RESUMO
OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico da gestação na adolescência buscando possíveis diferenças em relação à gestação em mulheres adultas. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico a partir de dados secundários (DATA-SUS). Foram estudadas três grupos de variáveis: as relacionadas à mãe, as relacionadas ao parto e as relacionadas ao RN. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo Teste Qui-quadrado de independência, considerando-se significante P ≤ 0,05. Foram utilizadas planilhas do Microsoft Excel, versão 2013, software Epi Info v.7, para a obtenção do Odds Ratio (OR), com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 48.277 gestações, sendo 4.453 (9,22%) em adolescentes com idade média de 16,92 anos (+1,16), e 43.824 (90,78%) em mulheres adultas com idade média de 27,89 anos (+ 5,77). As mães adolescentes eram solteiras (54,61%) e brancas (98,02%) em sua maioria e apresentaram gestação única (98,92%). A prematuridade ocorreu em 10,21%, 61,5% dos partos foram vaginais, com 99,73% ocorridos em ambiente hospitalar. Com relação ao recém-nascido, 51,99% eram do sexo masculino e o baixo peso ao nascer foi de 9,57%. Apgar < 7 no 1º minuto foi de 16,63%, e no 5º minuto, 2,14%. A presença de anomalias congênitas em filhos de mães adolescentes foi de 1,15%. CONCLUSÃO: A gravidez na adolescência se associou com menor número de consultas de pré-natal, maiores taxas de prematuridade e baixo peso, com maior ocorrência de parto vaginal e de anomalias congênitas no RN.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of pregnancy in adolescence, searching possible differences in relation to pregnancy in adult women. METHODS: Ecological study based on secondary data (DATA-SUS). Three groups of variables were studied: those related to the mother, those related to childbirth and those related to the newborn. The data analysis was performed by the Qui-square test of independence, being considered significant P ≤ 0.05. Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, version 2013, Epi Info v.7 software were used to obtain the Odds Ratio (OR), with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 48,277 pregnancies were evaluated, of which 4,453 (9.22%) were adolescents aged 16.92 +1.16 years, and 43,824 (90.78%) in adult women aged of 27.89 years +5.77. Adolescent mothers were single (54.61%) and white (98.02%) in the majority, and presented single gestation (98.92%). Prematurity occurred in 10.21%, and 61.5% of deliveries were vaginal. With regard to the newborn, 51.99% were male and the low birth weight occurred in 9.57%. Apgar <7 in the 1st and 5th minute was present in 16.63% and 2.14% respectively. The presence of congenital anomalies in children of adolescent mothers was 1.15%. CONCLUSION: Adolescent pregnancy was associated with: a lower number of prenatal appointments, higher rates of prematurity and low birth weight, higher incidence of vaginal delivery and congenital anomalies
RESUMO
Se revisó la bibliografía disponible sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatales, tanto nacional como foránea y se decidió hacer referencia a importantes aspectos relacionados con el tema, entre los cuales figuraron, además de una reseña histórica: clasificación y registro de las causas de muerte (síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, enfermedad de la membrana hialina, infecciones, displasia broncopulmonar y malformaciones congénitas), tipo de parto (complicaciones y prematuridad), así como bajo peso al nacer. De la información obtenida se infirió que el nacimiento de neonatos con insuficiencia ponderal para la edad gestacional, todavía constituye una grave situación de salud en el mundo de hoy, sobre todo en los países tercermundistas, donde no se dispone de recursos suficientes para brindar una adecuada asistencia sanitaria a la población.
The available literature either national or foreign about the neonate morbidity and mortality was reviewed and it was decided to make reference to important aspects related with the topic, among which there were figured, besides a historical review: classification and register of the death causes (distress syndrome, hyaline membrane disease, infections, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and congenital malformations), delivery type (complications and prematurity), as well as low birth weight. Of the obtained information it was inferred that the neonates birth with ponderal inadequacy for the gestational age, still constitutes a severe health situation in today's world, mainly in the third world countries, where enough resources are nor disposable to offer an appropriate health care to the population.