ChatGPT's learning and reasoning capacity in anesthesiology

Introduction: Over the past few months, ChatGPT has raised a lot of interest given its ability to perform complex tasks through natural language and conversation. However, its use in clinical decision-making is limited and its application in the field of anesthesiology is unknown. Objective: To assess ChatGPT's basic and clinical reasoning and its learning ability in a performance test on general and specific anesthesia topics. Methods: A three-phase assessment was conducted. Basic knowledge of anesthesia was assessed in the first phase, followed by a review of difficult airway management and, finally, measurement of decision-making ability in ten clinical cases. The second and the third phases were conducted before and after feeding ChatGPT with the 2022 guidelines of the American Society of Anesthesiologists on difficult airway management. Results: On average, ChatGPT succeded 65% of the time in the first phase and 48% of the time in the second phase. Agreement in clinical cases was 20%, with 90% relevance and 10% error rate. After learning, ChatGPT improved in the second phase, and was correct 59% of the time, with agreement in clinical cases also increasing to 40%. Conclusions: ChatGPT showed acceptable accuracy in the basic knowledge test, high relevance in the management of specific difficult airway clinical cases, and the ability to improve after learning.

Introducción: En los últimos meses, ChatGPT ha suscitado un gran interés debido a su capacidad para realizar tareas complejas a través del lenguaje natural y la conversación. Sin embargo, su uso en la toma de decisiones clínicas es limitado y su aplicación en el campo de anestesiología es desconocido. Objetivo: Evaluar el razonamiento básico, clínico y la capacidad de aprendizaje de ChatGPT en una prueba de rendimiento sobre temas generales y específicos de anestesiología. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una evaluación dividida en tres fases. Se valoraron conocimientos básicos de anestesiología en la primera fase, seguida de una revisión del manejo de vía aérea difícil y, finalmente, se midió la toma de decisiones en diez casos clínicos. La segunda y tercera fases se realizaron antes y después de alimentar a ChatGPT con las guías de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos del manejo de la vía aérea difícil del 2022. Resultados: ChatGPT obtuvo una tasa de acierto promedio del 65 % en la primera fase y del 48 % en la segunda fase. En los casos clínicos, obtuvo una concordancia del 20 %, una relevancia del 90 % y una tasa de error del 10 %. Posterior al aprendizaje, ChatGPT mejoró su tasa de acierto al 59 % en la segunda fase y aumentó la concordancia al 40 % en los casos clínicos. Conclusiones: ChatGPT demostró una precisión aceptable en la prueba de conocimientos básicos, una alta relevancia en el manejo de los casos clínicos específicos de vía aérea difícil y la capacidad de mejoría secundaria a un aprendizaje.

The value of mathematical modelling approaches in epidemiology for public health decisión making

It is discussed the relevance of quantitative approaches, specifically mathematical modelling in epidemiology, in the public health decision-making process. This topic is discussed here based on the experience of various experts in mathematical epidemiology and public health. First, the definition of mathematical modelling is presented, especially in the context of epidemiology. Second, the different uses and socio-political implications, including empirical examples of recent experiences that have taken place at the international level are addressed. Finally, some general considerations regarding the challenges encountered in the use and application of mathematical modelling in epidemiology in the decision-making process at the local and national levels.

Se trata sobre la importancia de los abordajes cuantitativos, específicamente la formulación de modelos matemáticos en epidemiología, dentro del proceso de toma de decisiones en salud pública. Esta importante temática se analiza basándose en la experiencia de algunos expertos en epidemiología matemática y salud pública. En primer lugar, se presenta la definición de modelación matemática, particularmente dentro del contexto de la epidemiología. En segundo lugar, se abordan los diferentes usos y las implicaciones socio-políticas, incluyendo ejemplos de experiencias recientes que han ocurrido a nivel internacional. Finalmente, se hace referencia a ciertas consideraciones generales respecto a los retos que representa el uso y la aplicación de modelos matemáticos en epidemiología para el proceso de toma de decisiones a nivel local y nacional.

Developing a breast cancer screening decision aid in Spanish for average-risk women: a mixed methods study / Estudios originales Publicado el 14 de marzo de 2024 | http://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2024.02.2726 Developing a breast cancer screening decision aid in Spanish for average-risk women: a mixed methods study Desarrollo de una herramienta en español para ayudar en la toma de decisiones del cribado de cáncer de mama para mujeres de riesgo promedio: un estudio de métodos mixtos

Introduction We aimed to develop a decision aid to support shared-decision making between physicians and women with average breast cancer risk when deciding whether to participate in breast cancer screening. Methods We included women at average risk of breast cancer and physicians involved in supporting the decision of breast cancer screening from an Academic Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. We followed the International Patient Decision Aid Standards to develop our decision aid. Guided by a steering group and a multidisciplinary consultancy group including a patient advocate, we reviewed the evidence about breast cancer screening and previous decision aids, explored the patients' information needs on this topic from the patients' and physicians' perspective using semi-structured interviews, and we alpha-tested the prototype to determine its usability, comprehensibility and applicability. Results We developed the first prototype of a web-based decision aid to use during the clinical encounter with women aged 40 to 69 with average breast cancer risk. After a meeting with our consultancy group, we developed a second prototype that underwent alpha-testing. Physicians and patients agreed that the tool was clear, useful and applicable during a clinical encounter. We refined our final prototype according to their feedback. Conclusion We developed the first decision aid in our region and language on this topic, developed with end-users' input and informed by the best available evidence. We expect this decision aid to help women and physicians make shared decisions during the clinical encounter when talking about breast cancer screening.

