Influencia del error diagnóstico en el pronóstico de la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática en uruguay: analisis de una serie de 149 pacientes en un período de tiempo prepandemia y durante la pandemia SARS-Cov2 / Influence of diagnostic error on the prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Uruguay: analysis of a series of 149 patients in a pre-pandemic period and during the SARS-Cov2 pandemic

Introducción:La hemorragia subaracnoidea espontánea (HSA) presenta aproximadamente el 5% de todos los ACV, siendo una patología de alto impacto en la sociedad por su elevada morbi-mortalidad. La clínica de presentación es variada, lo cual lleva múltiples veces a dificultades en el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el error diagnóstico que existe en esta patología y evaluar si el mismo se vio modificado por la interposición de la Emergencia Sanitaria declarada en el país por la pandemia del SARS-Cov2. Materiales y Métodos: es un estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico, incluyendo a todos los pacientes que presentaron HSA en el Uruguay entre el 1 de noviembre del 2019 y el 31 de julio de 2020. Se analizaron acuerdo con 3 períodos: 1) pre-pandemia, 2) cuarentena general, y 3) nueva normalidad. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años que consultaron y se les diagnosticó una HSA espontánea aneurismática. Se definió́ error diagnóstico a la imposibilidad de reconocer esta patología en la consulta médica inicial otorgándole el alta. El análisis se procesó utilizando el software SPSS versión 22. La investigación fue aprobada por todos los Comité de Ética de los diferentes centros que participaron del estudio. Resultados: de un total de 149 pacientes, la edad media fue de 57,23 años, con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino. Se constató error diagnóstico en 38 pacientes (25,5%), con mayor porcentaje durante la cuarentena general. El retraso en el diagnóstico por problemas asistenciales fue de un 2,6%. Se evidenció un 22,8% de complicaciones por el tratamiento indicado, y un 71,1% por la HSA, con una mortalidad global del 51,7%. Conclusiones: en el presente trabajo se observó un error diagnóstico elevado, evidenciando una relación directa y significativa con la cefalea y la HSA leve (HyH 1 y 2) como formas de presentación. Hubo un porcentaje mayor de HSA graves en comparación a la literatura, con una relación directa y significativa entre la presencia de vasoespasmo y la mortalidad con el error diagnóstico. También es claro que la crisis sanitaria determinó que ese error diagnóstico aumentara durante los primeros meses de la pandemia en Uruguay.

Introduction: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents approximately 5% of all strokes, being a pathology of high impact in society, due to its high morbidity and mortality. The clinical presentation is varied, which leads many times to difficulties in diagnosis. The objective of this work is to analyze the diagnostic error that exists in this pathology, and to assess whether it was modified by the introduction of the Health Emergency declared in the country by the SARS-Cov2 pandemic. Materials and Methods: it is a prospective and multicenter study, including all patients who presented SAH in Uruguay between November 1, 2019 and July 31, 2020. They were analyzed according to 3 periods: 1) pre-pandemic, 2) general quarantine, and 3) new normality. All patients over 18 years of age who consulted and were diagnosed with spontaneous aneurysmal SAH were included. Diagnostic error was defined as the inability to recognize this pathology in the initial medical consultation and discharge. The analysis was processed using SPSS version 22 software. The research was approved by all the Ethics Committees of the different centers that participated in the study. Results: of a total of 149 patients, the mean age was 57.23 years, more frequently in the female sex. Diagnostic error was found in 38 patients (25.5%), with a higher percentage during general quarantine. The delay in diagnosis due to healthcare problems was 2.6%. There were 22.8% complications due to the indicated treatment, and 71.1% due to SAH, with an overall mortality of 51.7%. Conclusions: in the present work, a high diagnostic error was observed, showing a significant direct relationship with headache and mild SAH (HyH 1 and 2) as forms of presentation. There was a higher percentage of severe SAH compared to the literature, with a direct and significant relationship between the presence of vasospasm and mortality with diagnostic error. It is also clear that the health crisis determined that this diagnostic error increased during the first months of the pandemic in Uruguay

Pitfalls en RM de próstata multiparamétrica / Pitfalls in multiparametric prostate MRI

