Recent advances in ultrasound-controlled fluorescence technology for deep tissue optical imaging / 药物分析学报

Fluorescence imaging is a noninvasive and dynamic real-time imaging technique;however,it exhibits poor spatial resolution in centimeter-deep tissues because biological tissues are highly scattering media for optical radiation.The recently developed ultrasound-controlled fluorescence(UCF)imaging is a novel imaging technique that can overcome this bottleneck.Previous studies suggest that the effective contrast agent and sensitive imaging system are the two pivotal factors for generating high-resolution UCF images ex vivo and/or in vivo.Here,this review highlights the recent advances(2015-2020)in the design and synthesis of contrast agents and the improvement of imaging systems to realize high-resolution UCF imaging of deep tissues.The imaging performances of various UCF systems,including the signal-to-noise ratio,imaging resolution,and imaging depth,are specifically discussed.In addition,the challenges and prospects are highlighted.With continuously increasing research interest in this field and emerging multidisciplinary applications,UCF imaging with higher spatial resolution and larger imaging depth may be developed shortly,which is expected to have a far-reaching impact on disease surveillance and/or therapy.

Extracts of Portulaca oleracea promote wound healing by enhancing angiology regeneration and inhibiting iron accumulation in mice / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To investigate the role of Portulaca oleracea (POL) in promoting revascularization and re-epithelization as well as inhibiting iron aggregation and inflammation of deep tissue pressure injury (DTPI). Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of POL (P) and aqueous phase fraction of POL (PD) were prepared based on maceration and liquid–liquid extraction. The number of new blood vessels and VEGF-A expression level were assessed using H&E stain and Western blot on injured muscle to examine the role of POL different extracts in vascularization. The iron distribution and total elemental iron of injured muscle were detected using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Perls’ staining to determine whether POL extracts can inhibit the iron accumulation. Besides, the ability of POL extracts to promote wound healing by combining re-epithelization time, inflammation degree and collagen deposition area were comprehensively evaluated. Results: In vitro, we observed a significant increase in HUVEC cell viability, migration rate and the number of the tube after P and PD treatment (P < 0.05). In vivo, administration of P and PD impacted vascularization and iron accumulation on injured tissue, evident from more new blood vessels, higher expression of VEGF-A and decreased muscle iron concentration of treatment groups compared with no-treatment groups (P < 0.05). Besides, shorter re-epithelization time, reduced inflammatory infiltration and distinct collagen deposition were associated with administration of P and PD (P < 0.05). Conclusion: POL extract administration groups have high-quality wound healing, which is associated with increased new blood vessels, collagen deposition and re-epithelization, along with decreased iron accumulation and inflammatory infiltration. Our results suggest that that POL extract is beneficial to repair injured muscle after ischemia–reperfusion, highlighting the potential of POL in the DTPI treatment.

Effect of the beginning time of intermittent pneumatic compression on hemodynamic and deep vein thrombosis of patients with major orthopedic surgery / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of beginning time of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) on hemodynamics and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of patients with major orthopedic surgery.Methods:A total of 99 patients who underwent major orthopaedic surgery in the Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected as the research objects, which were assigned to ultra-early group, early group and control group, each group contained 33 cases. The IPC were used 3 days before surgery in the ultra-early group, 1 day before surgery in the early group, and after surgery in control group. The incidence of DVT and deep skin pressure injury within 14 days was observed, the blood flow velocity of deep femoral vein and plasma D-dimer in the three groups were also compared.Results:There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT among the three groups ( P> 0.05), however, the deep tissue injury rate was 18.18% (6/33) in the ultra-early group, significantly higher than 3.03% (1/33) in the early group and 0 in control group, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2 value was 9.531, P<0.05). After 1 day and 3, 5, 7 days of surgery, the blood flow velocity of deep femoral vein in the ultra-early group and the early group were (26.48±2.24), (25.79±2.18), (26.67±3.74), (25.88±2.83) ml/s and (25.76±1.87), (25.39±1.98), (25.45±2.93), (25.48±3.75) ml/s, significantly higher than (23.39±1.75), (23.73±2.61), (23.79±2.30), (22.21±4.42) ml/s in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( F values were 7.428-22.350, P<0.01). After 3, 5, 7 days of surgery, the levels of plasma D-dimer in the ultra-early group and the early group were (1.11±0.26), (1.03±0.23), (0.98±0.28) mg/L and (1.18±0.32), (1.12±0.24), (1.05±0.31) mg/L, significantly lower than (1.38±0.40), (1.32±0.39), (1.20±0.26) mg/L in the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( F values were 5.809, 8.442, 4.962, P<0.01). Conclusion:Using IPC one day before operation can significantly increase the blood flow velocity of deep femoral vein, reduce the level of plasma D-dimer, and do not increase the incidence of deep skin pressure injury in patients with major orthopedic surgery.

