Antenatal care services in decreasing under-five mortality / Serviços de cuidados pré-natais na redução da mortalidade de menores de cinco anos

Abstract Objectives: the first five years of life are critical for children's physical and intellectual development. However, the under-five mortality rate in South Asia and ASEAN is relatively high, caused by complex etiologies. This paper identifies maternal high-risk fertility behaviors and healthcare services utilization and examines predictors of under-five mortality (U5M) in 7 Asian (South Asia - ASEAN) developing countries (Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan). Methods: a multivariate logistic regression model with a complex survey was used to examine predictors of U5M on the frequency of U5M adjusted for comorbidities. Results: according to multivariate models (model 2), U5M was 2.99 times higher in mothers with low weight at birth infants than in mothers without low weight at birth infants (aOR= 2.99; CI95%=2.49-3.58); Mothers without antenatal care contacts were 3.37 times more likely (aOR= 3.37; CI95%=2.83-4.00) to have a U5M than mothers with eight or more antenatal care contacts; U5M in Indonesia was 2.34 times higher (aOR= 2.34; CI95%= 1.89-2.89). It is investigated that antenatal care serves as a predictor in decreasing U5MR. Conclusions: in order to achieve significant U5MR reduction, intervention programs that encourage antenatal care consultations should be implemented.

Resumo Objetivos: os primeiros cinco anos de vida são críticos para o desenvolvimento físico e intelectual da criança. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade de menores de cinco anos no sul da Ásia e na ASEAN é relativamente alta, causada por etiologias complexas. Este artigo identifica comportamentos maternos de fertilidade de alto risco e utilização de serviços de saúde e examina preditores de mortalidade abaixo de 5 anos (MM5) em 7 países em desenvolvimento da Ásia (Sul da Ásia - ASEAN) (Indonésia, Mianmar, Camboja, Filipinas, Bangladesh, Nepal e Paquistão). Métodos: um modelo de regressão logística multivariada foi usado para examinar preditores de MM5 na frequência de MM5 ajustado para comorbidades. Resultados: na análise multivariada (modelo 2), U5M foi 2,99 vezes maior em mães com bebês com baixo peso ao nascer do que em mães sem bebês com baixo peso ao nascer (aOR= 2,99; IC95%=2,49-3,58); as mães sem contatos de cuidados pré-natais tiveram 3,37 vezes mais probabilidade (aOR=3,37; IC95%=2,83-4,00) para ter MM5 do que mães com oito ou mais contatos de cuidados pré-natais; MM5 na Indonésia foi 2,34 vezes maior (aOR= 2,34; IC95%= 1,89-2,89). Investiga-se que os cuidados pré-natais funcionam como um preditor na diminuição da MM5. Conclusões: para uma redução significativa da MM5, devem ser implementados programas de intervenção que estimulem as consultas pré-natais.

Household air pollution and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of 14 demographic and health surveys

BACKGROUND@#Globally, over four million deaths are attributed to exposure to household air pollution (HAP) annually. Evidence of the association between exposure to HAP and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is insufficient. We assessed the association between exposure to HAP and under-five mortality risk in 14 SSA countries.@*METHODS@#We pooled Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 14 SSA countries (N = 164376) collected between 2015 and 2018. We defined exposure to HAP as the use of biomass fuel for cooking in the household. Under-five mortality was defined as deaths before age five. Data were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression models.@*RESULTS@#Of the study population, 73% were exposed to HAP and under-five mortality was observed in 5%. HAP exposure was associated with under-five mortality, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.03-1.71]). Children from households who cooked inside the home had higher risk of under-five mortality compared to households that cooked in separate buildings [0.85 (0.73-0.98)] or outside [0.75 (0.64-0.87)]. Lower risk of under-five mortality was also observed in breastfed children [0.09 (0.05-0.18)] compared to non-breastfed children.@*CONCLUSIONS@#HAP exposure may be associated with an increased risk of under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. More carefully designed longitudinal studies are required to contribute to these findings. In addition, awareness campaigns on the effects of HAP exposure and interventions to reduce the use of biomass fuels are required in SSA.