Interactive monitoring dashboards for the COVID-19 pandemic in the world anticipating waves of the disease in Brazil with the use of open data / Painéis de monitoramento interativos da pandemia de COVID-19 no mundo com o uso de dados abertos antecipando ondas da doença no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the development, implementation, and utilization of dashboards for epidemiological analysis through open data research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The dashboards were designed to analyze COVID-19 related public data from various sources, including official government data and social media, at world level. Data processing and cleaning techniques were used to join datasets. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficient between the COVID-like symptoms data of the University of Maryland and Facebook Health research, called COVID Trends and Impacts Survey (CTIS) and the official data of notified COVID-19 cases by the Brazilian Health Ministry. Results: The dashboards were successful in predicting the onset of new waves of COVID-19 in Brazil. The data analysis revealed a correlation between the CTIS and the official number of cases the country. This article shows the potential of interactive dashboards as a decision-making tool in the context of public health emergencies, as it was used by the official communication of the Rio Grande do Sul state government. Conclusion: The use of dashboards for predicting the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil was a useful tool for decision-making. To anticipate waves of the disease gives time so that these decisions can be potentially more assertive. This drafts the need of more interdisciplinary actions of this nature, with visualization tools on epidemiologic research.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o desenvolvimento, a implementação e o uso de painéis para a análise epidemiológica de dados abertos durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Os painéis foram criados para analisar dados públicos relacionados á COVID-19 de várias fontes, incluindo dados oficiais dos governos e de redes sociais, a nível global. Técnicas de processamento e limpeza foram utilizadas para aglutinar os bancos de dados. Calculamos o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre as curvas de sintomas gripais da pesquisa da Universidade de Maryland em conjunto com o Facebook, chamada COVID Trends and Impacts Survey (CTIS), e a curva de casos notificados pelo Ministério da Saúde no Brasil. Resultados: Os painéis obtiveram sucesso em antecipar a chegada de novas ondas de COVID-19 no Brasil. A análise do dado revelou a correlação entre a pesquisa CTIS e o número oficial de casos no país. O artigo destaca o potencial de painéis interativos como uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão no contexto de emergências de saúde pública, como, por exemplo, no uso destes para a comunicação oficial do governo do Rio Grande do Sul. Conclusão: O uso de painéis para prever o avanço da COVID-19 no Brasil foi uma ferramenta útil para a tomada de decisão. A antecipação de ondas da doença possibilita tempo oportuno para que essas decisões sejam potencialmente mais assertivas. Isso esboça a necessidade de mais ações interdisciplinares dessa natureza, com ferramentas de visualização nas pesquisas epidemiológicas.

Initial nipple damages in breastfeeding women: analysis of photographic images and clinical associations / Lesiones tempranas del pezón derivadas de la lactancia materna: análisis de imágenes fotográficas y asociaciones clínicas / Lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação: análise de imagens fotográficas e associações clínicas

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the initial nipple damage degree by breastfeeding practice and to associate findings with clinical manifestations of breastfeeding women. Methods: a retrospective, cross-sectional study with primary data and photographic images database from two randomized clinical trials. Photographic images were analyzed by two independent evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score. For analysis, the chi-square, Mann-Whitney tests and Kappa coefficient were applied. Results: 115 breastfeeding women and their respective 186 photographic images were analyzed. The degree of agreement of evaluators using the Nipple Trauma Score was 93.6%. The nipple pain score during breastfeeding was moderate and compromised more than 25% of the nipple surface area. Conclusions: assistance to breastfeeding women should prioritize nipple pain intensity instead of the nipple damage size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el grado de afectación tisular en las lesiones tempranas del pezón resultantes de la lactancia materna y asociar los hallazgos con las manifestaciones clínicas de las mujeres que amamantan. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, transversal, con datos primarios y banco de imágenes fotográficas de dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Las imágenes fotográficas fueron analizadas por dos evaluadores independientes, utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score. Para el análisis se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-Cuadrado, Mann-Whitney y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: se analizaron 115 mujeres lactantes y sus respectivas 186 imágenes fotográficas. El grado de acuerdo de los evaluadores utilizando el Nipple Trauma Score fue del 93,6%. El nivel de dolor en el pezón durante la lactancia es moderado y existe presencia de lesiones del pezón con más del 25% de la superficie del pezón comprometida. Conclusiones: la asistencia a la mujer lactante debe priorizar el nivel de dolor que presenta en detrimento del tamaño de la lesión del pezón.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o grau de comprometimento tecidual das lesões mamilares precoces decorrentes da amamentação e associar achados com as manifestações clínicas de mulheres em amamentação. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, transversal, envolvendo o uso de dados primários e de banco de imagens fotográficas provenientes de dois ensaios clínicos randomizados. Imagens fotográficas foram analisadas por duas avaliadoras independentes a partir do instrumento Nipple Trauma Score. Para análise, aplicou-se os testes Qui-Quadrado, Mann-Whitney e coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: foram analisadas 115 lactantes e respectivas 186 imagens fotográficas. O grau de concordância das avaliadoras pelo instrumento Nipple Trauma Score foi de 93,6%. O nível de dor mamilar encontrado durante as mamadas é moderado e há presença de lesões mamilares com mais de 25% de área da superfície do mamilo comprometida. Conclusões: a assistência a mulheres que amamentam deve priorizar o nível de dor apresentado em detrimento do tamanho da lesão mamilar.

The decision-making skills of Brazilian physical therapists for patients with red flags / Capacidade da tomada de decisão dos fisioterapeutas brasileiros para pacientes com bandeiras vermelhas

