Occupational contact dermatitis caused by methyl chlorobutyrate:a clinical analysis of 5 cases / 中华全科医师杂志

The clinical data of 5 patients with occupational contact dermatitis caused by methyl chlorobutyrate treated in the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College and Mamiao Township Hospital of Jinxiang County from September to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were all males aged 33-47 years with a history of exposure to methyl chlorobutyrate 1 to 4 d before the onset of symptoms. Three patients were hospitalized and 2 patients were treated in outpatient clinic. The clinical manifestations were erythema on the trunk or extremities of varying degrees, scattered with blisters and bullae of different sizes, with thin and clear blisters, local ulceration and exudation; no erosion or ulceration was found in the oral cavity and vulva. All 5 patients had elevated white blood cell counts, and 2 patients had abnormal liver function. All patients received symptomatic treatment with topical drugs. Three hospitalized patients were given methylprednisolone and loratadine; in addition, 1 case also received human immunoglobulin and moxifloxacin hydrochloride injection and 2 cases received hepatoprotective drugs. Two outpatients were given prednisone acetate and loratadine for treatment. Three hospitalized patients were all improved and discharged after 14-30 d of treatment. The rash of 2 outpatients subsided after 14 d of treatment, and there was no recurrence after 1-month follow-up. The occupational contact dermatitis caused by methyl chlorobutyrate is primary irritant contact dermatitis, often manifested as erythema and blisters on the trunk or limbs, and timely anti-allergic treatment can effectively control the disease.

Uso de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina para classificação de fatores que influenciam a ocorrência de dermatites ocupacionais / Using machine learning techniques to classify factors that influence the occurrence of occupational dermatitis

Resumo Introdução: realizar a predição de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho é um desafio às organizações e ao poder público. Com as técnicas de aprendizado de máquina (AM), é possível identificar fatores determinantes para a ocorrência de uma doença ocupacional, visando direcionar ações mais efetivas à proteção dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: predizer, a partir da comparação de técnicas de AM, os fatores com maior influência para a ocorrência de dermatite ocupacional. Métodos: desenvolveu-se um código em linguagem R e uma análise descritiva dos dados e identificaram-se os fatores de influência de acordo com a técnica de AM que demonstrou melhor desempenho. O banco de dados foi disponibilizado pelo Serviço de Dermatologia Ocupacional da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz e contém informações de trabalhadores que apresentaram alterações cutâneas sugestivas de dermatite ocupacional no período de 2000-2014. Resultados: as técnicas com melhor desempenho foram: neural network, random forest, support vector machine e naive Bayes. As variáveis sexo, escolaridade e profissão foram as mais adequadas para os modelos de previsão de dermatite ocupacional. Conclusão: as técnicas de AM possibilitam predizer os fatores que influenciam a segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores, os parâmetros que subsidiam a implantação de procedimentos e as políticas mais efetivas para prevenir a dermatite ocupacional.

Abstract Introduction: to predict work related diseases is a challenge for organizations and the governmental authorities. By means of machine learning (ML) techniques it is possible to identify factors that determine the occurrence of an occupational disease, aiming at taking more effective actions to protect workers. Objective: to predict, by comparing ML techniques, the factors which highly influence the occurrence of occupational dermatitis. Methods: we developed a code in R language and a descriptive analysis of the data and identified the influence factors according to the ML technique that presented the best performance. The database was made available by the Occupational Dermatology Service of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and assembles information of the workers who experienced cutaneous alterations suggestive of occupational dermatitis between 2000-2014. Results: the techniques which presented the best performance were: neural network, random forest, support vector machine, and naive Bayes. Sex, schooling, and profession were the most adequate variables for the occupational dermatitis prediction models. Conclusion: ML techniques allowed to predict the factors that influence the workers' safety and health, as well as the parameters that subsidize the procedures implementation, and the most effective policies to prevent occupational dermatitis.

Dermatoses associadas ao trabalho em profissionais de saúde de um centro hospitalar português / Occupational dermatoses among healthcare workers in a hospital center in Portugal

Introdução: As patologias cutâneas representam mais de 35% das doenças relacionadas com o trabalho, afetando anualmente 1/1.000 trabalhadores. Objetivos: Caracterizar as dermatoses associadas ao trabalho em profissionais de um centro hospitalar e identificar possíveis agentes desencadeantes e fatores de suscetibilidade. Métodos: Estudo transversal com recolha da informação registrada no processo clínico eletrônico dos trabalhadores observados em exame de saúde periódico no período de um ano. Resultados: Nos 1.741 trabalhadores estudados, 3,56% tinham registro de dermatoses associadas ao trabalho, a maioria mulheres (76,85%). Dos profissionais com dermatoses, 34 (54,84%) tinham dermatite de contato irritativa, 17 (27,42%) urticária ao látex, seis (9,68%) dermatite de contato alérgica e cinco (8,06%) duas dermatoses concomitantes. Encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os vários grupos profissionais (p=0,008), sendo os auxiliares de enfermagem os mais afetados (5,11%). Verificou-se também maior prevalência (8,47%) em profissionais de blocos operatórios (p=0,001). Os principais agentes desencadeantes foram desinfetantes cutâneos, látex, luvas de nitrilo e contato prolongado com água (4,84%). Conclusões: Por tratar-se de um estudo baseado em registros clínicos, a informação está dependente da qualidade destes. Para além disso, os auxiliares de enfermagem foram a maioria representada na amostra no que se refere à população do centro hospitalar, o que limita a extrapolação dos resultados. Este estudo encontrou prevalência de dermatoses de somente 3,56%, o que talvez se deva à implementação de medidas preventivas. Os profissionais mais afetados foram os de blocos operatórios e os auxiliares de enfermagem. Os desinfetantes cutâneos foram os principais agentes apontados como desencadeantes.