Advances in the research of animal model of pressure ulcer / 中华烧伤杂志

Pressure ulcer is localized damage to the skin and subcutaneous tissue usually over a bony prominence as a result of prolonged pressure, shear force, and friction. The effect of external force on soft tissue is affected by many factors, such as local microenvironment, tissue blood supply, nutritional status, and underlying diseases of patients. Although great efforts have been made by mankind to prevent and treat pressure ulcer in last decades, its prevalence is still high, and the curative effect is still not impressive. The treatment of pressure ulcer is a challenge today, and it is necessary to seek new treatment methods. However, the prerequisite for exploring new treatment methods is to find a proper animal model and further explore new therapies through animal experiments. The pathogenesis of pressure ulcer is complex, and the formation process is affected by a variety of factors. To date, there is no recognized standard animal model. We review the pathogenesis of pressure ulcer and the recently reported animal models of pressure ulcer, so as to provide basic experimental basis for further research on the occurrence, development, and prevention of pressure ulcer.

Evaluation of amputation risk in diabetic foot ulcer patients infected with Acinetobacter baumannii from a Tertiary Care Centre in South India

Background: Foot complications are found to be a significant frequent, complication of Diabetes mellitus. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is gradually becoming dominant among Diabetes patients in urban population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical relationship of these gram negative bacteria and their resistance mechanisms in patients with diabetic foot and infected ulcer in India. Methods: An observational study of 532 patients with infected ulcers in diabetic feet was conducted in Hycare for Wounds a tertiary care centre exclusively dedicated for Wound care and Management between May, 2017 and April, 2018. Processing and identification was done as per standard guidelines. The bacteriological assessment was performed in deep tissue cultures and amputation was considered major when performed above the foot’s middle tarsus. Results: Out of 532 patients studied 350 were positive for bacterial growth. Commonest   isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) species, Klebsiella and E. coli. We observed that 14 patients were infected with Acinetobacter baumannii and 50 % were carbapenamase producers. Clinical Outcomes: Out of 14 patients 6 were major amputees and 5 were minor amputees and the rest 3 patients are under medical management. Conclusion: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious threat to Diabetic patients and can be considered as a risk factor for major amputation.