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The red flags screening purpose is to ensure that signs and symptoms that raise suspicion of serious diseases are being considered during the assessment, assisting physical therapists in their clinical decision process. Brazilian physical therapists are autonomous and can act as first contact professionals in the management of musculoskeletal disorders, therefore, they need to know how to recognize, screen and refer patients with red flags for better therapeutic management. The objectives of this study were to verify whether Brazilian physical therapists can recognize and manage patients who presented red flags, compare professionals' skills regarding different academic degree levels and clinical experience and identify which factors can influence the results. METHODS: A cross-sectional and quantitative research was conducted, collected from an online questionnaire. The target audience consisted of Brazilian physical therapists who have clinical experience in the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Participants filled demographic data and made clinical decisions based on six clinical cases created by the authors, based on the literature, and reviewed by three experts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test of independence and logistic regression. RESULTS: The study analyzed 384 answers from Brazilian physical therapists with clinical experience in musculoskeletal conditions. Brazilian physical therapists, in general, have not shown to be able to properly recognize and manage the clinical cases involving red flags, with 23.2% of the sample performing appropriate management for medical conditions, 53.9% for emergency conditions and 61.8% for medical conditions with associated musculoskeletal dysfunction. More years of clinical experience and post-professional education did not positively influence the outcomes. Higher academic degrees (Doctorate) can influence positively on the management of non-emergency medical conditions. CONCLUSION: Brazilian physical therapists who work with patients with musculoskeletal disorders perform poorly in identifying red flags in hypothetical clinical cases.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo da triagem de bandeiras vermelhas é garantir que sinais e sintomas que levantam suspeitas de doenças graves sejam considerados durante a avaliação, auxiliando os fisioterapeutas no seu processo de decisão clínica. Os fisioterapeutas brasileiros são autônomos e podem atuar como profissionais de primeiro contato no manejo de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos, portanto, precisam saber reconhecer, rastrear e encaminhar pacientes com bandeiras vermelhas para melhor manejo terapêutico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar se os fisioterapeutas brasileiros conseguem reconhecer e tratar pacientes que apresentavam bandeiras vermelhas, comparar as habilidades dos profissionais com diferentes níveis de formação acadêmica e experiência clínica e identificar quais fatores podem influenciar os resultados. METHODS: Uma pesquisa transversal e quantitativa foi realizada, coletada através de um questionário online. O público-alvo consistiu em fisioterapeutas brasileiros com experiência clínica no manejo de pacientes com disfunções musculoesqueléticas. Os participantes preencheram dados demográficos e tomaram decisões clínicas com base em seis casos clínicos criados pelos autores, com base na literatura, e revisados por três especialistas. Os dados foram analisados por estatísticas descritivas, pelo teste qui-quadrado de independência e por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 384 respostas de fisioterapeutas brasileiros com experiência clínica em disfunções musculoesqueléticas. Os fisioterapeutas brasileiros, em geral, não demonstraram ser capazes de reconhecer e manejar adequadamente os casos clínicos envolvendo bandeiras vermelhas, com 23,2% da amostra realizando manejo adequado para condições médicas, 53,9% para condições de emergência e 61,8% para condições médicas com disfunção musculoesquelética associada. Mais anos de experiência clínica e educação pós-profissional não influenciaram positivamente os resultados. Graus acadêmicos mais elevados (Doutorado) podem influenciar positivamente no manejo de condições médicas não emergenciais. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 384 respostas de fisioterapeutas brasileiros com experiência clínica em disfunções musculoesqueléticas. Os fisioterapeutas brasileiros, em geral, não demonstraram ser capazes de reconhecer e manejar adequadamente os casos clínicos envolvendo bandeiras vermelhas, com 23,2% da amostra realizando manejo adequado para condições médicas, 53,9% para condições de emergência e 61,8% para condições médicas com disfunção musculoesquelética associada. Mais anos de experiência clínica e educação pós-profissional não influenciaram positivamente os resultados. Graus acadêmicos mais elevados (Doutorado) podem influenciar positivamente no manejo de condições médicas não emergenciais. CONCLUSÃO: Fisioterapeutas brasileiros que atuam com pacientes com disfunções musculoesqueléticas apresentam um mau desempenho na identificação de bandeiras vermelhas em casos clínicos hipotéticos.

Portuguese Advance Directives-a twist against futility? A cross sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Advance Directive documents allow citizens to choose the treatments they want for end-of-life care without considering therapeutic futility. OBJECTIVES: To analyze patients' and caregivers' answers to Advance Directives and understand their expectations regarding their decisions. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study analyzed participants' answers to a previously published trial, conceived to test the document's efficacy as a communication tool. METHODS: Sixty palliative patients and 60 caregivers (n = 120) registered their preferences in the Advance Directive document and expressed their expectations regarding whether to receive the chosen treatments. RESULTS: In the patient and caregiver groups, 30% and 23.3% wanted to receive cardiorespiratory resuscitation; 23.3% and 25% wanted to receive artificial organ support; and 40% and 35% chose to receive artificial feeding and hydration, respectively. The participants ignored the concept of therapeutic futility and expected to receive invasive treatments. The concept of therapeutic futility should be addressed and discussed with both the patients and caregivers. Legal Advanced Directive documents should be made clear to reduce misinterpretations and potential legal conflicts. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest that all citizens should be clarified regarding the futility concept before filling out the Advance Directives and propose a grammatical change in the document, replacing the phrase "Health Care to Receive / Not to Receive" with the sentence "Health Care to Accept / Refuse" so that patients cannot demand treatments, but instead accept or refuse the proposed therapeutic plans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05090072 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05090072.

Conocimientos sobre VIH/SIDA y disposición para la realización de la prueba de VIH en adolescentes escolarizados / Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and disposition to HIV testing in adolescents schooled

