Effects of two occupational stress models on depressive symptom of employees in a mould-producing enterprise / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influencing factors of depressive symptom of employees in a mould-producing enterprises using two occupational stress models. METHODS: A total of 457 employees in a mould-producing enterprise were selected as study subjects using cluster sampling method. The Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression Scale, the Chinese version of Job Demand Content Questionnaire and the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire were used to investigate the level of depressive symptom and occupational stress by the job demand control(JDC) model and effort reward imbalance(ERI) model. RESULTS: Among the 457 employees, the median score of depressive symptom was 11.00, the detection rate of depressive symptom in the subjects was 23.4%(107/457). The incidence of occupational stress by the JDC and ERI models was 78.3%(358/457) and 62.6%(286/457), respectively. The rate of depressive symptom was statistically higher in the high occupational stress group than that of the low occupational stress group by the ERI model(26.6% vs 18.1%, P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that both marital status and monthly income were influencing factors of depressive symptom by the JDC model(P<0.05). The marital status, monthly income and occupational stress were influencing factors of depressive symptom by the ERI model(P<0.05). The risk of depressive symptom was statistically higher in the high occupational stress group than that of the low occupational stress group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Employees in mould-producing enterprise have some depressive symptom. The marital status, monthly income and occupational stress by the ERI model are the main influencing factors of depressive symptom.

Assessing occupational stress level and its influencing factors in medical radiologists by two models / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the status of occupational stress and its influencing factors in medical radiation workers using two occupational stress measurement models. METHODS: A total of 632 medical radiation workers from Guangdong Province were selected as the study subjects using cluster sampling method. Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire and Effort Reward Imbalance Questionnaire were used to assess occupational stress with job demand-control( JDC) and effort-reward imbalance( ERI) models. RESULTS: The rate of occupational stress in the study subjects was 43. 8%( 277/632) using the JDC model. The rate of occupational stress was 38. 6%( 244/632) using the ERI model. The multivariate logistic analysis results showed that the risk of JDC occupational stress was higher in workers with more than 8 hours work daily and more than 40 hours weekly( P < 0. 01). The risk of ERI occupational stress was higher in the workers with age of30. 0-40. 0,public medical institutions,daily work more than 8 hours and weekly work more than 40 hours( P < 0. 01).CONCLUSION: Under the two theoretical models,medical radiation workers have a certain degree of occupational stress. The age,medical institution type,daily and weekly work hours are the main factors affecting occupational stress.

Analysis on current status and influential factors of occupational stress among couriers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the current status and influencing factors of occupational stress among couriers.@*Methods@#Couriers (n=925) were selected on this study used cluster sampling method from January to March 2018. They were from SF and Zhongtong Express Co., Ltd., on the Wechat platform, and surveyed by a job stress questionnaire based on a job demand-control model.Valid questionnaires(n=617) were obtained.@*Results@#A total of 418 workers were occupational stress positive (67.7%). The results of Chi-square analysis showed that there were significant differences in occupational stress among workers categorized by job position, working years, mealtime, sleeping time, and weekly work time (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis indicated that non-regular meals, short-term sleep and less than 0.5 working years were risk factors for occupational stress(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Couriers generally have occupational stress. The main influencing factors are job position, working years mealtime, sleeping time, and weekly work time. It is necessary to guide healthy lifestyle, rationally organize labor and assign tasks, and improve working environment to relieve their occupational stress.

