Risk of sarcopenia in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: evaluation of the SARC-F and SARC-CalF as screening tools / Risco de sarcopenia em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2: avaliação do SARC-F e SARC-CalF como ferramentas para rastreamento

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic power of SARC-F and SARC-CalF as screening tools for sarcopenia risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 128 patients was conducted at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of a hospital in Recife, Brazil between July 2022 and February 2023. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to original and updated European Consensus criteria for older adults. Muscle mass was assessed with electrical bioimpedance, muscle strength was assessed with a handgrip test, and physical performance was assessed with gait speed. Sarcopenia risk was assessed using the SARC-F and SARC-CalF instruments. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve were analyzed to determine the best diagnostic performance. Results: According to the original and updated versions of the European Consensus criteria, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 25.00% and 10.90%, respectively. Sarcopenia risk was 17.20% according to the SARC-F and 23.40% according to the SARC-CalF. The sensitivity and specificity of the SARC-F ranged from 12.55% to 36.11% and 71.87% to 92.39%, respectively, while those of the SARC-CalF ranged from 47.22% to 85.71% and 82.46% to 88.89%, respectively. The area under the curve for the SARC-F and SARC-CalF varied between 0.51 and 0.71 and 0.67 and 0.86, respectively. Conclusions: The SARC-CalF had better diagnostic performance for all analyzed diagnostic criteria. Adding calf circumference to the SARC-F was an effective screening method for sarcopenia risk in the study population

Objetivo: Avaliar o poder diagnóstico do SARC-F e SARC-CalF como ferramentas de rastreamento para o risco de sarcopenia em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 128 pacientes desenvolvido no ambulatório de endocrinologia de um hospital do Recife entre julho de 2022 e fevereiro de 2023. A sarcopenia foi diagnosticada de acordo com os critérios do Consenso Europeu para sarcopenia em pessoas idosas e sua versão atualizada. Foi realizada bioimpedância elétrica para avaliar a massa muscular, teste de preensão palmar para a força muscular e teste de velocidade de marcha para a performance física. O risco para sarcopenia foi avaliado por meio do SARC-F e SARC-CalF. Realizou-se análise de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, curva Característica de Operação do Receptor (ROC) e área sob a curva (AUC) para determinar a melhor performance diagnóstica. Resultados: A prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 25,00% de acordo com a primeira versão do Consenso Europeu e 10,90% considerando a versão atualizada. O risco para sarcopenia foi de 17,20% (SARC-F) e 23,40% (SARC-CalF). A sensibilidade do SARC-F variou entre 12,55 e 36,11%, e a espec ificidade entre 71,87 e 92,39%, enquanto o SARC-CalF apresentou sensibilidade entre 47,22 e 85,71% e especificidade entre 82,46 e 88,89%. A AUC do SARC-F variou entre 0,51 e 0,71, enquanto o SARC-CalF ficou entre 0,67 e 0,86. Conclusões: O SARC-CalF apresentou melhor performance diagnóstica quando comparado a todos os critérios diagnósticos analisados. A adição da circunferência da panturrilha é um método eficaz para o rastreamento do risco de sarcopenia na população do estudo

Lipodistrofias primarias: presentación clínica y diagnóstico / Clinical presentation and treatment of primary lipodystrophies

Lipodystrophies are a heterogeneous group of syndromes defined by a severe reduction of the adipose tissue. These can be congenital or acquired. Anatomically, they can be partial or generalized. The etiology of several lipodystrophies is well known. However, the cause of many others remains unknown. The commonest lipodystrophy worldwide is secondary to highly active anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. By contrast, primary lipodystrophies (those not associated to any known disease or condition) are much less common and represent a diagnostic challenge. The major complications of lipodystrophies are metabolic, often resulting in severe insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia. No cure is available for lipodystrophies but the supplementation with recombinant leptin potently controls the metabolic abnormalities when there is a leptin deficiency. Herein, we review the clinical presentation, diagnostic process and therapeutic principles of the main primary lipodystrophy syndromes.