Resumen: La resonancia magnética multiparamétrica (RMmp) de próstata ha tenido un desarrollo importante en los últimos años dado la alta prevalencia del cáncer de próstata y la necesidad de tener información imagenológica concreta para el correcto manejo de los pacientes urológicos. Otras técnicas de imágenes aportan información parcial sobre la morfología de la próstata, pero es la RMmp de próstata la técnica imagenológica que nos entrega mayor información, a través de secuencias morfológicas y funcionales, para detectar lesiones clínicamente significativas y disminuir el número de biopsias, predecir riesgo de agresividad de los tumores, estadificación local y ayudar al urólogo a realizar biopsias dirigidas cognitivas o por fusión RM/US. En este artículo se pretende mostrar casos representativos de errores frecuentes al momento de informar una resonancia magnética de próstata. Damos algunas recomendaciones para evitar estos errores y mejorar los informes radiológicos. Es común al comenzar a realizar informes de RMmp de próstata tener dudas sobre la correcta interpretación de los hallazgos. Ofrecemos a través de este articulo imágenes representativas de los principales errores en la búsqueda de patología neoplásica y algunas sugerencias para evitarlos. Desde el punto de vista académico se pueden dividir en pitfalls de condiciones anatómicas y patologías benignas que pueden simular un tumor. En el caso de pitfalls anatómicos mostramos casos referentes al estroma fibromuscular anterior hipertrófico, cápsula quirúrgica engrosada, plexo venoso peri-prostático, complejo neurovascular y pseudolesión posterior en zona periférica. Dentro de las condiciones benignas se encuentra la hiperplasia prostática benigna, procesos inflamatorios/infecciosos y otras condiciones que pueden simular tumor. Respecto a pitfalls relacionados con la hiperplasia prostática benigna podemos señalar hiperplasia de la zona de transición / central ("moustache-sign"), proliferación estromal en la zona de transición y nódulos adenomatosos ectópicos u extruidos en la zona periférica (ZP). Pitfalls inflamatorios/infecciosos corresponden a casos de prostatitis focal, prostatitis aguda, prostatitis con abscesos y prostatitis granulomatosa. Otros errores frecuentes de dificultad en la interpretación corresponden a casos de calcificaciones y hemorragia.

Abstract: Multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging (RMmp) of the prostate has had an important development in recent years given the high prevalence of prostate cancer and the need to have specific imaging information for the correct management of urological patients. Other imaging techniques provide partial information about the morphology of the prostate, but it is the mp-MRI of the prostate that gives us more information, through morphological and functional sequences, to detect clinically significant lesions and reduce the number of biopsies, predict risk of aggressiveness of the tumors, local staging and help the urologist to perform cognitive biopsies or by MR / US fusion. This article aims to show representative cases of frequent errors when reporting an MRI of the prostate. We give some recommendations to avoid these errors and improve radiological reports. It is common to start making mp-MRI of the prostate reports having doubts about the correct interpretation of the findings. We offer through this article representative images of the main errors in the search for neoplastic pathology and some suggestions to avoid them. From the academic point of view they can be divided into pitfalls of anatomical conditions and benign pathologies that can simulate a tumor. In the case of anatomical pitfalls, we show cases related to the hypertrophic anterior fibromuscular stroma, thickened surgical capsule, peri-prostatic venous plexus, neurovascular complex and posterior pseudo-injury in the peripheral area. Among the benign conditions is benign prostatic hyperplasia, inflammatory / infectious processes and other conditions that can simulate tumor. Regarding pitfalls related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, we can indicate hyperplasia of the transition / central zone ("mustache-sign"), stromal proliferation in the transition zone and ectopic or extruded adenomatous nodules in the peripheral zone. Inflammatory / infectious pitfalls correspond to cases of focal prostatitis, acute prostatitis, prostatitis with abscesses and granulomatous prostatitis. Other frequent errors of difficulty in interpretation correspond to cases of calcifications and hemorrhage.