Evaluating the level of occupational stress and its influence factors among traffic police in a district in Shanghai / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the high occupational stress and its influencing factors in traffic police in Shanghai.@*Methods@#728 traffic police were selected as the study subjects, and the《Occupational Health Questionnaire》was used to investigate and evaluate their job demand-control (JDC) and effort-reward imbalance model (ERI) occupational stress situation respectively. The related influencing factors were analyzed.@*Results@#The prevalence rates of high occupational stress in JDC and ERI models were 74.6% (543/728) and 51.5% (375/728) . The influencing factors of JDC were education, marriage, average weekly hours (χ2=16.82, 10.04, 18.71, P<0.05) , and The influencing factors of ERI were gender, age, marriage, real monthly income level, education, work experience, and average weekly hours (χ2=7.02, 26.18, 6.73, 50.42, 4.75, 26.61, 112.98, 6.19, P<0.05) . The JDC multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the risk of occupational stress of married police was 2.81 times as high as that of Unmarried ones. The risk of occupational stress of traffic police with more education was 1.92 times as high as that of low eduacation, average weekly working 41-50 hours and≥51 hours was 2.53, 3.12 times as high as that of ones with average working 40 hours, respectivly. Meanwhile, the ERI multivariate logistic analysis indicated that high income level is the protective factor of occupational stress. The traffic police with 15-<20 working years were more likely to occur higher occupational stress. The traffic police with the more average weekly hours had greater possibility of higher occupational stress.@*Conclusion@#The main influencing factors of JDC and ERI are marriage, real monthly income level, education, work experience, and average weekly hours.

Domestic work stress and self-rated psychological health among women: a cross-sectional study in Japan

BACKGROUND@#Despite the huge burden of domestic work on women in Japan, its effects on their health have been poorly investigated. We aimed to assess the association between domestic work stress and self-rated psychological health among women.@*METHODS@#We conducted a cross-sectional survey using an online social research panel in February 2018. Participants were 2,000 women with paid work (the "workers" group) and 1,000 women without paid work (the "homemakers" group), aged between 25 and 59 years old and living with a partner. Self-rated psychological health (Mental Health and Vitality scales of the Japanese SF-36), occupational and domestic work stress (the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire), the 10-item Work-Family Conflict Scale, and sociodemographic factors were assessed.@*RESULTS@#The workers had lower domestic job control and higher support from a partner and their parents than the homemakers (p < 0.001), whereas domestic job demand and psychological health were similar between the groups. After adjustment for the covariates using multiple linear regression models, better psychological health was significantly associated with lower domestic job demand, higher domestic job control, and having a young child in both groups. In addition, work-family conflicts and occupational job stress among the workers and caregiving among the homemakers showed negative associations with psychological health.@*CONCLUSION@#Self-rated psychological health in women was associated with domestic work stress regardless of employment status. To promote women's health, we need to take into account the effects of domestic work, work-family conflicts, and social support from families, as well as occupational factors.

Influence of psychological capital on occupational stress of employees in labor-intensive electronic companies / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of psychological capital on occupational stress of employees in labor-intensive electronic enterprises. METHODS: A total of 1 723 employees in 5 labor-intensive electronic enterprises were selected as study subjects by cluster sampling method. The Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Simple Job Stress Questionnaire were used to investigate their psychological capital and job demand-control( JDC) occupational stress. The effect of psychological capital on occupational stress was analyzed. RESULTS: Total average score of psychological capital of the study subjects was( 4. 4 ± 0. 7). The average scores of self-efficacy,hope,resilience,optimism dimensions were( 4. 3 ± 0. 9),( 4. 5 ± 0. 8),( 4. 5 ± 0. 8) and( 4. 4 ± 0. 7),respectively. The proportions of active,relaxed,nervous and passive occupational stress accounted for 24. 2%,24. 7%,23. 5% and 27. 6% respectively. The detection rate of JDC mode high occupational stress was 68. 7%( 1 184/1 723). The proportion of active occupational stress of the low-psychologicalcapital group was lower( 28. 3% vs 20. 2%,P < 0. 001),the proportion of passive occupational stress was higher( 23. 4% vs 31. 7%,P < 0. 001),the positive rate of JDC high occupational stress was higher( 63. 3% vs 74. 1%,P <0. 01),compared with the high-psychological-capital group. The multivariate logistic analysis showed that the risk of JDC high occupational stress in the low-psychological-capital group was higher than that in the high-psychological-capital group( P < 0. 01),after eliminating the confounding factors such as length of service,education level and personal monthly income. CONCLUSION: The psychological capital of employees in labor-intensive electronics enterprises was associated with the occupational stress of the JDC model. The occupational stress can be reduced by improving the psychological capital of workers.