Background: Skin diseases account for more than 35% of occupational diseases, affecting 1/1,000 workers annually. Objective: To characterize occupational dermatoses affecting hospital workers and identify possible triggers and susceptibility factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which we analyzed information extracted from electronic medical records of workers who performed periodic examinations in the course of one year. Results: About 3.56% of 1,741 included workers had a diagnosis of occupational dermatosis, being mainly women (76.85%). Thirty-four (54.84%) of the affected workers had irritant contact dermatitis, 17 (27.42%) latex allergy, 6 (9.68%) allergic dermatitis, and 5 (8.06%) two concomitant conditions. We found significant difference in prevalence as a function of occupational group (p=0.008), being highest for nursing assistants (5.11%). Prevalence was also higher for employees allocated to surgery departments (8.47%, p=0.001). Main triggers were skin disinfectants, latex, nitrile gloves, and prolonged contact with water (4.84%). Conclusion: The quality of the analyzed data depends on the quality of the analyzed medical records. Most subjects were nursing assistants, which fact hinders the generalization of the results. The prevalence of occupational dermatosis was just 3.56%, which might be explained by previously implemented preventive measures. The employees most frequently affected were those allocated to surgery departments and nursing assistants. Skin disinfectants were the most frequent triggers.

Sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with occupational contact dermatitis seen at a work-related dermatology service, 2000 - 2014

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational dermatoses are common, especially contact dermatitis. Epidemiological studies on these dermatoses are scarce in Brazil and they are necessary as part of the public policy to protect workers' health. OBJECTIVES: To identify sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with occupational contact dermatitis seen between 2000 and 2014 at an occupational dermatology service. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional and retrospective study, based on information obtained from the service's database. RESULTS: Of 560 patients with conclusive patch test, 289 (46.9%) presented occupational dermatoses and 213 occupational contact dermatitis with predominance of the allergic type in relation to the irritative type (149:64 respectively). The odds of occupational dermatoses were higher among men and lower among patients aged 50 years or older and with higher level of education. Regarding the possibility of presenting occupational allergic contact dermatitis, only the gender variable was statistically significant. The professions most seen were cleaners, construction workers, painters, mechanics/metallurgists and cooks. The commonest allergens were nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, carba-mix and formaldehyde. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The main limitations of this study are the fact that it was carried out in a tertiary service of occupational dermatoses and the lack of access to some allergens outside the patch test baseline series. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to identify the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with suspected occupational contact dermatitis seen at the Service, beyond the professional groups and allergens related to a high risk of occupational contact dermatitis in this population.

Dermatoses ocupacionais registradas em sistema de notificação na região Sul do Brasil (2007 a 2016) / Occupational dermatoses registered in a notification system in the southern region of Brazil (2007 to 2016)

Introdução: As dermatoses ocupacionais são doenças de notificação compulsória no Brasil. Objetivo: Caracterizar a notificação das dermatoses ocupacionais no Sul do Brasil e descrever o perfil desses trabalhadores. Método: Descritivo, retrospectivo de 396 casos de dermatoses ocupacionais entre 2007-e 2016 no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Resultados: Em relação ao sexo, houve 3,6 casos a cada 10 mil trabalhadores/ano do sexo masculino e 2,2 casos a cada 10 mil trabalhadores/ano do sexo feminino. A faixa etária com maior incidência foi entre 50 e 64 anos, com 1,8 caso a cada 10 mil trabalhadores/ano. Destacaram-se os trabalhadores de manutenção e reparação, com 3,6 casos a cada 10 mil trabalhadores/ano. Em relação à raça/cor, houve predomínio de trabalhadores brancos (77%); já a escolaridade mais acometida foi entre trabalhadores com Ensino Fundamental incompleto (37,9%). O teste de contato foi realizado em apenas 11,4% dos casos. Conclusão: Torna-se necessário reforçar medidas para o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, bem como aprimoramento das notificações e sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde para o registro correto nos sistemas oficiais

Background: Occupational dermatoses must be mandatorily reported in Brazil. Objective: To characterize the reporting of occupational dermatoses in the Brazilian South region, and describe the profile of the involved workers. Method: Retrospective and descriptive study of 396 cases of occupational dermatoses reported from 2007 through 2016 via the Information System for Notifiable Diseases. Results: 3.6 and 2.2 cases / 10,000 workers / year were of men and women, respectively. The highest incidence of occupational dermatoses corresponded to age range 50 to 64 years old, 1.8 cases / 10,000 workers / year, and to maintenance and repair workers, 3.6 cases / 10,000 workers / year. Most cases involved whites (77%) and workers not having completed elementary school (37.6%). Patch testing was only performed for 11.4% of cases. Conclusion: Reinforcing measures to promote the use of personal protective equipment is necessary, as well as to improve reporting and sensitize professionals to perform accurate reports in official systems.