Results of laboratory tests not accessed in Brazilian private laboratories / Resultados de exames laboratoriais não acessados em laboratórios privados brasileiros

ABSTRACT Background: Laboratory medicine is an important part of the health care system and directly contributes to preventive actions, diagnostics, treatment, and management of diseases. The level and quality of laboratory resources utilization have been frequently questioned. A dissemination of conflicting data regarding the amount of laboratory tests not accessed by the requesting doctors or by the patients themselves is observed, although very often the sources and methodologies used to access these numbers are not properly clarified. Objective: The objective of this study was to obtain data on access to tests results performed in Brazilian private clinical analysis laboratories using the laboratory information system developed by SHIFT Consultoria e Sistemas (Consulting and Systems). Methods: The information was extracted from 81 laboratories, responsible for the performance of 93,240,651 tests, collected from 7,067,087 patients. Results: The total number of tests not accessed, considering all the regions, was 5,071,454, corresponding to a proportion of 5.4%. Due to the potential risks of adverse events or impacts on diagnostic and treatment management, including the economic impacts due to prolonged hospitalization time, the 17.9% proportion which was found to correspond to "not accessed" tests showing "abnormal" results. It is of particular concern, mainly if we observe that from these, 2.5% were related to "abnormal" test results processed by laboratories working in hospital units. Conclusion: Due to the relevance of the theme, Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML), will keep encouraging the monitoring and utilization of adequate laboratory resources, in order to enable sustainable health care systems.

RESUMEN Introducción: La medicina de laboratorio es una parte importante del sistema de salud y contribuye directamente a las acciones preventivas, diagnósticos, tratamiento y manejo de enfermedades. Elnivel y la calidadde la utilización de los recursos de laboratorio se han cuestionado con frecuencia. Se observa una diseminación de datos contradictorios sobre la cantidadde pruebas de laboratorio a las que no han accedido los médicos solicitantes o los propios pacientes, aunque muy a menudo las fuentes y metodologias utilizadas para obtener esas cifras no se aclaran adecuadamente. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener datos sobre el acceso a los resultados de las pruebas realizadas en los laboratorios de análisis clínicos privados de Brasil que utilizan el sistema de información de laboratorio desarrolladopor SHIFT Consultoria e Sistemas. Métodos: La información se extrajo de 81 laboratorios, que fueron responsables del rendimiento de 93,240,651 pruebas, recolectadas de 7,067,087pacientes. Resultados: El número total de pruebas a las que no se accedió, considerando todas las regiones, fue de 5,071,454, lo que corresponde a una proporción del 5,4%. Ante los riesgos potenciales de eventos adversos o impactos en el manejo de diagnósticos y tratamientos, incluidos los impactos económicos debido al tiempo prolongado de hospitalización, la proporción del 17,9% que se encontró correspondiente a las pruebas "no accedidas" muestra resultados "anormales" es preocupante, principalmente si observamos que de ellos, el 2,5% se relacionó con resultados depruebas "anormales" procesadospor laboratorios que trabajan en la atención hospitalaria. Conclusión: Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML), ante la relevancia del tema, continuará estimulando el monitoreo y la utilización de recursos de laboratorio adecuados para permitir sistemas de salud sostenibles.

RESUMO Introdução: A medicina laboratorial é uma parte importante do sistema de saúde e contribui diretamente para ações preventivas e de diagnósticos, tratamento e monitoramento de doenças. O nível e a qualidade da utilização de recursos laboratoriais são frequentemente questionados. Observa-se uma disseminação de dados conflitantes em relação à quantidade de resultados de exames laboratoriais não acessados pelos médicos solicitantes ou pelos próprios pacientes, embora muitas vezes as fontes e as metodologias utilizadas para acessar esses números não sejam devidamente esclarecidas. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi obter dados sobre o acesso aos resultados de testes realizados em laboratórios de análises clínicas privados brasileiros que utilizam o sistema de informações laboratoriais desenvolvido pela SHIFT Consultoria e Sistemas. Métodos: As informações foram extraídas de 81 laboratórios, responsáveis pelo desempenho de 93.240.651 testes, coletados de 7.067.087pacientes. Resultados: O total de resultados de exames não acessados, considerando todas as regiões, foi de 5.071.454, correspondendo a uma proporção de 5,4%. Diante dos riscos potenciais de eventos adversos ou de impactos na gestão de diagnósticos e tratamentos, incluindo os impactos econômicos decorrentes do tempo prolongado de internação, a proporção de 17,9% encontrada correspondente a testes não acessados com resultados "anormais" é preocupante, principalmente se observarmos que 2,5%foram relacionados com resultados de testes "anormais" processados por laboratórios que trabalham em unidades hospitalares. Conclusão: A Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML), diante da relevância do tema, continuará estimulando o monitoramento e a utilização de recursos laboratoriais adequados, a fim de permitir sistemas de saúde sustentáveis.

