carbohydrate nor placebo supplementation altered the typical lymphocyte apoptotic response following exercise. While carbohydrate supplementation generally has an immune-boosting effect during exercise, it appears that this influence does not extend to the mechanisms that govern exercise-induced lymphocyte cell death.

¿Engañan los niños antes de los 3 años? Una perspectiva desde el desarrollo de la teoría de la mente / Deception before three-years-old? A view from theory of mind development

El uso frecuente de las falsas creencias como tareas que permiten conocer el nivel de comprensión que los niños tienen de la mente de los otros, ha recibido importantes críticas (Bloom & Germán, 2000). Nuevas alternativas metodológicas surgieron en los años ochenta del siglo XX (p.e., Chandler, Frtiz & Hala, 1989), con el fin de comprobar que los niños, a través de la capacidad genuina de engañar, demuestran que pueden no sólo tomar la perspectiva del otro, sino producir estados mentales. El debate es vigente (Newton, Reddy & Bull, 2000; Reddy, 2008) aunque ha tomado rumbos diferentes, tanto desde el punto de vista metodológico como teórico. El artículo busca recrear este debate y demostrar cómo ciertas metodologías han impedido ver claramente el desarrollo mental en la primera infancia.

The frequent use of false beliefs, as tasks that account for the level of understanding that children have the mind of others, has received significant criticism (Bloom & Germán, 2000).New methodological alternatives emerged in the 80's (e.g., Chandler, Fritz & Hala, 1989) in order to ensure that children through genuine capacity to deceive, demonstrating a level of understanding of the mind of others. Currently, the debate is in force (Newton, Reddy & Bull, 2000; Reddy, 2008) but has taken different paths. The article tries to recreate this debate and show that the methodologies used so far have prevented significant mental abilities study in children under 3 years.

La entrevista piiquiátrica del sujeto simulador / The Malingerer’s Psychiatric Interview

Dentro de la práctica clínica diaria, así como en la actividad forense, con frecuencia es necesaria la realización de entrevistas que permitan obtener de información veraz y fiable, con el fin de adoptar conductas consecuentes; sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones se encuentra a un sujeto entrevistado que puede ganar algo respecto de la conducta que va a seguir, según la información que brinde, y tenderá a manipular la información que entrega o a engañar de manera deliberada. Hay entrevistadores que, por su trabajo y experticia, son capaces de reconocer los indicadores de engaño; pero no todos lo hacen. En esta revisión se describen algunas claves que pueden facilitar el ejercicio profesional a aquellos quienes en su práctica se ven enfrentados a la manipulación de información o a la simulación de trastornos mentales.

Both in everyday clinical practice and forensic settings, mental health professionals have to conduct interviews to obtain reliable and valid information in order to make decisions and take measures. However, sometimes, professionals are faced with subjects who may try to find some benefit from the interview by manipulating the data provided and deliberately deceiving the rater. Certain raters, given their experience and expertise, are able to detect these deceit markers or signs, but others are not. This paper offers a reviews of some key factors that may be helpful for those professionals who are confronted with information manipulation as well as mental disorders malingering.