Influencing factors on two types of occupational stress in workers of electronics manufacturing industry / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To investigate occupational stress and its influencing factors in workers of electronic manufacturing.METHODS: The judgment sampling method was used to select 2 251 workers as study subjects. The Simple Occupational Stress Questionnaire and the Effort-Reward Imbalance( ERI) Questionnaire were used to investigate job demand-control(JDC) and ERI occupational stress respectively. RESULTS: Among the 2 251 workers,the prevalence rates of high occupational stress in JDC and ERI models were 56. 4% and 10. 1%,respectively. The positive rate of JDC occupational stress was higher than that of ERI( P < 0. 01). The multivariate logistic analysis indicated that workers with assembly line had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than workers without assembly line( P < 0. 05). Workers with labor dispatching had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than workers with long-term contract( P < 0. 05). Workers exposed to occupational hazards had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than workers not exposed to occupational hazards( P < 0. 05). Workers with disease had higher risk of JDC and ERI occupational stress than healthy workers( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: JDC is the main occupational stress model in workers of electronics manufacturing factory. The main influencing factors are assembly line,labor dispatching,weekly work time,exposure to occupational hazards and illness.

Association of occupational stress with job burnout and depression tendency in workers in Internet companies / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the association of occupational stress with job burnout and depression tendency in workers in Internet companies. @*Methods@#From July to November, 2016, the cross-sectional method was used to perform a questionnaire survey of 3603 workers in 35 Internet companies in Beijing, Shandong Province, and Zhejiang Province in China, and the association of occupational stress with job burnout and depression tendency was analyzed. @*Results@#Among these workers, 63.70% had occupational stress with job demand-control (JDC) and 34.60% had occupational stress with effort-reward imbalance (ERI) ; among the workers engaged in sales, 75.63% had occupational stress with JDC and 62.70% had occupational stress with ERI. Of all workers, 10.69% had job burnout, and among the workers engaged in sales, 22.12% had job burnout. Of all workers, 18.79% had the tendency of moderate-to-severe or severe depression, and among the workers engaged in sales, 46.13% had such tendency. Occupational stress with JDC increased the risk of job burnout and depression (odds ratio[OR]=3.52 and 1.85, P<0.05) , and occupational stress with ERI also increased the risk of job burnout and depression (OR=8.24 and 5.59, P<0.05) . In addition, irregular diet and insomnia were risk factors for job burnout; age ≥41 years, low income, sales position, working time spent on the screen ≥10 hours/day, insomnia, and poor self-evaluated health status were risk factors for depression tendency. @*Conclusion@#Occupational stress with JDC and ERI increases the risk of job burnout and depression tendency, and among the workers in Internet companies, the workers engaged in sales have the most severe occupational stress, job burnout, and depression tendency.

Presenteísmo: contribuições do modelo demanda-controle para a compreensão do fenômeno / Presenteeism: contributions of the control-demand model for a phenomenon understanding

Este estudo visa compreender o estado da arte dos estudos sobre presenteísmo (fenômeno de comparecer ao trabalho mesmo se sentindo doente) à luz do Modelo Demanda-Controle (MDC). Visa ainda contribuir para a discussão sobre demandas, controle, apoio social (postulados no modelo) e estabelecer relação entre eles. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, levantando os principais construtos teóricos sobre a temática em bases de dados científicas nacionais e internacionais, a fim de construir um modelo organizado e sistematizado. Ao traçar um panorama da atualidade sobre a relação entre os aspectos psicossociais do trabalho e o presenteísmo dos trabalhadores, percebe-se uma forte relação entre demandas, controle e apoio social no trabalho e o presenteísmo, de forma que as altas demandas de trabalho estão associadas positivamente ao presenteísmo. No entanto, há lacunas a respeito do entendimento científico sobre esse campo de estudo decorrentes da escassez de produções nacionais e internacionais sobre os antecedentes do presenteísmo. Portanto, há um amplo campo de estudo a ser revelado sobre esse assunto