Pneumonia as a trigger for atrial fibrillation / Journal of Rural Medicine

<p>In a rural mountainous region on a Friday, a 78-year-old man was seen in his physician’s office for leg edema and diagnosed with new onset atrial fibrillation. He was discharged home to start medications for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. He was hospitalized the next day with septic shock due to pneumococcal pneumonia. The new onset of atrial fibrillation requires a trigger acting on a vulnerable substrate. These triggers include acute conditions such as alcohol intoxication, myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism. Pneumonia may act as a trigger causing the new onset of atrial fibrillation.</p>

Clinical misdiagnosis of ultrasonography on parathyroid cyst / 上海预防医学

Objective To study clinical ultrasonography characteristics on parathyroid cysts , so as to avoid misdiagnosis of that in clinic . [ Methods] The ultrasonic image data on parathyroid cyst of 3 misdiagnosed cases hospitalized from June 2012 to May 2013 were retrospectively analyzed . [ Results] The foci of 3 cases were located in the dorsal area under the left lobe distal polar of thyroid , and were con-firmed by surgery and pathology .The common performance of ultrasonic images:round or oval anechoic ar-ea, clear boundary , integrity membrane , thin and smooth wall .The envelop between parathyroid cyst and thyroid presented with acute angle . [ Conclusion] In thyroid ultrasonic examination , lesions in the par-athyroid gland area , especially around the inferior pole of thyroid , should be considered to be differentiated from that of parathyroid disease .

Prevalencia de parasitismo y control de la calidad en el diagnóstico de las parasitosis intestinales en 15 policlínicos de La Habana / Prevalence of parasitism and quality control in the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses at 15 Havana polyclinics

Introducción: el control de la calidad del diagnóstico de las parasitosis intestinales es un proceder de gran importancia en la práctica de la salud pública; sin embargo, no está tan difundido como en otras ramas del diagnóstico del laboratorio clínico y solo ha sido incorporado en los últimos años. Objetivos: evaluar la calidad del diagnóstico parasitológico en cuatro municipios de La Habana. Métodos: el estudio se efectuó en 15 policlínicos de los municipios La Lisa, Arroyo Naranjo, La Habana del Este y Cerro, de la provincia de La Habana, en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2011 a mayo de 2012. El universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por 747 muestras de heces analizadas en los laboratorios de dichos policlínicos. Para determinar la concordancia entre observadores se calculó el coeficiente Kappa para dos observadores y dos categorías. Resultados: solo en un policlínico hubo grado de acuerdo casi perfecto en el diagnóstico parasitario (coeficiente de concordancia kappa de 0.90, p < 0,05). En una cuarta parte de los policlínicos evaluados fue posible establecer la concordancia en el diagnóstico parasitario y de ellos solo en uno hubo calidad satisfactoria. Conclusiones: los principales errores en el diagnóstico son para Ascaris lumbricoides y Blastocystis spp. Estos resultados sugieren perfeccionar constantemente la capacitación del personal que realiza este tipo de exámenes

Introduction: quality control in the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses is a very important public health procedure. However, it is not as well known as it is in other branches of clinical laboratory diagnosis, and has only been incorporated in recent years. Objectives: Evaluate the quality of parasitological diagnosis in four Havana municipalities. Methods: the study was conducted at 15 polyclinics from the municipalities of La Lisa, Arroyo Naranjo, Habana del Este and Cerro, in the province of Havana, from March 2011 to May 2012. The study universe was composed of 747 stool samples analyzed in laboratories of the aforementioned polyclinics. The kappa coefficient was estimated for two observers and two categories, in order to determine the degree of agreement between observers. Results: only in one polyclinic was there an almost perfect degree of agreement in parasitological diagnosis (a kappa concordance coefficient of 0.90, p < 0,05). Conclusions: it was possible to establish the concordance in parasitological diagnosis. Only in one case was quality satisfactory. The main diagnostic errors corresponded to Ascaris lumbricoides and Blastocystis spp. Based on these results, permanent improvement is recommended in the training of the personnel performing these tests