INTRODUCCIÓN: los adolescentes experimentan varios cambios que pudieran determinar la presencia de conductas de riesgo, uno de los aspectos es la sexualidad responsable principalmente ante la prevención de VIH/SIDA. OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación entre el conocimiento sobre VIH/SIDA y la disposición a realizarse la prueba del VIH en adolescentes escolarizados de Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, México. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo-correlacional llevado a cabo en 241 adolescentes que decidieron participar de manera voluntaria en la investigación, se utilizó la escala de Conocimientos hacia el VIH/SIDA y la Escala de Pros y Contras hacia la prueba de VIH, los datos fueron capturados y analizados en el programa estadístico SPSS V23. RESULTADOS: 18,7% de los adolescentes manifestó una vida sexualmente activa, 1,7% señalo haberse realizado la prueba de VIH anteriormente. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p= <0,05) por sexo, donde los conocimientos hacia el VIH/SIDA y pros hacia la prueba de VIH fueron mayores en las mujeres, además se identificó una relación positiva y significativa de los conocimientos de los adolescentes hacia el VIH/SIDA y los pros hacia la prueba de VIH (rs= 0,213, p= 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: durante la adolescencia se conciben los conocimientos, pros y contras ante la detección del VIH/SIDA, lo que pudiera ser un punto de partida para una sexualidad responsable este grupo etario.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescents experience various changes that could determine the presence of risk behaviors, one of the aspects is sexuality responsible mainly for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the willingness to undergo an HIV test in school adolescents from Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive correlational study carried out in 241 adolescents who decided to voluntarily participate in the research, the Knowledge scale towards HIV/AIDS and the Scale of Pros and Cons towards the HIV test were used, the data were captured and analyzed in the statistical program SPSS V23. RESULTS: 18.7% of students manifested to have a sexually active life, whereas 1.7% of students indicated having previously an HIV test. Significant differences were obtained (p=<0.05) by sex where knowledge towards HIV and pros towards HIV testing were higher in women, furthermore, a positive and meaningful relationship of knowledge of adolescents towards HIV/AIDS and pros towards HIV testing were identified (rs=0.213, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: During adolescence, the knowledge, pros and cons of detecting HIV/AIDS are conceived, which could be a starting point for responsible sexuality in this age group.

A tomada de decisão no tratamento de crianças com indicadores de TDAH / Toma de decisiones en el tratamiento de niños con indicadores de TDAH / Decision making in the treatment of children with ADHD indicators

RESUMO O diagnóstico de Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade - TDAH é bastante complexo, podendo ser influenciado por fatores contextuais, e seu tratamento pode envolver diferentes intervenções. A participação dos usuários nas decisões a respeito do tratamento vem sendo promovida por instituições de diversos países e, no Brasil, é prevista pelas legislações do Sistema Único de Saúde. Este estudo investigou o processo de tomada de decisão no tratamento de crianças com indicadores de TDAH a partir da percepção de oito profissionais de serviços públicos de saúde mental, que foram entrevistados individualmente. Os dados foram examinados através da análise temática, revelando desafios relativos ao excesso de demanda nos serviços e à complexidade do processo diagnóstico. O envolvimento de usuários e familiares nas decisões foi percebido como parcial, ocorrendo geralmente após a elaboração do plano terapêutico pelas equipes, e envolvendo dificuldades na comunicação entre profissionais e pacientes e divergências de interesses entre as crianças e seus familiares. Esses aspectos poderão ser abordados em futuros estudos e intervenções a fim de facilitar e melhorar a qualidade da tomada de decisão nesse contexto.

RESUMEN El diagnóstico del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad - TDAH es bastante complejo y puede verse influenciado por factores contextuales, y su tratamiento puede implicar diferentes intervenciones. La participación de los usuarios en las decisiones sobre tratamiento ha sido promovida por instituciones de diferentes países y, en Brasil, está prevista por las leyes del Sistema Único de Salud. Este estudio investigó el proceso de toma de decisiones en el tratamiento de niños con indicadores TDAH desde la percepción de 8 profesionales de la salud mental pública, que fueron entrevistados individualmente. Los datos fueron examinados a través del análisis temático, revelando desafíos relacionados con el exceso de demanda en los servicios y la complejidad del proceso de diagnóstico. La implicación de los usuarios y familiares en las decisiones se percibió como parcial, ocurriendo generalmente después de la elaboración del plan terapéutico por los equipos, y implicando dificultades en la comunicación entre profesionales y pacientes y divergencias de intereses entre los niños y sus familias. Estos aspectos pueden abordarse en futuros estudios e intervenciones con el fin de facilitar y mejorar la calidad de la toma de decisiones en este contexto.

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD is quite complex. Contextual factors may influence it, and its treatment may involve different interventions. Institutions in several countries have promoted the participation of users in treatment decisions. In Brazil, it is provided by the Unified Health System. This study investigated the decision-making process in treating children with ADHD indicators from the perception of 8 public mental health services professionals interviewed individually. Data were examined through thematic analysis, revealing challenges related to excessive demand for services and the complexity of the diagnostic process. The involvement of users and family members in the decisions was perceived as partial, generally occurring after elaborating the therapeutic plan by the teams, and involving difficulties in communication between professionals and patients and differences of interests between children and their families. These aspects may be addressed in future studies and interventions to facilitate and improve the quality of the decision-making process in this context.

The influencing Factors of Doctor-patient Shared Decision Making: A Qualitative Study / 中国医学伦理学

To explore the barriers and facilitators of shared decision making, 23 clinicians were selected for semi-structured interviews by purpose sampling and convenience sampling with phenomenological methods in qualitative research, and 7-step of Colaizzi was used to analyze the interview data. Three themes and twelve subthemes were extracted, included: individual factors of doctors (role cognition, perceived outcomes, communication skills, clinical expertise, cognitive bias) , individual factors of patients (general information, lack of disease knowledge, willingness to participate in decision making) and environmental factors (clinical situation, social environment, resources and social influence) . There were many barriers and facilitators in the implementation of doctor-patient shared decision making. It is necessary to scientifically analyze and actively deal with the influence of each factor, and find reasonable countermeasures to promote the clinical implementation of shared decision making.

Study on the Cognitive Attitude of Doctors and Patients towards the Rank of Rights and Interests and Its Related Factors / 中国医学伦理学

In order to further understand the cognitive attitude of different groups towards the rank of rights and interests in medical decision-making and its influencing factors, and provide theoretical reference for the practice of medical decision-making, this study conducted convenience sampling through the questionnaire star enterprise edition. The collected data were descriptive statistical analysis with SPSS 21.0 software and joint hypothesis testing. The results showed that there were differences in the cognition of religious beliefs on the same individual’s rights and interests rank among the sample population (P<0.05). There were differences in the cognition of professional title, working years and institution level on the attitude of rights and interests rank in the group of medical institutions (P<0.05). In the ranking of the importance of individual rights usually involved in medical activities, the rights to life, health and equality were the most important. Most people can rationally view the rights and interests of doctors, patients and stakeholders. In medical decision-making, we should adhere to the principle of right rank, give priority to safeguarding the right to life and give consideration to fairness and justice. In the face of conflicts of interest, we should do a good job in value evaluation, safeguard the reasonable interests of patients and give consideration to the demands of family members.