This study aims to understand the latest studies on presenteeism (the act of attending work while sick) based on the Demand-Control Model. It also aims to contribute to the discussion on the presenteeism, demand, control and social support, and establish a relation between them. For its achievement, we carried out a bibliographical research, relating theoretical constructs on the subject in national and international scientific database, in order to create an organized and systematized model. Through a current study on the relationship between psychosocial aspects of work and workers presenteeism, we realized a strong relationship between demands, control and social support at work and presenteeism, so that the high job demands are associated positively to presenteeism. However, there are gaps regarding the scientific understanding of this field of study, which are due to the shortage of national and international productions on the antecedents of presenteeism. Therefore, there is a broad field of study to be unveiled on this subject

Effect of social psychological factors on the mental health among enterprise workers using structural equation modeling / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationship between mental health and social psychological factors. METHODS: Using multi-stage sampling method,1 200 first-line production workers working in enterprises were chosen as study subjects. Chinese version of the WHO-5 well-being Index,and Social Psychological Factors Questionnaire(a self-designed questionnaire based on job demands control model) were used to investigate the mental health and social psychological factors. The structural equation modeling of social psychological factors on mental health was constructed. RESULTS: Among the 1 200 workers,about 34. 8% workers had poor psychological well-being(the score of the WHO-5 well-being Index is equal or less than 13). Job demands and job autonomy were available and have direct effect on work-related pressure [standardized path coefficient(β) were 0. 162 and-0. 186,P < 0. 05]. Job demands,job autonomy and work-related pressure were available have direct effect on mental health(β were-0. 136,0. 235 and-0. 135,P < 0. 05). Job demands can have an indirect effect on mental health through work-related pressure(β =-0. 022,P < 0. 05),and job autonomy can have an indirect effect on mental health through work-related pressure(β = 0. 025,P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The results of mental health and social psychological factors are consistent with the job demand control model. Job demands and work-related pressure are risk factors and job autonomy is a protective factor for mental health. Mental health intervention should be taken according to the related factors.

Estandarización de una batería para la evaluación de factores de riesgo psicosociales laborales en trabajadores colombianos / Standardization of a battery of tests to assess psychosocial risk factors at the workplace among Colombian workers / Padronização de uma bateria para a avaliação de fatores de risco psicossociais trabalhistas em trabalhadores colombianos

En 2010 se desarrolló una batería de instrumentos para evaluar factores psicosociales laborales de riesgo para la salud, en respuesta a la Resolución 2646 de 2008 del Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Sin embargo, esta cuenta con algunas limitaciones que, a partir de la construcción y validación de una nueva batería, en el presente estudio se buscan superar. La nueva batería ofrece, recursos adicionales para la evaluación de estos factores: incorpora los instrumentos e indicadores centrales de los modelos demanda-control-apoyo social y desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa, y los factores intralaborales no contemplados en dichos modelos, pero que la Resolución considera necesarios, se midieron con pruebas preexistentes o desarrolladas por los autores. Con los datos recolectados es posible calcular indicadores globales de demanda, control y apoyo social; además de condiciones familiares y sociales de riesgo, afrontamiento, personalidad e indicadores de salud y bienestar. Para la validación, la batería se aplicó a una muestra de 16.095 trabajadores de diferentes ocupaciones y municipios colombianos. Los análisis de consistencia interna y validez permiten afirmar que la batería es sencilla de aplicar en papel o por computador, permitirá comparar ocupaciones, obtener puntuaciones unificadas por variable, ofrecer un diagnóstico de un número importante de las variables sugeridas en la Resolución y comparar los resultados de los trabajadores colombianos con los de otros países.