Misdiagnosis of florid cemento-osseous dysplasia leading to unnecessary root canal treatment: a case report

This case report demonstrates an unnecessary endodontic treatment of teeth with florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) due to a misdiagnosis as periapical pathosis and emphasizes the importance of correct diagnosis to avoid unnecessary treatment. A 30-year-old woman was referred to our institution for apicoectomies of the mandibular left canine and both the lateral incisors. The periapical lesions associated with these teeth had failed to resolve after root canal treatment over a 3-year period. Radiographic examinations revealed multiple lesions on the right canine, the second premolar, and both first molars as well as the anterior region of the mandible. Based on clinical, radiographic and histological evaluations, the patient condition was diagnosed as FCOD. The patient has been monitored for 2 years. To avoid unnecessary invasive treatment, accurate diagnosis is essential before treatment is carried out in managing FCOD.

Diagnósticos clínicos al ingreso y al egreso de pacientes hospitalizados en Medicina Interna, Geriatría e Infecciosos / Clinical diagnoses in admission and in discharge of patients admitted to Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Infection wards

A partir de asumir que una coincidencia entre el diagnóstico inicial al ingreso y el definitivo al egreso, refleja alta calidad en el cumplimiento de ese paso esencial del método clínico, se revisaron los resultados de dos series de pacientes hospitalizados en Medicina Interna, Geriatría e Infecciosos, para precisar factores asociados con dicha correspondencia. Se constató total coincidencia en más de las dos terceras partes de los casos, con porcentajes elevados en los más jóvenes, los que tuvieron menor estadía y los que ingresaron en el horario de las guardias. Se destacan los altos valores para enfermedades respiratorias e infecciosas y más bajos para diagnósticos menos precisos, como anemias, síntomas y signos mal definidos y para los ingresados en Geriatría. Se hacen consideraciones sobre el error diagnóstico y la trascendencia de estos resultados para los pacientes y la organización de la atención hospitalaria

The assumption that there is a coincidence between the initial diagnosis at admission and the definite at discharge reflects a high quality in fulfillment of this essential step of clinical method. Results from two series of patients admitted in Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and infectiuos diseases departments were reviewed to specify exactly the factors associated with such correspondence. Authors verified the total coincidence in more than the two third of cases with high percentages in younger, which had a minor stage and those admitted in the medical duty times. Emphasized are the higher values for the respiratory and infectious diseases and lower for fewer accurate diagnoses including anemias, ill-defined symptoms and signs and for those admitted in Geriatrics department. We took into account on the diagnostic error and the importance of these results for patients and the organization of hospital care

Análise comparativa entre os diagnósticos clínicos, os achados da autópsia e o exame histopatológico: revisão sistemática / Comparative analysis among clinical diagnoses, the autopsy findings and histopathological study: systematic review

Introdução: tem sido observada em todo o mundo uma redução do número das autópsias realizadas, mesmo em instituições universitárias. Apesar disso, a autópsia continua sendo considerada como o método de investigação mais eficiente para o diagnóstico das causas de mortalidade. Objetivo: comparar o nível de concordância entre os diagnósticos clínicos firmados em vida com os achados das autópsias destes pacientes. Também foram avaliados comparativamente os diagnósticos macroscópicos das autópsias e os exames histopatológicos desse material. Método: revisão sistemática da literatura em bancos de dados eletrônicos (MEDLINE, LILACS, SCIELO, PUBMED e COCHRANE LIBRARY), buscando-se os artigos publicados sobre o tema, de 1980 a 2008. Uma pesquisa adicional foi feita através das referências dos artigos localizados. Foram selecionados 26 artigos, 20 comparando os diagnósticos clínicos com os das autópsias e seis comparando os diagnósticos macro e microscópicos. Considerações finais: nesses artigos, as discordâncias entre os diagnósticos clínicos e os achados das autópsias apresentaram uma média de 29,83%. A concordância entre os diagnósticos macro e microscópicos foi superior a 67% em todos os artigos avaliados.