Dilemma and Reflection on Children Exercising the Right of Medical Decision-making / 中国医学伦理学

Whether children can exercise their medical decision-making power has always been a controversial topic in law and ethics, and it is also the focus of attention of people from all walks of life. In this regard, combined with the problems existing in the exercise of children’s medical decision-making power, such as conflict with the right to life and health, insufficient guarantee of the right to informed consent system, and the legal guardian’s exercise of children’s medical decision-making power may not be in the best interests of children. This paper discussed the dilemma and feasibility of children’s exercise of medical decision-making power from three aspects: children’s right to life and health, the evaluation of informed consent and medical decision-making ability, and the thinking of children’s informed consent and medical decision-making ability, and pointed out that children who are able to make self-determination should be fully endowed with legal medical decision-making power, so as to ensure their best interests in medical clinic.

Drug Selection and Evaluation in Medical Institutions： A Scoping Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBy analyzing the current situation of drug selection and evaluation in medical institutions in the world，we aim to understand the development of relevant selection methods and tools，provide reference basis for drug selection in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） medical institutions，and promote the optimization of drug catalogs in TCM medical institutions. MethodBased on the method of scoping review，the eight databases were systematically searched，the included documents were screened，extracted and analyzed，and the research results were graphically displayed. ResultA total of 23 articles were included in this study，including 13 in Chinese and 10 in English，involving 23 methods or tools related to drug selection. Of the 14 methods or tools from Chinese medical institutions，the earliest one was published in 2012，and five were published in 2022. The published methods or tools involved different levels of hospitals，different drug varieties，different evaluation angles，etc.，such as the drug selection methods of one county hospital and one township hospital， methods and tools for different types of drugs such as antibacterial drugs，ibuprofen preparations，proton pump inhibitors and hypoglycemic drugs used in pediatric intensive care units， Chinese patent medicine selection tools， tools for evaluation from the perspective of pharmacoeconomics， and universal tools for selecting domestic medical institutions. The nine drug selection tools of foreign medical institutions were from the European，American，Asian and African countries. It was first published in 1955. The contents included the formulation standards that medical institutions should follow for drug prescription sets，the management formulation and update of hospital prescription sets，and drug evaluation tools. ConclusionOn the whole，the drug selection methods and institutional methods of foreign medical institutions developed earlier than those in China. In recent years，Chinese medical institutions have paid high attention to drug selection and released various types of drug selection tools. However，the standardization should be further improved in the future.

Decision-making Support and Patients’ Care Progress in a Palliative Care Outpatient Clinic at a Community Hospital

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the decision-making support and patients’ care progress in a palliative care outpatient clinic at a community hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective examination of patients who visited our palliative care outpatient clinic and subsequently died between January 2020 and December 2021. The clinic, staffed by two palliative care physicians, operated twice weekly and accepted patients irrespective of their treatment status. Result: 93 patients were included in the analysis. At the onset of the outpatient clinic, 72 patients were asked about their preferred location for end-of-life care should their condition deteriorate. Of these, 25 patients preferred to receive end-of-life care in a palliative care unit (“PCU” group). Another 25 patients initially sought medical treatment at home through home-visits but later expressed a preference for care in a palliative care unit as their condition worsened (“home-visit→PCU” group). Additionally, 17 patients preferred home care from the end-of-life until death (“home-visit” group). Among the “PCU” patients, 96% received care in a palliative care unit, and 84% passed away in the same unit. In the “home-visit→PCU” group, 76% received care through home visit, and 80% passed away in a palliative care unit. In the “home-visit” group, 76% of patients received care at home, and 47% passed away in their own homes. Conclusion: These findings suggest that delivering end-of-life care in patients’ preferred locations is feasible with continuous decision-making support provided in the palliative care outpatient clinic.

Exploration of Decision-Making Methods Based on Syndrome Differentiation by “Data-Knowledge” Dual-Driven Models： A Case Study of Gastric Precancerous State / 中医杂志

Data analysis models may assist the transmission of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） experience and clinical diagnosis and treatment， and the possibility of constructing a “data-knowledge” dual-drive model was explored by taking gastric precancerous state as an example. Data-driven is to make clinical decisions around data analysis， and its syndrome-differentiation decision-making research relies on hidden structural models and partially observable Markov decision-making processes to identify the etiology of diseases， syndrome elements， evolution of pathogenesis， and syndrome differentiation protocols； knowledge-driven is to make use of data and information to promote decision-making and action processes， and its syndrome-differentiation decision-making research relies on convolutional neural networks to improve the accuracy of local disease identification and syndrome differentiation. The “data-knowledge” dual-driven model can make up for the shortcomings of single-drive numerical simulation accuracy， and achieve a balance between local disease identification and macroscopic syndrome differentiation. On the basis of previous research， we explored the construction method of diagnostic assisted decision-making platform for gastric precancerous state， and believed that the diagnostic and decision-making ability of doctors can be extended through the assistance of machines and algorithms. Meanwhile， the related research methods were integrated and the core features of gastric precancerous state based on TCM syndrome differentiation and endoscopic pathology diagnosis and prediction were obtained， and the elements of endoscopic pathology recognition based on TCM syndrome differentiation were explored， so as to provide ideas for the in-depth research and innovative application of cutting-edge data analysis technology in the field of intelligent TCM syndrome differentiation.