Occupational dermatoses reported in Brazil from 2007 to 2014

Abstract: Background: Occupational diseases are very prevalent in the world, especially in developing countries. Occupational dermatoses are responsible for most of these cases. However, epidemiological studies are rare in Brazil. Objectives: To verify the panorama of occupational skin diseases in Brazil describing frequencies of work-related dermatoses and their sociodemographic and occupational patterns. Methods: We used retrospective data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System, (from 2007-2014) tabulated with the Tab program for Windows - TabWin12. We used intentional non-probability sampling and sequential selection, considering all notified occupational dermatoses. Results: All cases of occupational dermatoses referred to in the period were analyzed (n = 4710). Males and the age group of 35-49 years were the most affected. The most affected body area was the upper limb (34.2%) and the hand (25.4%). The "causative agent" field in the forms was not filled in 69.4% of cases, with chrome as the most prevalent cause reported (11.8%). ICD-10 codes more prevalent were L23, L24, and L25, corresponding to 34.2% of the sample. In total, 29% of patients needed to take a sick leave. No cases evolved to death and there were 0.2% of total as permanent disability. Study limitations: The amount of missing information for various items in the system draws attention. Conclusions: Treatment of patients with occupational dermatitis include the identification and removal of the causative agent and specific treatment of the disease. Diagnosis delay in cases of occupational dermatoses brings social and financial consequences to the work and life of workers.

Doença alérgica ocupacional: aspectos socioepidemiológicos em ambulatório especializado na cidade de São Paulo / Occupational allergic disease: socio-epidemiological aspects from a specialized outpatient clinic at the city of Sao Paulo

Introdução: Doença ocupacional envolvendo o sistema imunológico é considerada doença alérgica ocupacional (DAO). Das doenças ocupacionais, 15% são alérgicas. As consequências sociais do diagnóstico de DAO são importantes para o trabalhador e empregador. Objetivos: Descrever características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes estudados com DAO e seus desfechos sociais. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo dos prontuários de pacientes do ambulatório de alergia ocupacional de hospital universitário em São Paulo, com diagnóstico de DAO. Resultados: 72 pacientes apresentaram DAO, com idades entre 21 e 89 anos; 52% do sexo masculino. Antecedentes atópicos foram descritos em 35% dos pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes trabalhava nas áreas de indústria química (17%), limpeza (15%), construção civil (11%) e saúde (8%). Rinite ocupacional foi vista em 26% dos pacientes; asma relacionada ao trabalho, em 18%; asma e rinite, em 25%; dermatite de contato alérgica, em 13%. Sobre o desfecho social, 36 (50%) mantiveram-se em seus cargos, 19 (26%) mudaram de função, 7 (10%) mudaram de área, 7 (10%) foram afastados e 3 (4%) se aposentaram. Conclusões: Na casuística estudada, a DAO prevaleceu no sexo masculino, em faixa etária condizente com faixa trabalhadora; com maior número de casos de rinite ocupacional. Metade dos pacientes continuou exercendo a mesma função mesmo após o diagnóstico.

Background: Occupational diseases involving the immune system are considered as occupational allergic diseases (OAD); 15% of occupational diseases are allergic. The social consequences of OAD are significant for both workers and employers. Objectives: To describe demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with OAD and their social outcomes. Methods: Descriptive and retrospective study of the medical records of patients diagnosed with OAD and cared at the occupational allergy clinic of a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Results: A total of 72 patients exhibited OAD, with age from 21 to 89 years old; 52% were male. Atopic antecedents were described for 35% of patients. Most patients worked in the chemical industry (17%), cleaning (15%), construction (11%) and health (8%). Occupational rhinitis was found in 26% of the patients, work-related asthma in 18%, asthma and rhinitis in 25%, and allergic contact dermatitis in 13%. In regard to the social outcomes, 36 (50%) remained in their job, 19 (26%) changed function, 7 (10%) changed work area, 7 (10%) were fired and 3 (4%) retired. Conclusions: In the present study, OAD prevailed in males and the economically active age; cases of occupational rhinitis were the most frequent. Half of the employees remained in the same function even after diagnosis.

Pés de imersão em água morna entre trabalhadores de lavagem de automóveis / Warm-water immersion feet among car wash workers

Introdução: O quadro clínico de pés de imersão em água morna (PIAM) está relacionado ao contato prolongado com água em temperaturas elevadas. Uma categoria profissional com possibilidade de exposição frequente à umidade é a dos prestadores de serviço de lavagem de automóveis (lava a jato). Não foram encontrados estudos científicos sobre doenças que acometam os trabalhadores dessa área. Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de quadros de PIAM entre trabalhadores de um lava a jato. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em um lava a jato na cidade de Jundiaí (SP), em 2013. Um grupo de 30 trabalhadores foi submetido a anamnese e exame físico dermatológico. Foram realizados testes estatísticos para avaliar associação entre quadros de PIAM e variáveis independentes. Resultados: Todos os participantes eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 23 anos, e a maioria (60%) trabalhava na empresa há mais de um ano. Sessenta por cento dos participantes apresentaram lesões compatíveis com PIAM. A faixa etária e o tempo de trabalho estiveram associados ao quadro. Havia exposição frequente e permanente à umidade durante o trabalho, sem uso de vestuário impermeável. Conclusão: A maioria dos trabalhadores que fizeram parte da pesquisa tinha diagnóstico de PIAM; os com idade superior a 30 anos e que trabalhavam há menos de 1 ano na função tiveram maior probabilidade de apresentar o quadro clínico por exposição ocupacional à umidade.