A battery of questionnaires to assess psychosocial risk factors at work was developed in 2010 in response to Resolution 2646 created by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection. However, this battery presents some theoretical and practical limitations. A new battery of instruments has been designed and validated that includes instruments and risk indicators of the demand-control-social support and the effort-reward imbalance models. Other factors, not included in these models, but that Resolution 2646 suggests should be assessed, have also been added, and with this additional information, the new battery allows us to also calculate a "global indicator" of demand, control, and social support; family and social risk conditions, coping and personality; and health and wellbeing. The new battery was administered to a sample of 16,095 workers from different occupations and representative Colombian regions. An analysis of the various domains indicates that internal consistency of the various scales is high. The new battery has the following properties: it is simple to use in paper format or when administered by computer, it enables comparison between occupations, it offers unified scores for each variable, and provides information to assess the risk factors suggested by resolution 2646. In addition, it will make it possible to compare the results obtained when analyzing Colombian workers with those obtained from studies of workers from other countries.

Em 2010, desenvolveu-se uma bateria de instrumentos para avaliar fatores psicossociais trabalhistas de risco para a saúde, em resposta à Resolução 2 646 do Ministério da Proteção Social da Colômbia. Contudo, esta conta com algumas limitações que, a partir da construção e da validação de uma nova bateria, neste estudo se pretendem superar. Além disso, a nova bateria oferece recursos adicionais para a avaliação desses fatores: a presente bateria incorpora os instrumentos e os indicadores centrais dos modelos demanda-controle-apoio social e desiquilíbrio esforço-recompensa e os fatores internos do trabalho não considerados nesses modelos, mas que a Resolução considera necessários, mediram-se com testes preexistentes ou desenvolvidos pelos autores. Com os dados coletados, é possível calcular indicadores globais de demanda, controle e apoio social; além de condições familiares e sociais de risco, enfrentamento, personalidade e indicadores de saúde e bem-estar. Para a validação, a bateria foi aplicada a uma amostra de 16 095 trabalhadores de diferentes cargos e municípios colombianos. As análises de consistência interna e validade permitem afirmar que a bateria é simples de aplicar em papel ou digital, permitirá comparar cargos, obter pontuações unificadas por variável, oferecer um diagnóstico de um número importante das variáveis sugeridas na Resolução bem como permitirá comparar os resultados dos trabalhadores colombianos com os de outros países.

Evaluating the level of occupational stress and its influence factors among employees in a power supply enterprise with different models / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occupational stress level and its influencing factors among employees in a power supply enterprise. METHODS: By cluster stratified random sampling method,251 workers in a power supply enterprise were selected as study subjects. The Simple Occupational Stress Questionnaire and the Chinese version of Effort-Reward Imbalance( ERI) Questionnaire were used to investigate and evaluate their job demand-control( JDC) and ERI occupational stress situation respectively. The related influencing factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 251 workers,the positive rates of JDC high occupational stress and ERI high occupational stress were 74. 5%( 187 /251) and 22. 7%( 57 /251),respectively. The positive rate of JDC high occupational stress was higher than that of ERI occupational stress( P < 0. 01). The multivariate logistic analysis results indicated the risk of JDC high occupational stress in married workers was higher than that in single workers( P < 0. 05),workers with day-time working > 8 hours had higher risk of JDC high occupational stress than those workers with day-time working ≤8 hours( P < 0. 05). The male workers had higher risk of ERI high occupational stress than female workers( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The main occupational stress model of workers in the power supply enterprise is the JDC model. The main influencing factors were marital status,day-time working hours and gender.

Estresse no trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam em hospitais privados segundo o modelo demanda-controle / Stress in nurses working in private hospitals that operate according to the demand-control model