Evaluación de la estructura para la atención a diabéticos tipo 2 / Assessing the Structure for Assisting Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Fundamento: la diabetes tipo 2 en Cuba constituye un creciente problema de salud. Para la mejora continua de la calidad de la atención prestada a estas personas es necesario identificar los problemas de salud del paciente, a partir de evaluaciones, donde también se tenga en cuenta la estructura y las mejoras en el acceso a los recursos. Objetivo: evaluar la estructura que posee el Policlínico Comunitario José Antonio Echeverría de Cárdenas para la atención a los pacientes diabéticos. Método: se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud de tipo evaluativa. Se utilizó un muestreo por conglomerado bietápico estratificado. Las variables estudiadas se relacionaron con la cobertura de los recursos humanos, capacitación y disponibilidad de recursos materiales. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron construidos y validados por expertos. Se calcularon números y porcientos como medida de resumen para variables cualitativas. El procesamiento se realizó por medo del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 21,0. Resultados: resultaron ser satisfactorios 11 de 19 indicadores, para un 57,9 %, por lo que se evaluó dicha dimensión de insuficiente. Conclusiones: la estructura resultó insuficiente, existieron deficiencias de índole material, estructural, organizacional, funcional y metodológica que repercutieron en la calidad de las prestaciones de los servicios brindados a los pacientes diabéticos.

Foundation: type 2 diabetes in Cuba constitutes an increasing health problem. For the continued improvement of the assistant quality provided to these patients, it is necessary to identify the patients health problems, upon the evaluations, where the structure and the improvements in the access to resources are also taken into account. Objective: to assess the structure of the Community Polyclinic José Antonio Echeverría of Cárdenas for assisting diabetic patients. Method: an evaluation research in health systems was developed using a sampling by stratified two stage conglomerate. The studied variables were related to coverage of human resources, training and availability of material resources. The instruments applied were built and validated by experts. Numbers and percentages were calculated in percentages as a summary measure for qualitative variables by statistic package SSPS. Results: eleven out of nineteen indicators were satisfactory, representing 57 %, so this dimension was evaluated as insufficient. Conclusion: the structure resulted insufficient, there were material, structural, functional and methodological problems which influenced the quality of the services provided to diabetic patients.

Avaliação da expressão gênica e de lesões no DNA de índividuos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemia e periodontite crônica / Gene expression and DNA damage in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and chronic periodontitis

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão gênica de indivíduos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2, compensados e não compensados metabolicamente), dislipidemia e/ou periodontite crônica, e avaliar se tais alterações metabólicas apresentam efeito mutagênico. Cento e cinquenta pacientes, divididos em 5 grupos (grupo 1 - diabetes descompensado, com dislipidemia e com doença periodontal; grupo 2 - diabetes compensado, com dislipidemia e com doença periodontal; grupo 3 - sem diabetes, com dislipidemia e com doença periodontal; grupo 4 - sem diabetes, sem dislipidemia e com doença periodontal; e o grupo 5 - sem diabetes, sem dislipidemia e sem doença periodontal), foram avaliados quanto ao exame periodontal completo, exame físico e avaliação laboratorial da glicemia de jejum e perfil lipídico. De cada paciente foi coletado sangue para investigar a expressão gênica e as lesões no DNA. A avaliação da expressão gênica foi realizada por microarray e validada por RT-qPCR (Transcrição Reversa seguida de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real, ou quantitativo). As lesões no DNA foram avaliadas por meio do teste do micronúcleo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise bioinformática e estatística. Para verificar os resultados obtidos pelo microarray, os Grupos 1, 2 e 3 foram submetidos a comparações por pares. As análises de RT-qPCR confirmaram a expressão diferencial dos gene HLA-QA1, PDCD6, TRDV3, PPAP2B, HLA-DQB1, RIN3, VCAN, PPIC e SLC6A13. As frequências de micronúcleos foram significativamente mais elevadas em pacientes afetados por pelo menos uma das doenças sistêmicas, em comparação com aqueles sistemicamente saudáveis. Concluímos que foram identificados genes diferencialmente expressos em indivíduos portadores de DM2 também afetados por dislipidemia e periodontite crônica. Os resultados do micronúcleo confirmaram ser este teste útil como biomarcador para lesões no DNA, e demonstraram que as três patologias, ocorrendo simultaneamente, promoveram um papel adicional na produção de danos no DNA