Introduction: The diagnosis of warm-water immersion foot (WWIF) is related to prolonged contact with water at high temperatures. Car wash workers are exposed to humidity, but there are not studies about diseases that affect workers in this area. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of WWIF among car wash workers and associated factors. Methods: The study was carried out in a car wash service in the city of Jundiaí, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2013. A group of 30 workers was submitted to an interview and skin medical examination. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate the association between WWIF and independent variables. Results: All participants were males, average 23 years old, and the majority (60%) have worked in the company for over a year. Sixty percent of the participants presented injuries similar to WWIF. Age and working time were associated with the outcome. There was frequent and permanent exposure to humidity in the working hours, without the use of impermeable clothes. Conclusion: Most of the participants had diagnosis of WWIF; those over 30 years old and who had been working less than 1 year were more likely to have the diagnosis due to occupational exposure to humidity.

Prediction of occupational allergic contact dermatitis induced by formaldehyde by IL17/IL22 secretion cell rest combined with patch test / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the possible role of IL17-and IL22-secreting cells combined with patch test for the prediction of formaldehyde-induced occupational allergic contact dermatitis(OACD).@*Methods@#From October 2014 to October 2016, totally 131 formaldehyde-exposed workers(49 cases with inflammatory skin lesions,82 ones without inflammatory skin lesions)and 63 non-exposed health controls were recruited. Patch-test was performed in 49 cases of formaldehyde-exposed workers with inflammatory skin lesions. Circulating IL17+and IL22+Tcell subsets were assessed by flow cytometry(FCM).@*Results@#Among 49 cases of formaldehyde-exposed workers with inflammatory skin lesions,32 cases were with positive patch-test while 17 cases with negative patch-test. The proportions of circulating CD3+CD8-IL17+ and CD3+CD8-IL22+ cells from patch-test(+) formaldehyde-exposed workers were significantly higher than that of patch-test(-)group, formaldehyde-exposed workers without skin lesions and non-exposed controls(P<0.05). The proportions of circulating CD3+CD8-IL17+ and CD3+CD8-IL22+cells from patch-test(-)group and formaldehyde-exposed workers without skin lesions were also higher than that of non-exposed controls(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between patch-test(-)group and formaldehyde-exposed workers without skin lesions(P>0.05). Peripheral CD3+CD8+IL17+and CD3+CD8+IL22+cells were also detected in spite of small amounts. The percentages of CD3+CD8+IL17+and CD3+CD8+IL22+ cells inperipheral blood from patch-test(+)formaldehyde-exposed workers were enhanced significantly, compared to patch-test(-)group, formaldehyde-exposed workers without skin lesions and non-exposed controls(P<0.05). The proportions of circulating CD3+CD8+IL17+ and CD3+CD8+IL22+ cells from patch-test(-)group and formaldehyde-exposed workers without skin lesions were significantly higher than that of non-exposed controls(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between patch-test(-) group and formaldehyde-exposed workers without skin lesions(P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#The proportions of circulating IL17+ and IL22+T cells(both CD8-and CD8+)are enhanced in formaldehyde-exposed workers at proposed OEL, possibly involved in the development of formaldehyde-induced OACD.The detection of IL17-and IL22-secreting cells combined with formaldehyde patch test help to screen the workers with allergy property and prevent OACD.

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor type Ⅱ-IgG Fc fusion protein for treatment of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the efficacy and safety of the recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ-IgG Fc fusion protein (rhTNFR: Fc, etanercept) for the treatment of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene (OMLDT) .@*Methods@#In September 2011 to February 2016, 12 patients with OMLDT were treated with etanercept 25 mg, subcutaneous injection, twice per week, doubling of first dose. The course of treatment was 6 weeks. The drug eruption area and severity index (DASI) score, the proportion of patients achieving a 50%, 75% and 90% reduction in DASI (DASI50, DASI75, DASI90) and the serum level of TNF-α were used to assess the efficacy at different times. Adverse reactions were also recorded and evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed by nonparametric Friedman test and repetitive measurement ANOVA using the software SPSS19.0.@*Results@#After 4 weeks treatment, the DASI score decreased form 56.33±7.02 to 0.50±0.91 (P<0.01) . The DASI50, DASI75 and DASI90 were all increased to 12 (100%) . The serum level of TNF-α decreased form (43.74±41.62) pg/ml to (3.03±0.47) pg/ml (P<0.01) . Statistically significant difference was observed from the above indexes. There were no adverse reactions in clinical application.@*Conclusion@#Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ-IgG Fc fusion protein may be a safe and effective drug in the treatment of OMLDT.

Prevalência de agravos de pele e fatores associados em trabalhadores de uma empresa agropecuária do sul do Brasil / Prevalence of skin disease and associated factors in workers of an agricultural company in Southern Brazil

Contexto: Apesar da proteção conferida à saúde pela pele e anexos, há fatores que podem atingir esse órgão, provocando nele importantes agravos. Entre tais fatores estão os ocupacionais. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência e analisar os fatores associados com problemas de pele, em geral autorrelatados, causados pelo trabalho. Métodos: O presente estudo, de corte transversal, entrevistou trabalhadores de uma empresa agropecuária do sul do Brasil. O instrumento da pesquisa foi um questionário semiestruturado com questões abertas e fechadas, aplicado por meio de entrevistas. Resultados: Dos 326 trabalhadores da empresa, foram entrevistados 273 (83,8%), e foi encontrada uma prevalência de agravos de pele de 15,2%. Houve maior ocorrência de problemas de pele em homens (16,8%), faixa etária dos 41 aos 50 anos (20,3%), associados com exposições ocupacionais, especialmente a poeiras. Conclusão: Conclui­se que é importante o gerenciamento dos riscos ambientais, uma vez que podem estar associados ao surgimento de problemas de pele relacionados ao trabalho.