O objeto de estudo foi os níveis de demanda psicológica e controle sobre o trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam em hospitais privados. O objetivo geral avaliar os níveis de demanda psicológica e controle sobre o trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam em hospitais privados de acordo com o Modelo Demanda-Controle. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 69 enfermeiros (n=69) que atuam em diversos hospitais privados. Para caracterização da amostra utilizou-se o Questionário Sociodemográfico e para avaliar os aspectos psicossociais do trabalho o “Job Content Questionnaire”. A coleta de dados foi entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2014. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o programa SPSS 18.0 e o programa Microsoft Excel Office 2010. Os principais resultados encontrados na amostra estudada foram a predominância do sexo feminino (78,3%), com idade entre 24 e 47 anos de idade sendo maioria com a idade entre 20 e 29 anos, 50,7% relataram ser casados. Quanto à exposição ao estresse o estudo demonstrou que a amostra possui trabalho de alta exigência (56,5%) e trabalho ativo (53,6%). Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a amostra é de trabalhadores que possuem Alta exigência e Alto controle caracterizando trabalho ativo, o que seria o ideal no trabalho do enfermeiro, embora nem todos os âmbitos de atuação deste profissional permita tal liberdade, dado a aspectos inerentes da profissão, por exemplo, a fragmentação dos processos de trabalho, a burocratização, rotinização, hierarquia rígida dentre outros. Entende-se que novos estudos utilizando este modelo de instrumento podem contribuir para o conhecimento das reais condições de trabalho dos enfermeiros, com foco nos aspectos psicossociais, que são potenciais estímulos para o estresse no trabalho...

The study focused on levels of psychological demands and control over the work of nurses working in private hospitals. The general objective to evaluate the levels of psychological demand and control over the work of nurses working in private hospitals according to the demand-control model. This is a cross-sectional study of 69 nurses (n=69) operating in various private hospitals. To characterize the sample used the Sociodemographic Questionnaire and to assess the psychosocial aspects of work the "Job Content Questionnaire". Data collection was between the months of September and October 2014. For data analysis we used SPSS 18.0 and Microsoft Excel Office 2010 program. The main findings in the study sample were predominantly female (78,3%), aged between 24 and 47 years old with most between the ages of 20 and 29, 50.7% reported being married. Regarding exposure to stress the study showed that the sample had high strain (56.5%) and active work (53.6%). Given the above, it is concluded that the sample is of workers with high demand and high control featuring active work, which is ideal in nursing work, although not all of this professional performance scopes allow such freedom, because the aspects of the profession, for example, fragmentation of work processes, bureaucratization, routinization, rigid hierarchy among others. It is understood that further studies using this instrument model can contribute to the knowledge of the real working conditions of nurses, focused on psychosocial aspects, which are potential stimuli for stress at work...

Tendências e diversidade na utilização empírica do Modelo Demanda-Controle de Karasek (estresse no trabalho): uma revisão sistemática / Trends and diversity in the empirical use of Karasek's demand-control model (job strain): a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: O modelo demanda-controle de Karasek tem sido utilizado para investigar associação entre estresse no trabalho e desfechos de saúde. Entretanto, diferentes instrumentos e definições têm sido adotados para aferir a exposição "alta exigência no trabalho", o que dificulta a comparação de resultados entre estudos. OBJETIVO: Descrever os instrumentos e as definições adotadas para a variável de exposição "estresse no trabalho", avaliada segundo o modelo demanda-controle, nos estudos observacionais publicados até 2010. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais publicados até dezembro de 2010, que avaliaram a exposição "estresse no trabalho", aferido segundo o modelo demanda-controle de Karasek e utilizaram o JCQ ou seus derivados, desde que explicitado nos textos. RESULTADOS: Entre 877 resumos selecionados, 496 (57%) preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Identificou-se tendência à produção bibliográfica crescente no tema. A maioria dos estudos foi de natureza seccional; não encontramos diferenças relevantes entre as populações de estudo masculinas e femininas. Suécia, EUA, Japão e Canadá concentraram 57% das publicações, em sua maioria incluindo mais de 1.000 participantes e ocupações diversificadas. Desfechos cardiovasculares e seus fatores de risco foram os mais estudados (45%), seguidos por aqueles relacionados à saúde mental (25%). Em 71% dos estudos foi utilizado o Job Content Questionnaire (com 2 a 49 itens) e, em 19% do total, a versão sueca (Demand Control Swedish Questionnaire). Quadrantes de exposição demanda-controle foram utilizados em 51% dos trabalhos, mas com variados pontos de corte; escores das duas dimensões foram analisados em separado em 27%, e sua razão em 14% do total. Apoio social no trabalho foi avaliado em 44% dos estudos. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo Karasek deverá continuar a suscitar pesquisas epidemiológicas e esperamos que os pesquisadores enfrentem essas questões teóricas e metodológicas ainda pendentes.

