Influencing Factors on Lactulose Breath Test Results / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to identify the demographic and clinical factors associated with positive breath-test results and to assess the relationship between hydrogen and methane production in patients with suspected irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).METHODS: The demographic and clinical factors of 268 patients with suspected IBS, who had undergone a lactulose breath test, were analyzed.RESULTS: Of 268 patients included in this study, 143 (53.4%) were females. The median age and BMI of the patients was 58.0 years (range, 18.0–80.0 years) and 22.5 kg/m² (range, 14.4–34.3 kg/m²), respectively. A weak positive correlation was observed between the BMI and baseline hydrogen level (rho=0.134, p=0.031). Women were significantly more likely to show a ≥20 ppm increase in hydrogen within 90 min (early hydrogen increase, p=0.049), a ≥10 ppm increase in methane within 90 min (early methane increase, p=0.001), and a ≥10 ppm increase in methane between 90 min and 180 min (late methane increase, p=0.002) compared to men. The baseline hydrogen level was related to the baseline methane level (rho=0.592, p<0.001) and the maximal hydrogen level within 90 min was related to maximal methane level within 90 min (rho=0.721, p<0.001). Patients with an early hydrogen increase (43.8%) were more likely to show a positive result for an early methane increase compared to patients without an early increase in hydrogen (0%, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Women were associated with high rates of positive lactulose breath-test results. In addition, methane production was correlated with hydrogen production.

A interpretação da diferença dos sexos: inferioridade, estranheza, variedade, igualdade / The interpretation of the difference between the sexes: inferiority, strangeness, variety, equality / La interpretación de la diferencia entre los sexos: inferioridad, extranñeza, variedad, igualdad

Até hoje, a constância da subordinação das mulheres, através das épocas e das sociedades, faz da diferença dos sexos um problema específico da relação com o outro. O estatuto social da mulher é efeito de um processo complexo que combina as constituições orgânicas (natureza) e sua transposição metafórica para construções culturais, com ambivalências e denegações dos desejos e das angústias mais profundas, ou seja, com as exigências de ordem social e de reprodução deste. São as transformações do espírito crítico e da emancipação cultural que livram do domínio efetivo original da natureza e restituem a diferença dos sexos às dimensões de uma variação da espécie. Esse processo só pode ser compreendido quando se recorre, entre outras disciplinas, à antropologia, à fisiologia, à sociologia, à psicanálise e à história...

Until today, the constancy of the subordination of women, through the ages and societies, makes the difference between the sexes a more specific problem when referring it to the relationship, one with another. The social status of women is the effect of a complex process that combines the organic constitutions (nature) and its metaphorical transposition to cultural constructions, with ambivalence anddegradation of desires anxieties deepen, in other words, with the demands of social order andreproduction of this demands. Are the transformations of critical spirit and cultural emancipation that which will bring about a domino effect restoring the natural balance of the sexes to the dimensions of a variation of the species.This process can only be understood when one uses, among other disciplines, anthropology, physiology, sociology, psychoanalysis and history....

Hasta ahora, la constancia de la subordinación de las mujeres a través de los siglos y de las sociedades, hace de la diferencia entre los sexos un problema específico de relación con el otro. El estatuto social de la mujer es el efecto de un proceso complejo que combina las constituciones orgánicas (la naturaleza) y su transposición metafórica a las construcciones culturales, con ambivalencias y renuncias de los deseos y angustias más profundos, es decir, con las exigencias de orden social y reproducción. Las transformaciones del espíritu crítico y de la emancipación cultural son las que libertan del dominio efectivo original de la naturaleza y restituyen la diferenciaentre los sexos a las dimensiones de una variación de la especie. Este proceso sólo se puede entender cuando se relaciona, entre otras disciplinas, con la antropología, con la fisiología, con la sociología, con el psicoanálisis y con la historia...

Jusque ici, la constance, à travers époques et sociétés, de la subordination des femmes fait de la différence des sexes un problème spécifique de la relation à l'autre. Le statut social de la femme est l'effet d'un processus complexe qui combine les constitutions organiques (nature), leur transposition métaphorique dans des constructions culturelles, avec les ambivalences et les dénis des désirs et des angoisses les plus profonds, enfin avec les exigences d'ordre social et de reproduction du même. Ce sont les transformations de l'esprit critique et de l'émancipation culturelle qui arrivent à dégager de l'emprise effective originelle de la nature et à restituer la différence des sexes aux dimensions d'une variation de l'espèce. Processus qui ne ‘peut être compris qu'en faisant appel, entre autres, à l'anthropologie, à la physiologie, à la sociologie, à la psychanalyse et à l'histoire…