Context: Despite the health protection provided by the skin and appendages, there are factors that can affect this organ, causing major skin injuries. Among such factors are the occupational ones. Objective: To describe the prevalence and to analyze the factors associated with generally self-reported skin problems caused by work. Methods: This cross-sectional study interviewed workers from an agricultural company in Southern Brazil. The research instrument was a semi-structured questionnaire containing opened and closed questions. Results: Out of the 326 employees in the company, 273 (83.8%) were interviewed. A prevalence of skin disorders of 15.2% was found. There was a greater occurrence of skin problems in men (16.8%), who were aged between 41 and 50 years (20.3%). These problems were associated with occupational exposures, especially to dust. Conclusion: It can be concluded that environmental risk management is important, as it may be associated with the occurrence of work-related skin problems.

Epidemiological analysis of occupational dermatitis notified in Brazil in the period 2007 to 2012

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Occupational dermatitis affects the quality of life and productivity of workers. Studies on the subject are scarce in Brazil. It is estimated that the disease is underreported and that many affected patients do not seek health care. OBJECTIVES: To conduct an epidemiological analysis of occupational dermatitis notified via SINAN in Brazil from January 2007 to December 2012; evaluate the profile of patients assisted; and check the main etiological agents involved. METHODS: We analyzed the compulsory notification forms of cases of occupational dermatitis filled nationwide during January 2007 to December 2012. RESULTS: During the study period 3027 cases of occupational dermatitis were notified in Brazil. In 61.4% of cases patients were men aged between 35-49 years (39.6%). The most described etiological agent was chromium (13.9%). The location of the body most affected was the hands, with 28.4% of cases. The construction sector is implicated in 28.7% of cases and domestic services by 18%. Allergic contact dermatitis is the most prevalent occupational dermatitis (20.6%) and the region with the highest number of notifications was the Midwest, with 376.4 cases per million inhabitants. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of patients most affected by occupational dermatitis in Brazil during the study period was: men with elementary school, aged between 20 and 49 years old and working in the construction industry. The most common occupational dermatitis were allergic contact dermatitis caused by chromium after years of exposure, being the hands and head the parts of the body most affected.

Ocorrência de espécies fúngicas isoladas a partir de mãos e unhas de trabalhadores / Occurrence fungal species isolated from hands and nails of workers

Contexto: A infecção fúngica que acomete as mãos, além de funcionar como porta de entrada para infecções, também pode causar dor, desconforto, limitação física e ocupacional. As pesquisas de microrganismos nas mãos de trabalhadores e as recomendações relacionadas à higiene adequada das mãos valorizam mais o risco de contaminação de alimentos e objetos e a transmissão de infecções a terceiros, desconsiderando muitas vezes a importância de manter a saúde das mãos dos profissionais. É importante conhecer a legislação e as orientações pertinentes que regulamentam as atividades profissionais e os aspectos relacionados ao desempenho profissional para promover medidas de proteção e prevenção de agravos à saúde do trabalhador e no estabelecimento de nexo que possa existir com dermatose ocupacional. Objetivo: Pesquisar sobre estudos de espécies fúngicas isoladas a partir das mãos de manipuladores de alimentos e profissionais da área de saúde, comparar com espécies isoladas em outras populações, destacar as dermatoses cutâneas por agentes biológicos e mais especificamente por fungos dermatófitos e Candida, abordar aspectos relacionados à segurança, saúde e medicina do trabalho. Métodos: Revisão de literatura de artigos publicados nos bancos de dados da CAPES, sítio da biblioteca virtual em saúde, SciELO e pesquisas em livros específicos. Conclusões: Evidenciou-se diferenças na detecção de fungos nas mãos de trabalhadores, em manipuladores de alimentos os percentuais variaram de 26,3 a 63,4% e em profissionais de saúde a variação foi desde 6,7 até 93%; predominaram espécies de Candida. Observou-se, em outras populações, menor percentual de positividade dos exames laboratoriais e predomínio de dermatófitos.

Context: The fungal infection that affects the hands, in addition to functioning as a gateway for infection, can also cause pain, discomfort, physical and occupational limitations. Research of microorganisms in the hands of workers and recommendations related to proper hand hygiene value the risk of contamination of food and objects and transmission to third parties infections, often disregarding the importance of maintaining the health of the hands of professionals. It is important to know the relevant legislation and guidelines governing their professional activities and aspects related to the performance to promote protection and prevention of harm to workers? health and the nexus of business that might exist with occupational dermatosis. Objective: To analyse studies of fungal species isolated from the hands of food handlers and health professionals, to compare them to species from other populations, highlighting the skin dermatoses by biological agents and more specifically by dermatophytes and Candida, and to address aspects related to safety, health and occupational medicine. Methods: Literature review of articles published in the CAPES, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde website, and SciELO databases and also from specific books. Conclusions: Differences were identified in the detection of fungi in the hands of workers; in the food handlers the percentage ranged from 26.3 to 63.4%; and in health professionals the range was from 6.7% to 93%, with a prevalence of Candida species. It was observed, in other populations, lower percentage of positive laboratory tests and prevalence of dermatophytes.