INTRODUCTION: Karasek's demand-control model has been used to investigate association between job strain and health outcomes. However, different instruments and definitions have been utilized to assess the exposure 'high strain at work', which makes difficult the comparison of results across studies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the measurement instruments and the definitions adopted for the exposure variable 'job strain', according to the demand-control model, by observational studies published until 2010. METHODS: Systematic review of observational studies published until December 2010, addressing the exposure 'job strain', measured according to the demand-control model and used the JCQ or its derivatives, since explicit. RESULTS: Among 877 selected abstracts, 496 (57%) met the inclusion criteria. It identified a trend towards the increasing production literature on the subject. Most studies were sectional; found no relevant differences among study populations of men and women. Sweden, USA, Japan and Canada accounted for 57% of publications, mostly including more than 1000 participants and diverse occupations. Cardiovascular outcomes and their risk factors were the most studied (45%), followed by those related to mental health (25%). In 71% of the studies used the Job Content Questionnaire (from 2 to 49 items) and 19% of the total, the Swedish version (Demand-Control Questionnaire Swedish). Quadrants of the demand-control exposure were used in 51% of the work, but with different cutoff points; scores of the two dimensions were analyzed separately in 27%, and its ratio in 14% of the total. Social support at work was assessed in 44% of the studies. CONCLUSION: Karasek's model should continue to raise epidemiological studies and we hope that researchers face these theoretical and methodological issues outstanding.

Co-effect of Demand-control-support model and effort-reward imbalance model on depression risk estimation in humans: findings from Henan Province of China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the co-effect of Demand-control-support (DCS) model and Effort-reward Imbalance (ERI) model on the risk estimation of depression in humans in comparison with the effects when they are used respectively.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 3 632 males and 1 706 females from 13 factories and companies in Henan province were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Job Content Questionnaire and Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (Chinese version). Depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>DC (demands/job control ratio) and ERI were shown to be independently associated with depressive symptoms. The outcome of low social support and overcommitment were similar. High DC and low social support (SS), high ERI and high overcommitment, and high DC and high ERI posed greater risks of depressive symptoms than each of them did alone. ERI model and SS model seem to be effective in estimating the risk of depressive symptoms if they are used respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The DC had better performance when it was used in combination with low SS. The effect on physical demands was better than on psychological demands. The combination of DCS and ERI models could improve the risk estimate of depressive symptoms in humans.</p>

Assessment of psychosocial stressors at work: psychometric properties of the JCQ in Colombian workers / Evaluación de estresores psicosociales en el trabajo: propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario del contenido del trabajo (JCQ) con trabajadores colombianos

Because the two main models and instruments used to evaluate psychosocial factors at work were developed and applied primarily in developed countries, there are still questions about their properties in less economically developed countries. In this study, a Spanish version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was tested in Colombia. Cross-sectional studies, with self-administered surveys, were performed among 294 nurses, 281 bus drivers, and one mixed occupational group with 661 participants. Means and standard deviations among Colombian workers were compared against each other and with averages from studies in other countries. The internal consistency was analyzed through the Cronbach alpha coefficient; the factorial validity through exploratory factorial analysis; concurrent validity of the instrument was calculated using correlations with the effort/reward ratio of the ERI Questionnaire; the predictive validity was tested using correlations with one indicator of health. Differences between samples were generally small, but some interesting tendencies could be observed. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were generally acceptable. Difficulties with three items (JCQ 2, 6 and 14) were found. The factor analyses indicate that the best factorial solution has seven factors. The most problematic factor seems to be "decision latitude". Some items have inconsistent loadings and reliability problems. Most of the JCQ scales were correlated with the health indicators in the expected direction. Finally, the "job strain" indicator and the effort/reward ratio were positively correlated. It was concluded that the Spanish version of the JCQ is an acceptable instrument to assess psychosocial risk factors among workers in Colombia.