Protective effect of epithelial growth factor on oxidative damage of skeletal muscle cells in model rats of oxygen-glucose deprivation / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To set up the rat skeletal muscle L6 cell models of oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD)in vitro,and to investigate the protective effect of EGF in deep tissue inj ury(DTI)of pressure sores.Methods:The rat skeletal muscle cells in the logarithmic phase were divided into normal control group,OGD group,5 μg·L-1 EGF+OGD group,10 μg·L-1EGF+ OGD group and 20 μg·L-1EGF+ OGD group.The survival rates of skeletal muscle cells in various groups were measured by MTT assay;the cell apoptotic rates in various groups were detected by flow cytometry;the reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were detected by DCFH-DA;Rhodamine 123 was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential;the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins were determined by Western blotting method.Results:Compared with normal control group,the survival rates of skeletal muscle cells in OGD group after 24 h OGD was significantly decreased(P<0.05);the apoptotic rate was markedly increased(P<0.01);the ROS level was increased(P<0.01);the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased(P<0.01);the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with OGD group, the survival rates of skeletal muscle cells in different concentrations of EGF groups were increased and the apoptotic rates were decreased,especially in 10 and 20 μg·L-1EGF groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the ROS levels in skeletal muscle cells in different concentrations of EGF groups were decreased and the mitochondrial membrane potential were increased,especially in 10 and 20 μg·L-1EGF groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the Bcl-2/Bax ratios were significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner,especially in 10 and 20 μg·L-1EGF groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:EGF can improve the skeletal muscle cell injury induced by OGD in a concentration-dependent manner via decreasing the ROS levels and protecting the cell mitochondrial function.

Protective effect of epithelial growth factor on oxidative damage of skeletal muscle cells in model rats of oxygen-glucose deprivation / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

To set up the rat skeletal muscle L6 cell models of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro, and to investigate the protective effect of EGF in deep tissue injury (DTI) of pressure sores. Methods: The rat skeletal muscle cells in the logarithmic phase were divided into normal control group, OGD group, 5 μg · L1 EGF+OGD group, 10 μg · L1 EGF+ OGD group and 20 μg · L1 EGF+ OGD group. The survival rates of skeletal muscle cells in various groups were measured by MTT assay; the cell apoptotic rates in various groups were detected by flow cytometry; the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by DCFH-DA; Rhodamine 123 was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential; the expressions of Bax and Bel-2 proteins were determined by Western blotting method. Results: Compared with normal control group, the survival rates of skeletal muscle cells in OGD group after 24 h OGD was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the apoptotic rate was markedly increased (P<0.01); the ROS level was increased (P<0.01); the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased (P<0.01); the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with OGD group, the survival rates of skeletal muscle cells in different concentrations of EGF groups were increased and the apoptotic rates were decreased, especially in 10 and 20 μg · L1 EGF groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the ROS levels in skeletal muscle cells in different concentrations of EGF groups were decreased and the mitochondrial membrane potential were increased, especially in 10 and 20 μg · L1EGF groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the Bcl-2/Bax ratios were significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, especially in 10 and 20 μg · L1 EGF groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: EGF can improve the skeletal muscle cell injury induced by OGD in a concentration-dependent manner via decreasing the ROS levels and protecting the cell mitochondrial function.

Effect of Bcl-2 and PCNA expression in rat myoblast injury induced by hydrogen peroxide / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To explore the role of Bcl-2 and PCNA expression in the injury of rat myoblasts induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).METHODS:Rat myoblasts at growth phase were divided into 4 groups based on basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and H2O2 levels:normal control group, bFGF group, model group (H2O2 group) and treatment group (bFGF+H2O2 group).The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was observed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence methods.The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and PCNA were determined by Western blot.RESULTS:Compared with model group, both immunofuorescence and fluorescence in treatment group showed enhanced Bcl-2 and low expression of Bax.Furthermore, the results of Western blot showed up-regulated PCNA and Bcl-2 protein and decreased Bax expression in treatment group.CONCLUSION:Oxidative stress results in the pathologic changes of myoblasts, and the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and PCNA may attenuate myoblast injury.