Factors associated with the choices of home deliveries in Myanmar: A secondary data analysis of the Demographic Health Survey in Myanmar in 2015-2016 / 国際保健医療

Objectives  Maternal and neonatal mortality remains high in Myanmar. Whilst the proportion of deliveries assisted by a skilled birth attendant (SBA) is moderate, the proportion of institutional deliveries is low in Myanmar. Home births have life-threatening risks for mothers and their newborn due to the limited emergency care available at home. This study explores the socio-cultural and maternal health factors, which were associated with mothers’ place of delivery using secondary data.Methods  This study used nationally representative data from the Myanmar Demographic Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2015-16. The data was obtained from mothers aged 15-49 years with their most recent births in five years preceding the survey (n=3856). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was undertaken, and the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of home deliveries were provided. Results  The study shows that 62% of women in Myanmar delivered at home. The aOR of home deliveries was 6.18 (95% CI: 4.17-9.16) for women with no antenatal care (ANC) compared to those with four or more ANC visits, 4.46 (3.19-6.22) for the lowest wealth quintile in comparison with the highest wealth quintile, and 2.94 (2.28-3.80) for women having four or five children relative to women with only one child. The place of residence, women’s educational attainment, women’s and their husbands’ occupations were also associated with the place of delivery. On the other hand, maternal age, husbands’ education levels, women’s media exposure levels and women’s decision-making power were not associated with home deliveries. Conclusion  This study has identified populations which service providers should target to attend for institutional deliveries in Myanmar. It appears necessary to improve accessibility of health services, including ANC, to promote institutional deliveries and have better health outcomes among mothers and their newborn.

Self-reported maternal morbidity and associated factors among Brazilian women / Morbidade materna auto-referida e fatores associados entre mulheres brasileiras

PURPOSE: Demographic health surveys may constitute a valuable source of information on maternal morbidity, particularly in locations where an integrated system of epidemiological surveillance with wide geographic coverage has not yet been developed. METHODS: This study analyzed the database obtained from a national Demographic Health Survey carried out in Brasil in 1996. Data regarding how the survey was conducted, characteristics of the women interviewed who had given birth to live infants in the five preceding years, characteristics of the obstetrical care received and complications reported were evaluated. RESULTS: Responses from a weighted total of 3,635 women were analyzed. Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were found between geographic domains for most characteristics studied. Deliveries were predominantly hospital-based throughout the whole country. Prevalence of self-reported maternal morbidity ranged from 15.5-22.9 percent in the various geographic domains analyzed. This geographic factor was found to be associated to differences in the occurrence of complications, generally and specifically, for cases of prolonged labour. CONCLUSION: Differences in morbidity may reflect the intricate relationship between determinants of human development and maternal health conditions.

OBJETIVOS: Os estudos demográficos de saúde podem constituir fonte valiosa de informação sobre a morbidade materna, especialmente nos locais onde ainda não foi desenvolvido um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica integrado e de ampla cobertura geográfica. MÉTODOS: Este estudo consiste na análise secundária do banco de dados da última Pesquisa Nacional sobre Demografia e Saúde, realizada no Brasil, em 1996. Foram analisados os dados referentes à operacionalização da pesquisa, as características das mulheres entrevistadas que tiveram gestações resultantes em nascidos vivos nos cinco anos precedentes ao inquérito, as características da assistência obstétrica e das complicações referidas por estas mulheres. RESULTADOS: As respostas de um total ponderado de 3.635 mulheres foram analisadas. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,001) entre os domínios geográficos para a maior parte das características estudadas. A assistência ao parto foi predominantemente hospitalar em todo o país. A prevalência de morbidade materna referida oscilou entre 15,5 por cento e 22,9 por cento nos diferentes domínios geográficos analisados. Este fator geográfico esteve associado a diferenças de risco para a ocorrência de complicações em geral e, mais especificamente, para a ocorrência de trabalho de parto prolongado. CONCLUSÃO: Estas diferenças em morbidade possivelmente refletem o intrincado relacionamento existente entre as determinantes do desenvolvimento humano e as condições de saúde materna.