Influência do contexto político-institucional na tomada de decisões de docentes de enfermagem sobre a aposentadoria / Influence of the political-institutional context on nursing professors' decision-making about retirement / Influencia del contexto político-institucional en la toma de decisiones de los profesores de enfermería sobre la jubilación

Objetivo: compreender as percepções de docentes de enfermagem aposentados de uma universidade pública sobre a influência do contexto político-institucional na tomada de decisão pela aposentadoria. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com 13 docentes de enfermagem aposentados de uma universidade pública do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Dados coletados entre março e abril de 2022, mediante entrevista semiestruturada, submetida à análise lexical apoiada pelo software Iramuteq. Resultados: os léxicos "reforma da previdência", "medo", "salário" e "greve" apontaram para um contexto de incerteza vivenciado pelos docentes, o qual influenciou na decisão pela aposentadoria. Considerações finais: a decisão pela aposentadoria é complexa, pois é marcada não somente pelas questões pessoais, como também pela relação que o docente estabelece com o trabalho e a instituição, bem como pela percepção que tem sobre o contexto social, econômico e político. Nesse cenário, os docentes de enfermagem aposentam-se com pesar e precocemente, em função dos riscos associados à perda de direitos.

Objective: to understand the perception of retired nursing professors at a public university about the influence of the political-institutional context on decision-making for retirement. Method: qualitative research, carried out with 13 retired nursing professors from a public university in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews submitted to lexical analysis supported by the Iramuteq software. Results: the lexicons pension reform, fear, salary and strike pointed to a context of uncertainty experienced by teachers which influenced the decision to retire. Final considerations: the decision to retire is complex, as it is marked not only by personal issues, but by the relationship that the professor establishes with work and the institution, as well as the perception he has of the social, economic and political context. In this scenario, nursing professors retire with regret and early due to the risks associated with the loss of rights.

Objetivo: comprender la percepción de profesores de enfermería jubilados de una universidad pública sobre la influencia del contexto político-institucional en la toma de decisiones respecto a la jubilación. Método: investigación cualitativa, realizada con 13 enfermeros docentes de enfermería, jubilados de una universidad pública del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Los datos se recopilaron entre marzo y abril de 2022, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas sometidas al análisis léxico con el apoyo del software Iramuteq. Resultados: los léxicos reforma previsional, miedo, salario y huelga señalaron un contexto de incertidumbre experimentado por los docentes, lo que influyó en su decisión de jubilarse. Conclusión: la decisión de jubilarse es compleja, ya que está marcada no solo por cuestiones personales, sino también por la relación que el profesor establece con el trabajo y la institución, así como por su percepción del contexto social, económico y político. En este escenario, los docentes de enfermería se jubilan con pesar y a una edad temprana debido a los riesgos asociados con la pérdida de derechos.

Reflexões da pandemia de COVID-19: a tomada de decisão médica na abordagem terapêutica pós-aborto em dois hospitais públicos do Distrito Federal / Reflections of the COVID-19 pandemic: medical decision-making in the post-abortion therapeutic approach in two public hospitals in the Federal District, Brazil / Reflexiones de la pandemia de COVID-19: toma de decisiones médicas en el abordaje terapéutico postaborto en dos hospitales públicos del Distrito Federal, Brasil

Objetivo: identificar possíveis alterações da tomada de decisão médica para esvaziamento uterino pós-aborto de primeiro trimestre no cenário da COVID-19em dois hospitais públicos do Distrito Federal. Metodologia: abordagem qualitativa, que usou dois procedimentos metodológicos­documental e entrevistas­,cuja coleta de dados ocorreu entre maio e junho de 2022. No hospital A, coletou-se, em 25 registros consecutivos do livro do centro cirúrgico, a técnica de esvaziamento uterino pós-aborto prevalecente em 2020. No hospital B, coletou-se o mesmo dado em 48 prontuários clínicos, 23 de 2019 e 25 de 2020. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com onze profissionais de saúde: três médicos, quatro enfermeiros e quatro técnicos de enfermagem, lotados na obstetrícia/centro cirúrgico de cada hospital. Resultados: ambos os hospitais, no recorte temporal do estudo de 2019 a 2020, dispuseram de insumos para a eleição por quaisquer das técnicas de esvaziamento uterino. No hospital A, em 2020, a tomada de decisão médica foi 100% pela aspiração manual intrauterina. Em2019, no hospital B, a eleição foi 100% pela dilatação e curetagem; em 2020, período da COVID-19, apesar da dilatação e curetagem manter-se prioritária em 78% dos casos, notabilizou redução em relação a 2019. Evidenciou-se, ainda, no hospital B um maior quantitativo de atendimentos e internações de mulheres em processo de pós-aborto, se comparado como período anterior à COVID-19. Conclusão: o fator determinante para a tomada de decisão médica em ambos os hospitais é a aptidão técnica do médico para a abordagem eleita.

Objective: to discern potential shifts in medical decision-making regarding the selection of uterine evacuation techniques post-abortion in the first trimester within the context of the COVID-19 scenario at two public hospitals in the Federal District. Methods: employing a qualitative approach, the study utilized two methodological procedures - documents and interviews. Data collection occurred between May and June of 2022. At Hospital A, prevalent post-abortion uterine evacuation techniques in 2020 were obtained from 25 consecutive records sourced from the surgical center book. At Hospital B, similar data was collected from 48 clinical records, encompassing 23 from 2019 and 25 from 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven health professionals, including three doctors, four nurses, and four nursing technicians, working in the obstetrics/surgical center of each hospital. Results: during the study period (2019 and 2020), both hospitals maintained supplies for adopting various uterine evacuation techniques. In Hospital A in 2020, medical decision-making predominantly favored manual intrauterine aspiration. Conversely, in 2019 at Hospital B, dilation and curettage were the preferred technique in 100% of cases, and despite remaining a priority in 78% of cases in 2020 during the COVID-19 period, there was a noticeable reduction compared to 2019. Hospital B also witnessed a heightened number of consultations and hospitalizations of women in the post-abortion process during the COVID-19 period compared to the pre-pandemic period. Conclusion: the pivotal factor influencing medical decision-making in both hospitals is the technical proficiency required for executing the chosen uterine evacuation technique.