Debido a que los dos principales modelos e instrumentos usados para evaluar factores psicosociales en el trabajo se han propuesto y estudiado principalmente en países desarrollados, persisten dudas sobre sus propiedades psicométricas en países menos desarrollados económicamente. En este estudio, se evaluó en Colombia una versión en español de cuestionario del contenido del trabajo. Se realizaron estudios transversales con 294 enfermeras, 281 conductores y 661 personas con ocupaciones mixtas. Las medias y desviaciones estándar de los trabajadores colombianos se compararon con las reportadas en estudios de otros países. La consistencia interna se analizó mediante el alfa de Cronbach; la validez factorial con análisis factorial exploratorio; la validez concurrente se calculó usando correlaciones con el indicador de desbalance Esfuerzo/ Recompensa del cuestionario ERI; la validez predictiva se evaluó a través de correlaciones con un indicador de salud. En general las diferencias entre las muestras fueron pequeñas, pero a pesar de ello mostraron tendencias interesantes. Los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach fueron aceptables. Los análisis factoriales indicaron una solución de 7 factores, siendo el relacionado con "latitud de decisión" el más problemático. Algunos pocos ítems mostraron cargas factoriales inconsistentes y dificultades de confiabilidad. La mayor parte de las correlaciones con el indicador de salud fueron las esperadas. Finalmente, el indicador de tensión laboral y el de desbalance esfuerzo/recompensa estuvieron positivamente relacionados, lo que indica una buena validez concurrente. Se concluye que esta versión en español de JCQ es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar los riesgos psicosociales laborales en Colombia.

Condições de trabalho e transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores da rede básica de saúde de Botucatu (SP) / Working conditions and common mental disorder among primary health care workers from Botucatu, São Paulo State

Os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) apresentam elevada prevalência em populações gerais e de trabalhadores, com consequências individuais e sociais importantes. Este estudo, transversal e descritivo, explora a relação entre demandas psicológicas, grau de controle e presença de suporte social no trabalho e prevalência de TMC em trabalhadores da rede básica de saúde de Botucatu (SP). A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de questionário autoaplicável, não identificado, com destaque para itens relativos à demanda-controle-suporte e presença de TMC (Self Reporting Questionnaire, SRQ-20). As informações foram inseridas em banco de dados construído com Excel/Office XP 2003 e a análise estatística, efetuada com o programa SAS. Constatou-se que 42,6 por cento dos trabalhadores apresentavam TMC. A observação de associação - alta prevalência de TMC com elevado desgaste (classificação de Karasek) e baixa prevalência de TMC com baixo desgaste - indica que, no município estudado, as condições de trabalho na atenção básica constituem fator contributivo não negligenciável ao adoecimento dos trabalhadores. Revela-se a necessidade de intervenções direcionadas ao cuidado aos trabalhadores, melhoria das condições de trabalho e aumento do suporte social no trabalho.

Common mental disorders (CMD) present high prevalence among general populations and workers with important individual and social consequences. This cross-sectional and descriptive study explores the relationship between psychological job demands, job control degree and job support and prevalence of CMD among primary health care workers of Botucatu - SP. The data collection was carried out using an unidentified self-administered questionnaire, with emphasis on items relating to demand-control-support situation and occurrence of CMD (Self Reporting Questionnaire, SRQ-20). The data were stored using the software Excel / Office XP 2003, and the statistical analyses were performed in SAS system. It was evidenced that 42.6 percent of primary health care workers presented CMD. The observed association - high prevalence of CMD with high-strain job (Karasek model) and low prevalence of CMD with low-strain job - indicates that, in the studied city, primary health care work conditions are contributive factors to workers' illness. The survey reveals the need of interventions aiming at caring the workers and also gets better work conditions and increase social support at work.