Relação entre a ocorrência de dermatite de contato irritativa e o uso dos equipamentos de proteção individual / Relationship between the occurrence of irritant contact dermatitis and the use of personal protective equipment

Contexto: Estudos epidemiológicos em Dermatite Ocupacional e uso de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) no Brasil são raros porque não há notificação obrigatória dessa doença. Estima-se que existam casos de subdiagnóstico, pois muitos trabalhadores não procuram o serviço de saúde temendo a perda do emprego e, além disso, o mau uso de EPIs decorrente de dermatite pode expor o trabalhador à fatores agressores presentes em sua atividade profissional. Objetivos: Verificar a relação entre a ocorrência da dermatite de contato irritativa e o uso dos EPIs, identificando fatores de risco e medidas adotadas. Métodos: Foram selecionados 100 trabalhadores, no período de julho a dezembro de 2013, que utilizam diariamente EPIs para suas atividades profissionais e que foram encaminhados ao ambulatório da empresa INMETRA. Todos foram convidados a preencher um questionário sobre lesões de pele e EPIs. Resultados: De acordo com os dados obtidos, nota-se que a incidência de dermatites é 27%, a doença atinge principalmente mulheres (p<0,001), acomete principalmente mãos (96,3%) e não se correlaciona ao compartilhamento de EPIs entre colegas, mas sim ao uso prolongado na jornada de trabalho (p<0,002) e uso por mais de 1 dia (p<0,044). Conclusões: Este estudo nos fez refletir sobre a importância da propagação do conhecimento sobre a dermatite de contato irritativa (DCI) junto aos trabalhadores, quanto a orientação correta sobre o diagnóstico e medidas a serem tomadas para o tratamento e ainda a avaliação de um EPI adequado para as pessoas acometidas pela doença.

Context: Epidemiological studies in Occupational Dermatitis and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Brazil are rare because there is no mandatory reporting of this disease. There are some cases of underdiagnosis because many workers do not seek health services fearing to lose their jobs and, moreover, the misuse of PPE due to dermatitis may expose the employee to the aggressive factors present in their professional activity is estimated. Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the occurrence of irritant contact dermatitis and use of PPE, identifying all the risk factors and measures adopted. Methods: There were selected 100 workers in the period from July to December 2013 using PPE for their daily professional activities, that were referred to the outpatient clinic of the company INMETRA. All of them were asked to complete a questionnaire about skin lesions and PPE. Results: According to the data obtained, we noted that the incidence of dermatitis is 27%, mainly affects women (p<0.001), mainly affects the hands (96.3%) and does not correlate to the IPE sharing between colleagues, but the prolonged use of working hours (p<0.002) and the use for more than 1 day (p<0.044). Conclusions: This study made us reflect on the importance of spreading knowledge about the DCI with the workers, as the correct guidance on the diagnosis and measures to be taken for treatment and further evaluation of PPE suitable for people affected by disease.

Compensation for Occupational Skin Diseases

The Korean list of occupational skin diseases was amended in July 2013. The past list was constructed according to the causative agent and the target organ, and the items of that list had not been reviewed for a long period. The revised list was reconstructed to include diseases classified by the International Classification of Diseases (10th version). Therefore, the items of compensable occupational skin diseases in the amended list in Korea comprise contact dermatitis; chemical burns; Stevens-Johnson syndrome; tar-related skin diseases; infectious skin diseases; skin injury-induced cellulitis; and skin conditions resulting from physical factors such as heat, cold, sun exposure, and ionized radiation. This list will be more practical and convenient for physicians and workers because it follows a disease-based approach. The revised list is in accordance with the International Labor Organization list and is refined according to Korean worker's compensation and the actual occurrence of occupational skin diseases. However, this revised list does not perfectly reflect the actual status of skin diseases because of the few cases of occupational skin diseases, incomplete statistics of skin diseases, and insufficient scientific evidence. Thus, the list of occupational diseases should be modified periodically on the basis of recent evidence and statistics.

The Effect of Work Characteristics on Dermatologic Symptoms in Hairdressers

OBJECTIVES: Hairdressers in Korea perform various tasks and are exposed to health risk factors such as chemical substances or prolonged duration of wet work. The objective of this study is to provide descriptive statistics on the demographics and work characteristics of hairdressers in Korea and to identify work-related risk factors for dermatologic symptoms in hairdressers. METHODS: 1,054 hairdressers were selected and analyzed for this study. Independent variables were exposure to chemical substances, the training status of the hairdressers, and the main tasks required of them, and the dependent variable was the incidence of dermatologic symptoms. The relationships between work characteristics and dermatologic symptoms were evaluated by estimating odds ratios using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 1,054 study subjects, 212 hairdressers (20.1%) complained of dermatologic symptoms, and the symptoms were more prevalent in younger, unmarried or highly educated hairdressers. The main tasks that comprise the majority of the wet work were strictly determined by training status, since 96.5% of staff hairdressers identified washing as their main task, while only 1.5% and 2.0% of master and designer hairdressers, respectively, identified this as their main task. Multiple logistic regressions was performed to estimate odds ratios. While exposure to hairdressing chemicals showed no significant effect on the odds ratio for the incidence of dermatologic symptoms, higher odds ratios of dermatologic symptoms were shown in staff hairdressers (2.70, 95% CI: 1.32 - 5.51) and in hairdressers who perform washing as their main task (2.03, 95% CI: 1.22 - 3.37), after adjusting for general and work characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the training status and main tasks of hairdressers are closely related to each other and that the training status and main tasks of hairdressers are related to the incidence of dermatologic symptoms. This suggests that in the future, regulations on working conditions and health management guidelines for hairdressers should be established.