Análisis del comportamiento mecánico del tejido subyacente a las tuberosidades isquiáticas por medio del método del elemento finito / Analysis of mechanical behavior of the underlying tissue to the ischial tuberosities using finite element method

Las úlceras por presión son las complicaciones secundarias más comunes a una lesión medular, las cuales ponen en riesgo tanto la salud como la vida de quienes las padecen. Las úlceras por presión más comunes en lesionados medulares aparecen en la región pélvica, principalmente en las tuberosidades isquiáticas (TI's). Una estrategia usada en la clínica es medir la presión generada entre el paciente y la superficie donde se encuentra para evaluar el riesgo que representa dicha superficie para el desarrollo de úlceras por presión sin embargo, este tipo de mediciones superficiales no garantizan que la presión en los tejidos internos subyacentes a prominencias óseas sea inocua. Con el fin de estudiar los mecanismos de formación de úlceras por presión, se realizó el análisis de un modelo de pelvis y tejido subyacente por medio del Método de los Elementos Finitos (MEF). De esta manera se puede estudiar el comportamiento de las TI's sobre su tejido circundante, así como analizar los efectos biomecánicos que provocan las úlceras. Se construyó el modelo computacional por medio de un software de CAD (Computing Aided Design) de la pelvis a partir de cortes tomográficos. El modelo fue exportado al software COMSOL y se analizaron seis casos de estudio: un análisis de la pelvis sobre bloques de tejido sano y cinco casos más, los cuales simulan lesiones en el tejido con distintas profundidades, representando úlceras superficiales e internas. Los resultados mostraron que los puntos de máximo esfuerzo, en todas las pruebas, se localizan justo debajo de la TIs además se encontró que las lesiones internas presentan mayores esfuerzos y deformaciones, los cuales pueden ser precursores de daño en el tejido.

Pressure ulcers are the most common secondary complication to a spinal cord injury, which endanger both health and life of the patients who suffer them. The most common pressure ulcers in spinal cord injuries occur in the pelvic region, mainly in the ischial tuberosities (ITs). A strategy used in clinic is to quantify the pressure generated between the patient and the surface, in order to assess the risk posed by that surface for developing pressure ulcers. Despite this, this type of surface measurements does not guarantee that pressure in the internal tissues underlying to bony prominences, to be safe. In order to study the mechanisms of formation of pressure ulcers, an analysis of a model of the pelvis and its underlying tissue was performed using the Finite Element Method (FEM). By this means we can study the behavior of ITs on its surrounding tissue, and at the same time, we analyze the biomechanical effects those cause ulcers. The computational model of the pelvis was built from tomographic slices using CAD software (Computing Aided Design). The model was exported to the finite element software COMSOL and six study cases were analyzed: an analysis of the pelvis on healthy tissue blocks and five more cases, which simulate tissue injury with different depths, representing surface and internal ulcers. The results showed that the maximum stress points in all tests are located just below the ITs it was also found that internal injuries present higher stresses and strains, which can be precursors of tissue damage.

The effects of intermittent pressure on deep tissue injuries / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To compare the impacts of sustained and intermittent gradient pressure on perfusion disorders and myofiber injuries and to explore the mechanism by which intermittent gradient pressure helps treat deep tissue injury (DTI). MethodsTwenty Sprague-Dawley rats 10-12 weeks old were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.The tibialis anterior muscles of the experimental group received intermittent fluctuating pressure at 8.0-21.3 kPa while the control group received sustained pressure at 13.3 kPa.The contralateral notpressed muscles served as healthy controls.The experiment was terminated after 3 cycles of compression where each cycle involved 2 h of compression and 30 min of conpression release.The general condition of the rats'skin and muscles in the compressed region were observed and laser doppler perfusion imaging was used to detect blood perfusion of the skin of the compressed leg after 3 cycles of compression.Any pathomorphological changes in the tibialis anterior muscles of the compressed region were observed by phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) staining. Results Blood perfusion of the skin and muscle in the control group was significantly less than in the experimental group after compression,and blood flow velocity increased with time in both groups.However,perfusion was significantly more extensive in the experimental group.PTAH staining showed that muscle injury in the experimental group was significantly less severe than in the control group. ConclusionCompared to the sustained pressure,intermittent pressure cause significantly less severe DTI by reducing compression-induced ischemia and hypoxia.