Objetivo: identificar posibles cambios en la toma de decisiones médicas al elegir la técnica de evacuación endouterina después de un aborto en el primer trimestre en el escenario COVID-19en dos hospitales públicos del Distrito Federal. Metodología:enfoque cualitativo, que utilizó dos procedimientos metodológicos, documentos y entrevistas, cuya recolección de datos se realizó entre mayo y juniode 2022. En el hospital A se recogió la técnica de evacuación endouterina postaborto prevalente en el año 2020 en 25 registros consecutivos del libro del centro quirúrgico, en el hospital B se recogieron los mismos datos en 48 historias clínicas, 23 del 2019 y, 25 del año 2020. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a once profesionales de la salud: tres médicos, cuatro enfermeras y cuatro técnicos de enfermería, trabajando en el centro obstetricia/quirúrgico de cada hospital. Resultados:ambos hospitales en el período de estudio, 2019 y 2020, contaron con insumos disponibles para elegir cualquiera de las técnicas de evacuación endouterina. En el hospital A, en 2020, la toma de decisiones médicas se basó en la aspiración intrauterina manual. En 2019, en el hospital B, la elección fue del 100% para dilatación y legrado; En 2020, durante el período COVID-19, a pesar de que la dilatación y el legrado siguieron siendo una prioridad en el 78% de los casos, hubo una reducción notable en relación a 2019. En el hospital B, también hubo un mayor número de consultas y hospitalizaciones de mujeres en proceso postaborto, en comparación con el período anterior al COVID-19. Conclusión: el factor determinante para la toma de decisiones médicas en ambos hospitales es la capacidad técnica para realizar la técnica elegida.

El rol de la retroalimentación en la toma de decisiones bajo riesgo en niños/as y adolescentes con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad

Los estudios en niños/as y adolescentes con Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH) suelen evidenciar dificultades en la toma de decisiones, vinculadas con comportamientos más riesgosos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar y comparar el proceso de Toma de Decisiones Bajo Riesgo (TDBR) en niños/as y adolescentes con TDAH, considerando los tipos de retroalimentaciones utilizadas. Los tipos de retroalimentaciones se refieren al procesamiento de las consecuencias de las decisiones de los ensayos previos y a su influencia en las elecciones presentes y futuras. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo comparativo con un diseño ex post facto retrospectivo con dos grupos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 100 niños/as y adolescentes de 8 a 15 años (68 niños y niñas de 8 a 11 años y 32 adolescentes de 12 a 16 años), divididos en grupo clínico y grupo control, pareados por sexo y edad. Para evaluar la TDBR se administró el Test de los Dados (The Game of Dice Task, GDT), la cual es una prueba informatizada en la que se deben tomar decisiones apostando para ganar puntos. Para analizar los tipos de retroalimentación se consideraron ocho tipos posibles. Los resultados evidenciaron un comportamiento con una tendencia a elegir opciones de riesgo en la población con TDAH, tanto en el tipo de elecciones realizadas como en la forma en que utilizan la retroalimentación al ganar o al perder, no vinculándose necesariamente con decisiones desfavorables. Estos hallazgos podrían contribuir al desarrollo de programas de intervención destinados a disminuir las dificultades en la toma de decisiones en personas con diagnóstico de TDAH.

Studies on children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often show difficulties in decision-making, linked to riskier behaviors. The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the process of Decision Making Under Risk (DMUR) in children and adolescents with ADHD considering the types of feedback used. Feedback types refer to processing the consequences of previous trial decisions and their influence on present and future choices. A comparative descriptive study was carried out with a retrospective ex post facto type design with two groups. The sample consisted of 100 boys, girls and adolescents from 8 to 15 years old, (68 boys and girls from 8 to 11 years old and 32 adolescents from 12 to 16 years old), divided into a clinical group and a control group paired by sex and age. To evaluate the DMUR, the Game of Dice Task (GDT) was administered, which is a computerized test in which betting decisions must be made to earn points. And to analyze the types of feedback, eight possible types were considered. The results showed a behavior with a tendency to choose risky options in the population with ADHD, both in the type of choices made and in the way, they use feedback when winning or losing, not necessarily linked to unfavorable decisions. These findings could contribute to the development of intervention programs aimed at reducing the difficulties in decision-making in people diagnosed with ADHD.

Trabajo colaborativo entre academia y autoridades de salud en tiempos de COVID-19: experiencia en Santander, Colombia

Introducción: Colombia es uno de los países con mayor número de casos de COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe. Los gobiernos no pueden trabajar solos en una crisis de gran intensidad, por lo que las alianzas y la colaboración Gobierno-academia toman un valor preponderante. Objetivo: Sistematizar la experiencia del trabajo colaborativo que se realizó entre actores académicos de la región y las autoridades de salud del departamento de Santander, Colombia, en el marco de la emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19 durante 2020-2021. Metodología: A partir de la sistematización de experiencias y desde el enfoque crítico social se realizó un abordaje cualitativo con ocho actores clave del sector académico y de la autoridad en salud que participaron activamente en la alianza. Se hizo una revisión documental y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas. Resultados: Una vez declarada la emergencia sanitaria, de manera rápida se conformaron dos grupos de trabajo colaborativo, uno entre academia y actores gubernamentales del municipio de Bucaramanga y otro entre academia y actores gubernamentales departamentales; ambos grupos se conformaron de manera voluntaria, pero se diferenciaron en su forma de organización. El trabajo colaborativo y voluntario brindó apoyo a las autoridades en salud, principalmente en la fase de preparación para afrontar la pandemia, traducción y difusión del conocimiento, vigilancia epidemiológica y actividades de fortalecimiento de la capacidad de respuesta. Conclusiones: El apoyo brindado por el equipo colaborativo fue muy proliferativo en actividades e intervenciones, no obstante, se presentaron dificultades y una de ellas fue que un número importante de sus recomendaciones no fueron atendidas por las autoridades sanitarias. Las dificultades presentadas no son diferentes a las ya reportadas en otras emergencias de salud pública, por lo que se requiere continuar fortaleciendo las relaciones Gobierno-academia para que se pueda trazar de manera proactiva una agenda que contribuya a superar las limitaciones que se reportan en este trabajo.