Study of the frequency of allergens in cosmetics components in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis / Estudo da frequência dos alérgenos da bateria de cosméticos em pacientes com suspeita de dermatite alérgica de contato

BACKGROUND: Contact dermatitis to cosmetics is a common dermatosis, especially in adults and professionals who handle them. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of sensitization to cosmetics' components in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis and to identify the main sensitizers related to occupational contact dermatitis. METHODS: During the period of January 2008 to June 2010, all the patients with a presumptive diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics were selected. The patients were submitted to the patch tests of cosmetics series, composed by ten substances. RESULTS: Among the 147 patients studied sensitization to cosmetics components occurred in 31,29% of the cases, 14 of those (19,18%) equally corresponding to BHT and triethanolamine substances, 13 (17,81%) to ammonium thioglycolate, 09 to sorbic acid (12,33%), 08 to tosilamida (10,95%), 06 to germall (8,22%). The other elements tested showed indices of 5% or less. A higher frequency of contact dermatitis to cosmetics was observed in women and the age most affected was concordant with the age range of greatest professional activity of the population. CONCLUSION: Allergic contact dermatitis was more frequently associated with Triethanolamine, BHT and ammonium thioglycolate, and the relation with occupational contact dermatitis was discreet.

FUNDAMENTOS: A dermatite de contato por cosméticos é uma dermatose relativamente comum, sobretudo em adultos e em profissionais que os manipulam. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a freqüência de positividade aos componentes de cosméticos, em pacientes com suspeita de dermatite alérgica; e identificar os principais sensibilizantes relacionados à dermatite de contato ocupacional. MÉTODOS: Durante o período de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2010 foram selecionados todos os pacientes com hipótese de dermatite alérgica de contato a cosméticos. Os pacientes foram submetidos aos testes epicutâneos com bateria de cosméticos, composta por dez substâncias. RESULTADOS: Dos 147 pacientes estudados, a sensibilização aos componentes do cosmético ocorreu em 31,29% dos casos, sendo 14 (19,18%) corresponderam igualmente às substâncias BHT e trietanolamina, 13 (17,81%) ao tioglicolato de amônia, 09 ao ácido sórbico (12,33%), 08 tonsilamida (10,95%), 06 germal (8,22%). Os demais elementos testados proporcionaram índices iguais ou inferiores a 5%. Observou-se maior freqüência de dermatite de contato aos componentes da bateria de cosméticos em mulheres e a idade mais acometida foi concordante com a faixa etária de maior atividade profissional da população. CONCLUSÕES: Houve maior freqüência de dermatite alérgica de contato pelas substâncias trietanolamina, BHT e tioglicolato de amônia, demonstrando pouca associação à dermatite de contato ocupacional.

Fundamentos sobre o conhecimento dos aditivos químicos presentes nas luvas de borracha / Fundamentals of the knowledge about chemical additives present in rubber gloves

FUNDAMENTOS: Uma das causas mais frequentes de dermatite de contato alérgica, de origem ocupacional, são os aditivos da borracha, presentes nos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual. Os aditivos das luvas natural e sintética mais alergênicos são tiurams, mercaptos e carbamatos. OBJETIVO: levantar o nível de conhecimento em relação aos aditivos químicos utilizados na fabricação das luvas de borracha sintética. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado um questionário aberto a profissionais que trabalham com fabricação, pesquisa, prescrição e comercialização das luvas. Foi adotado o método de pesquisa qualitativa. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 30 pessoas: 4 pesquisadores na área de Medicina do Trabalho, 5 médicos do Trabalho, 2 técnicos de segurança do Trabalho, 1 médico do sindicato de trabalhadores da borracha, 1 engenheiro de Segurança do Trabalho, 1 engenheira de Produção do setor de fabricação de luvas de borracha, 4 empresários importadores de luvas, 1 empresário fabricante de luvas, 3 empresários que comercializavam Equipamentos de Proteção Individual, 3 vendedores de lojas de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual, 2 empresários de lojas que comercializavam produtos para alérgicos e 3 dermatologistas. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento da composição química das luvas é pequeno. A rotulagem das luvas, com a descrição da composição química, facilitaria a escolha do melhor tipo de luva para cada pessoa. Esta ação, de baixo custo para as empresas, seria um ganho, do ponto de vista da saúde pública, e teria grande repercussão nos usuários de luvas de borracha.

BACKGROUNDS: One of the most frequent causes of allergic contact dermatitis of occupational origin are rubber additives, which are present in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The most allergenic additives of natural and synthetic gloves are thiurams, carbamates and mercapto group. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the state of knowledge about the chemical additives used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber gloves. METHODS: This was a qualitative research study in which professionals working in the manufacture, research, prescription and commercialization of gloves answered an open questionnaire. RESULTS: 30 individuals were interviewed: 4 researchers in occupational medicine, 5 occupational physicians, 2 occupational safety technicians, a rubber workers' union physician, an occupational safety engineer, a pro duction engineer of rubber gloves, 4 importers of gloves, a manufacturer of gloves, 3 businessmen who sell PPE, 3 salesclerks working in stores that sell PPE, 2 businessmen who own stores that sell products for allergic indivi duals, and 3 dermatologists. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the chemical composition of rubber gloves is scant. The labeling of gloves, with the description of their chemical composition, would facilitate choosing the best type of glove for each person. This low-cost action to businesses would be a gain from the standpoint of public health, with huge repercussions for users of rubber gloves.