The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D, poor and well-controlled diabetics), dyslipidemia, and/or chronic periodontitis, and to assess whether these metabolic changes have mutagenic effect. One hundred and fifty patients were divided into 5 groups (group 1 ­ poor controlled diabetes with dyslipidemia and periodontal disease; group 2 ­ well-controlled diabetes with dyslipidemia and periodontal disease; group 3 ­ without diabetes with dyslipidemia and periodontal disease; group 4 ­ without diabetes, without dyslipidemia and with periodontal disease; and group 5 ­ without diabetes, dyslipidemia and periodontal disease), and were assessed a complete periodontal and physical examination, and laboratory evaluation of fasting glucose and lipid profile. From each patient, blood was collected to investigate gene expression and DNA damage. The gene expression was evaluated by microarray analysis and validated by RTqPCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction Real-Time, or quantitative). The DNA damage was evaluated using the micronucleus test. Data were subjected to statistical and bioinformatics analyses. To verify the results obtained by microarray, the Groups 1, 2 and 3 were submitted to pair comparisons. The RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the differential expression of HLA-QA1, PDCD6, TRDV3, PPAP2B, HLA-DQB1, RIN3, VCAN, PPIC and SLC6A13 genes. Significantly higher micronuclei frequencies were found in patients affected by any of the systemic diseases in comparison with the ones systemically healthy. We concluded that differentially expressed genes were identified in individuals with type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and chronic periodontitis. The results of the micronucleus confirmed that this test is useful as biomarker for DNA damage, and demonstrated that the three pathologies occurring simultaneously promoted an additional role in the production of DNA damage

Asociación del control glicémico con el apoyo familiar y el nivel de conocimientos en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 / Association of family support and knowledge about the disease with glycemic control in diabetic patients

Background: Family interventions may improve glycemic control among diabetic patients Aim: To evaluate the association of glycemic control with family support and level of knowledge in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes completed a demographic survey. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined and glycemic control was defined as a value < 6,5%. Two validated instruments were applied to evaluate family support, stratifying it in three categories (low, medium and high) and the level of knowledge about diabetes. Results: We studied 81 patients aged 32 to 65 years (53 females). Thirty six percent had an adequate glycemic control. Participants with a medium family support had three times greater risk of having an uncontrolled blood glucose than subjects with high family support. No significant association was found between the level of knowledge and glycemic control. Conclusions: Family support but not knowledge about the disease is associated with a better glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Expresión disminuida de caspasa 3 asociada al polimorfismo del gen del antígeno-4 asociado a linfocito T-citotóxico (CTLA4) en pacientes chilenos con diabetes tipo 1 / Decreased caspase 3 expression and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 polymorphism in Chilean patients with type 1 diabetes

Background: Several polymorphisms of the CTLA4 gene have been associated with autoimmune diseases. The activation of induced cell death is the major event and caspase 3 represents the main protein for the apoptotic machinery, especially in lymphocytes. Aim: To correlate CTLA4 polymorphisms with caspase 3 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) simulating in vitro the glucose effect. Material and Methods: CTLA4 polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). PBMC from 21 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 8.5 ± 4.3 years and 21 healthy subjects aged 18.3 ± 1.8 years, were stimulated under normal (5 mM) and toxic (14 mM) glucose conditions to assess its effect on the expression and activity of caspase 3. Relative abundance of caspase 3 mRNA was measured by semi quantitative RT-PCR and its activity, by a colorimetric assay. Results: When stimulated with 14mM glucose, PBMC of G allele carriers with type 1 diabetes had significantly lower relative mRNA abundance of caspase 3 (median value = 0.12, range 0.01-0.70 AU) compared with non-carriers (median value = 0.81, range 0.06-1.09 AU). When the incubation was carried out with the lower glucose concentration, a similar profile of caspase 3 activity was observed in diabetic patients carrying G allele (median value = 0.57, range 0.13-1.20 AU) as compared with non-carriers (median value = 0.89, range 0.14-5.50 AU). No significant changes after stimulating with glucose, were observed in PBMCs of the control group. Conclusions: PBMC of recently diagnosed patients with T1D, carrying the G allele in + 49A/G polymorphisms of CTLA4, have a decreased expression and activity of caspase 3.