Introduction: Colombia is one of the countries with the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Latin America and the Caribbean. In a health crisis of high intensity, governments cannot work alone, so alliances and collaboration between Government and academia take on a preponderant value. Objective: Systematize the experience of the collaborative work carried out between academic actors in the region and the health authorities from the Department of Santander, Colombia in the framework of the health emergency due to COVID-19 during 2020-2021. Methods: Based on the systematization of experiences and from the critical social approach, a qualitative approach was carried out with eight key actors from the academic sector and the health authority that actively participated in the alliance. Documentary review and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results: Once the health emergency was declared, two collaborative working groups were quickly formed, one between academia and government actors of the municipality of Bucaramanga and another between academia and departmental government actors; both groups were formed voluntarily but differed in their form of organization. The collaborative and voluntary work provided support to health authorities mainly in the preparation phase to face the pandemic, knowledge translation and dissemination, epidemiological surveillance, and response capacity-building activities. Conclusions: The support provided by the collaborative team was very proliferative in activities and interventions; however, difficulties occurred and one of them was that a significant number of their recommendations were not addressed by the health authorities. The difficulties presented are not different from those already reported in other public health emergencies, so it is necessary to continue strengthening the relations between Government-Academia, so that they can proactively draw up an agenda that contributes to overcoming the limitations that are reported in this work.

Decisiones por sustitución en personas mayores con deterioro cognitivo y su delegación de autonomía ¿representada? / Surrogate decision-making in older people with cognitive impairment and the delegation of their autonomy: is it represented? / As decisões de substituição em idosos com deficiência cognitiva e sua delegação de autonomia ¿representada?

Objetivo: Analizar las consideraciones éticas que surgen en situaciones donde las personas mayores con deterioro cognitivo delegan sus decisiones a terceros. Desarrollo: Trabajo de reflexión basado en una revisión narrativa desde diferentes fuentes de información. El envejecimiento de la población es un fenómeno donde se evidencian múltiples desafíos a atender. Chile se encuentra en una etapa de envejecimiento avanzado estimando una esperanza de vida sobre los 85 años para el 2050. La Organización Mundial de la Salud promueve el envejecimiento saludable mediante el fortalecimiento de la capacidad funcional como indicador de bienestar. Existen ocasiones donde las personas mayores delegan a un tercero su capacidad de decidir. Las decisiones por sustitución, que abordan dimensiones éticas y legales deben proteger la dignidad de la persona en todo momento, independientemente de su condición de salud y representar plenamente el derecho de autonomía cedido. Conclusiones. La discusión sobre las decisiones por sustitución y la protección de la autonomía, incluso en situaciones de limitaciones cognitivas, subraya la necesidad de tratar a las personas mayores con respeto y ética, desafiando los estereotipos negativos y evitando conductas discriminatorias y estigmatizantes. La importancia de promover la igualdad, inclusión, información y el respeto de los derechos de las personas mayores tiene un impacto directo en el bienestar y calidad de vida, elemento fundamental que la salud pública promueve bajo el contexto del envejecimiento activo, saludable y digno.

Objective: To analyze the ethical considerations in situations where older people with cognitive impairment delegate their decisions to third parties. Development: Reflective practice based on a narrative review of different sources of information. Population aging is a phenomenon where multiple challenges need to be addressed. Chile is at an advanced stage of population aging, with an estimated life expectancy of over 85 years to be reached by 2050. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes healthy aging by strengthening functional capacity as an indicator of well-being. There are circumstances in which older people delegate their decision-making capacity to a third party. Surrogate decision-making, with its ethical and legal dimensions, should protect the person's dignity at all times, regardless of the state of their health, and fully represent their ceded right of autonomy. Conclusions: The discussion on surrogate decision-making and the protection of autonomy, even in the context of cognitive impairment, highlights the need to treat older people ethically and respectfully, challenging negative stereotypes and avoiding discriminatory and stigmatizing behaviors. Promoting equality, inclusion, information, and respect for the rights of older adults has a direct impact on their well-being and quality of life, which are fundamental elements that public health promotes in the context of active, healthy, and dignified aging.

Objetivo: Analisar as considerações éticas que surgem em situações em que pessoas idosas com deficiência cognitiva delegam as suas decisões a terceiros. Desenvolvimento: Trabalho de reflexão baseado numa revisão narrativa a partir de diferentes fontes de informação. O envelhecimento da população é um fenómeno onde existem múltiplos desafios a enfrentar. O Chile encontra-se numa fase avançada de envelhecimento, estimando uma esperança de vida superior a 85 anos até 2050. A Organização Mundial de Saúde promove o envelhecimento saudável através do fortalecimento da capacidade funcional como indicador de bem-estar. Há ocasiões em que os idosos delegam a sua capacidade de decisão a terceiros. As decisões de substituição, que abordam as dimensões éticas e legais, devem proteger a dignidade da pessoa em todos os momentos, independentemente do seu estado de saúde, e representar plenamente o direito concedido à autonomia. Conclusões: A discussão sobre as decisões de substituição e a proteção da autonomia, mesmo em situações de limitações cognitivas, sublinha a necessidade de tratar os idosos com respeito e ética, desafiando estereótipos negativos e evitando comportamentos discriminatórios e estigmatizantes. A importância da promoção da igualdade, da inclusão, da informação e do respeito pelos direitos dos idosos tem impacto direto no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida, elemento fundamental que a saúde pública promove no contexto do envelhecimento ativo, saudável e digno.