It has been observed in the entire world a decrease in the number of autopsies rate, even at university institutions. Despite this, autopsy is still considered the best efficient diagnosis method of death causes. The purpose of this study was to compare the agreement level among clinical diagnoses and autopsy findings. It had been also compared the macroscopic diagnoses with the histological findings. It had been done a systematic review in literature of electronic databases (MEDLINE, LILACS, SCIELO, PUBMED and COCHRANE LIBRARY), looking for articles with these subjects. An additional research was made by screening the bibliography of the previously located articles. 26 articles were selected, 20 of these articles compare the clinical diagnoses with autopsy findings and six of them compare macro and microscopic diagnoses. In these articles, discrepancies level between clinical and autopsy diagnoses were in average of 29,83%. The agreement between macro and histological diagnoses were superior to 67% in all of the analyzed articles.

Errores médicos: [revisión] / Medical errors: [review]

El error médico es cualquier falla ocurrida durante la atención de salud que haya causado algún tipo de daño al paciente, y cuyo origen puede relacionarse con la organización e implementación del servicio, a través de múltiples y complejos mecanismos. Ninguna especialidad médica está exenta de él. Establecer la responsabilidad médica en casos de error diagnóstico es difícil, pues en muchas ocasiones resultan inevitables. No obstante, una vez analizadas sus causas, ya sean estos cognitivas, del sistema de salud o errores sin culpa, es posible instaurar estrategias que tiendan a su reducción. El punto medular en el enfoque del error médico y diagnóstico es que una vez cometido y más aún si se comprueba algún tipo de responsabilidad médica, este debe ser encarado con seriedad y transparencia.

A medical error is a fault that occurs during the delivery of health care that has caused damage to the patient. It could be related to the organization and implementation of the medical service,through multiple and complex mechanisms. None of the medical areas is exempt of them. The legal analysis of diagnostic errors is difficult because many times they are inevitable. However, as soon as their possible causes–cognitive errors, system errors and no fault errors-are analyzed,it is possible to establish strategies to minimize them. The most important approach to a medical or diagnostic error is to confront it with reliability and clarity.

Appropriation Evaluation of Simple R a -diography Interpretation by EM Resident

PURPOSE: The accurate plain radiography interpretation was essential skill in emergency residency. We researched the accuracy and clinical significance of the interpretation of plain radiography by emergency medical residents, and so, it help our development the education program of emergency residency. METHODS: From 15, Dec 2000 to 15, Feb 2001 and during 1 month at Feb 2003, each two period all plain radiographs were interpreted by two EM resident who were trained for one year and by radiologists. The each results of interpretation were compared with the result of formal results which decided by EM staffs and radiology staffs. Misinterpreted groups were assigned based on the following criteria. According to Nature of discrepancy, Group M (underreaded); Subgroup M0 (not significant), M1 (minor effect on treatment), M2 (potential for injury or bad outcome), M3 (severe potential for injury or bad outcome) and Group Q (overread); Subgroup Q0 (not significant), Q1 (significant unsuitable additional modality and management). Then CSDR (clinically significant discrepancy rate) was defined as (M1+M2+M3 +Q1) / No. of Sudies. RESULTS: Total 889 radiographic studies were enrolled in 372 patients. Total EM residency misinterpretation rate was 3.9% and total CSDR was 2.3%. Total radiologist misinterpretation rate was 1.1%. In total 35 error cases, M1 were most frequent (14 studies). The CSDR were highest for KUB (5.2%), Head (3.9%), Shoulder (3.7%), Chest (3.6%), Rib (3.4%). CONCLUSION: Low overall misinterpretation rate and CSDR have implications for the medical practice and reimbursement of emergency residency for radiologic interpretation. But need for efforting reduce error rate then we propose establishment of interpretation radiography education program.