Effect of Moxibustion on the Hemodynamics of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Tissue.-Comparison between Five-cone and Seven-cone Moxibustion- / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objective] Using a near infrared spectrometer and laser Doppler blood flowmeter, we investigated how the number of moxa applications influences blood flow at moxibustion and peripheral sites.<BR>[Method] The subjects were nine healthy adult males, aged 25-28 years (average age 25.4). Skin blood flow was measured with a laser Doppler blood flowmeter while changes in the deep tissue (deep subcutaneous level and muscle surface course level) blood volume were measured with a near infrared spectroscopy. Each of the probes was located at the moxibustion treatment site and 20 mm away from the site.<BR>On different days, measurements were taken from a control group not receiving stimulation, groups receiving five-cone and seven-cone moxibution (2 mg of moxa per application), respectively.<BR>Measurements of the control group were taken for 25 minutes, while measurements for the other two groups were taken for 5 minutes before conducting moxibustion and for 20 minutes directly after completion of moxibustion.<BR>[Results and Discussion] The skin blood flow demonstrated an further increased tendency after seven-cone moxibustion than five-cone moxibustion. This seemed to be due to the strong flare phenomenon affecting cutaneous blood flow quantity by increasing the number of moxibustion cones.<BR>The effect of moxibustion on skin blood flow volume is suggested to be due to the strong flare phenomenon induced by increasing the number of moxibustion. The effect to the deep tissue indicated a tendency for the blood flow volume to decrease.<BR>It is considered that further detailed experiment will be necessary in the future regarding these ambiguous points.

Effects of electrical and laser acupuncture to the stellate ganglion on autonomic nervous system / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Previously we reported that acupuncture to the stellate ganglion stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system as well as the sympathetic nervous system. We measured effects of laser acupuncture to the stellate ganglion (SGL) or electrical acupuncture to the same (SGA) on R-R intervals, deep tissue temperature and blood presure by using 45 patients; 12 in SGL-group and 33 in SGA-group.<br>Results are as follows; (1) Means of heart rate (HR) decreased with 2bpm in the SGL-group, 3bpm in the SGA-group. (2) Coefficient of variation (CV) of R-R intervals increased with 1% in the SGA-group only. (3) Deep tissue temperature of the ipsilateral anterior forearm of the stimulation did not increase significantly after SGA, while deep tissue temperature increased with 0.3-0.5°C after SGL. Deep tissue temperature of the contralateral anterior forearm showed no significant change in the both groups. (4) Systolic blood pressure increased with 2-4mmHg after SGA and 4-5mmHg after SGL, respectively.<br>It is suggested that SGL increases deep tissue temperature by affecting autonomic nervous system, but not directly.

Effects of electrical acupuncture to the stellate ganglion on carotid blood flow, deep tissue temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate in the humans / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Previously we reported effects of acupuncture to the stellate ganglion on measurements of skin electroconductivity by a Neurometer.<br>By using 8 healthy adults and 23 patients, we measured effects of electrical acupuncture to the stellate ganglion on carotid blood flow, deep tissue temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate in order to clarify the influence on functions of the autonomic nervous system.<br>After electrical acupuncture to the right stellate ganglion (SGA), the right and left carotid blood flow decreased with 4-9% and 7-12%, respectively. Deep tissue temperature of the right anterior forearm after SGA showed a little increase (with no significance), while the temperature increased with 0.4-0.7°C after the right stellate ganglion block (SGB). Deep tissue temperature of the left anterior forearm showed no significant change after SGA, while it increased with 0.1-0.3°C significantly after SGB. Systolic blood pressure increased with 2-4mmHg after SGA and this also increased with 9-11mmHg after SGB. Those increases were significant. While the pulse rate decreased (2bpm) significantly after SGA, it increased (4-6bpm) significantly after SGB.<br>Except the decreased pulse rate after SGA, the other data did not support a common hypothesis that electrical acupuncture to the stellate ganglion suppresses the sympathetic system as SGB.