Frequência da dermatite de contato ocupacional em ambulatório de alergia dermatológica / Frequency of occupational contact dermatitis in an ambulatory of dermatologic allergy

FUNDAMENTOS: A dermatite de contato ocupacional (DCO) corresponde a 80 por cento dos casos de dermatoses relacionadas ao trabalho. OBJETIVOS: Determinar: a frequência de DCO em pacientes atendidos em ambulatório de alergia, não específico de dermatose ocupacional; o perfil dos pacientes de acordo com idade, sexo, cor, profissão, antecedentes atópicos, duração e localização da dermatose; os tipos de dermatite de contato; os principais alérgenos; e comparar as frequências dos principais sensibilizantes com os resultados obtidos em pacientes atendidos no mesmo período, sem DCO. MÉTODOS: Durante o período 2003-2006, 630 pacientes foram atendidos e submetidos à bateria padrão de testes de contato. Selecionaram-se aqueles com DCO. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e nove (10,9 por cento) pacientes apresentaram DCO. A média de idade foi de 44,5 anos. As mãos foram acometidas em 48 (70 por cento) casos. As profissões prevalentes foram do lar (27,39 por cento) e construção civil (23; 33,5 por cento). Dermatite alérgica de contato (DAC) ocorreu em 48 (70 por cento) casos, e dermatite irritativa de contato (DIC), em 21 (30 por cento). Os principais sensibilizantes foram o bicromato de potássio (28; 41 por cento), sulfato de níquel (16; 23 por cento) e carba-mix (16; 23 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: A DCO foi diagnosticada em 10,9 por cento dos pacientes, sendo mais comum na faixa etária produtiva da população. DAC esteve presente em 48 casos, provavelmente influenciada pelo longo tempo de evolução da dermatose. Os metais e os componentes da borracha foram os principais sensibilizantes.

BACKGROUND: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) corresponds to 80 percent of the cases of skin diseases related to work. OBJECTIVES: To determine: the frequency of OCD in an ambulatory of allergy not specific for occupational dermatosis; the profile of these patients according to age, gender, color, profession, atopic history, duration and localization of the dermatosis; the diagnosed types of contact dermatitis; the main allergens and to compare the frequency of the main antigens with the results obtained from patients examined in the same period of time, without DCO. METHODS: During the three-year period from 2003 to 2006, 630 patients were examined and submitted to a battery of standardized contact patch tests and those who were diagnosed with OCD were selected. RESULTS: Sixty-nine out of the 630 patients were diagnosed with OCD. The average age was 44.5 years. Forty-eight patients (70 percentof the cases) presented the disease on the hands. The most prevalent activities of patients suffering from the disease were household tasks (39 percent) and building construction (33 percent). The allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) occurred in 48 cases which represent 70 percent of the total number of cases and irritant contact dermatitis in 21 cases corresponding to 30 percent of the total number of cases. The main allergens were potassium dichromate 28 (41 percent), nickel sulfate 16 (23 percent) and carba-mix 16 (23 percent). CONCLUSION: OCD was present in 10.9 percent of the patients. Concerning age the group in which the disease was more commonly found corresponded to the most productive group of the population. ACD corresponded to 48 cases, probably influenced by the long period of evolution of the dermatosis. Metal and rubber chemicals were the commonest allergens.

Dermatoses ocupacionais / Occupational dermatosis

Dermatose ocupacional é qualquer alteração da pele, mucosa e anexos, direta ou indiretamente causada, condicionada, mantida ou agravada por agentes presentes na atividade ocupacional ou no ambiente de trabalho. Os autores referem a importância do tema, a epidemiologia e a etiopatogenia das principais dermatoses ocupacionais: dermatites de contato irritativas e alérgicas, fitodermatites, acnes (elaioconiose e cloracne), ceratoses, cânceres, granulomas de corpo estranho, infecções, oníquias e ulcerações. A clínica da dermatose ocupacional é apresentada em diferentes profissões. Analisam-se os exames laboratoriais pedidos nessas dermatoses, com especial destaque para testes de contato, que são o padrão ouro, e fornecem-se dados do tratamento e prevenção; quanto à prevenção da dermatose ocupacional, informam-se as medidas coletivas e individuais, especialmente, no que respeita ao uso adequado dos equipamentos de proteção individual.

Occupational Dermatosis is described as any alteration in the skin, mucosa or annexes that is directly or indirectly caused, conditioned, maintained or aggravated by agents present in the occupational activity or work environment. The authors of the present study describe the importance of the topic and the epidemiology and etiopathogeny of the main forms of occupational dermatoses: allergic and irritative contact dermatitis, phytodermatitis, acne (elaioconioses and chloracne), keratosis, cancers, foreign body granuloma, infections, onychias, and ulcerations. Clinical findings of occupational dermatosis are presented in relation to various professions. Laboratory tests used to diagnose this condition are analysed, with special emphasis on patch testing, which is the gold standard. Information about the treatment and prevention of this disorder is provided. Collective and individual measures, especially regarding the proper use of individual protection equipment for the prevention of occupational dermatosis, are detailed.