Adaptación transcultural del componente de síntomas gastrointestinales de la escala CTCAE versión 4. 02 / Transcultural adaptation of the component of gastrointestinal symptoms of the CTCAE scale version 4. 02

Resumen Objetivo: Realizar la traducción y adaptación transcultural del componente de síntomas gastrointestinales (SGI) de la escala CTCAE versión 4.02 en pacientes ambulatorios tratados con quimioterapia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en Bogotá. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda manual en medios electrónicos de escalas en idioma inglés o español que evaluarán la presencia, frecuencia o intensidad de SGI en pacientes oncológicos. La selección de los ítems fue efectuada por consenso informal de un comité técnico, el cual verificó la concordancia entre los principales SGI descritos en la literatura y los incluidos en la escala, ya que estos podrían afectar el estado nutricional. Posteriormente, para la adaptación transcultural, se siguieron los pasos y recomendaciones del manual ISPOR y del grupo de calidad de vida EORTC. La prueba piloto se efectuó en 30 pacientes seleccionados por conveniencia, quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: El 52% eran hombres; la edad promedio fue de 54,2 años (+/- 15,3 años). Los cánceres más frecuentes fueron: colorrectal (28%), estómago (16%) y mama (12%). Los 14 SGI incluidos en la escala fueron experimentados por todos los pacientes, por lo cual se conservaron, y no se requirió adicionar ningún otro. El tiempo promedio de aplicación del instrumento fue de 5 minutos y el 90% de los participantes lo consideró adecuado. Conclusiones: Se generó un instrumento de 14 ítems para medir SGI en pacientes oncológicos ambulatorios sometidos a quimioterapia, el cual es de rápida aplicación y utiliza lenguaje de fácil comprensión para el paciente. Aunque todavía quedan por definir sus propiedades clinimétricas.

Abstract Objective: To carry out the translation and transcultural adaptation of the gastrointestinal symptoms component (GIS) of the CTCAE, scale version 4.02, in outpatient patients treated with chemotherapy at the National Cancer Institute, Bogotá (Colombia). Methods: It was performed a manual search of scales on electronic media, in English or Spanish languages, which will evaluate the presence and intensity of GIS in oncological patients. The selection of the items was made by an informal consensus of a technical committee, which verified the concordance between the main GIS described in the literature and those included in the scale, all of which could affect the nutritional status. For transcultural adaptation, there were followed the steps and recommendations of the ISPOR Handbook, as well as those of the EORTC quality of life group. The pilot test was conducted in 30 patients selected for convenience, who met the inclusion criteria. Results: 52% were men; the average age was 54.2 years (+/-15.3 years). The most frequent cancers were: colorectal (28%), stomach (16%) and breast (12%). The 14 GIS included in the scale were experienced by all patients, so they were retained, and no other addition was required. The average time of application of the instrument was 5 minutes, and 90% of the participants considered it appropriate. Conclusions: A 14-item instrument was generated to measure GIS in cancer patients who undergo outpatient chemotherapy, which is of fast application and uses a language that is easily understood by patients. Its clinimetrics properties remain to be defined.

Gastrointestinal manifestations of chronic kidney disease / Manifestaciones gastrointestinales de la enfermedad renal crónica

Abstract Introduction: There is a wide variety of gastrointestinal clinical manifestations that may increase the deterioration of the quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which are manageable if properly detected. Objective: The objective of this work is to perform an updated and analytical review of the literature on the manifestations in the digestive tract of patients with chronic deterioration of renal function. Results: The results indicate that some of the signs and symptoms on the gastrointestinal tract of patients with CKD are individual, and non-specific symptoms such as anorexia, nausea and vomiting predominate, which can be controlled with adequate renal replacement therapy; while others, rarer, such as ascites associated with dialysis, impoverish the prognosis and illustrate the need for transplantation.

Resumen Introducción: existe una amplia variedad de manifestaciones clínicas gastrointestinales que pueden aumentar el deterioro de la calidad de vida en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), que son manejables si se detectan adecuadamente. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una actualización y revisión analítica de la literatura sobre las manifestaciones en el tracto digestivo de pacientes con deterioro crónico de la función renal. Resultados: los resultados indican que algunos de los signos y síntomas sobre el tracto gastrointestinal de los pacientes con ERC son individuales, y predominan los síntomas inespecíficos como la anorexia, las náuseas y el vómito, los cuales pueden controlarse con una adecuada terapia de reemplazo renal; mientras que otros, más raros, como la ascitis asociada a la diálisis, empobrece el pronóstico e ilustra la necesidad de trasplante.

FLUCTUATING JAUNDICE IN THE ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE AMPULLA OF VATER: a classic sign or an exception? / Icterícia flutuante em adenocarcinoma de ampola de Vater: um sinal clássico ou uma exceção?

Background Some authors consider the fluctuating jaundice as a classic sign of the adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Objetive Assessing the frequency of fluctuating jaundice in their forms of its depiction in the patients with adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Methods Observational and retrospective study, conducted through analyses of medical records from patients subjected to pancreatic cephalic resections between February 2008 and July 2013. The pathological examination of the surgical specimen was positive to adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Concepts and differences on clinical and laboratory fluctuating jaundice were standardized. It was subdivided into type A and type B laboratory fluctuating jaundice. Results Twenty patients were selected. One of them always remained anicteric, 11 patients developed progressive jaundice, 2 of them developed clinical and laboratory fluctuating jaundice, 5 presented only laboratory fluctuating jaundice and one did not present significant variations on total serum bilirubin levels. Among the seven patients with fluctuating jaundice, two were classified as type A, one as type B and four were not classified due to lack information. Finally, progressive jaundice was the prevailing presentation form in these patients (11 cases). Conclusion This series of cases suggested that clinical fluctuating jaundice is a uncommon signal in adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. .

Contexto Alguns autores consideram a icterícia flutuante como um sinal clássico do adenocarcinoma da ampola de Vater. Objetivo Determinar a frequência de icterícia flutuante em suas formas de apresentação nos pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma de ampola de Vater. Métodos Estudo observacional e restrospectivo, realizado a partir de análise de prontuários médicos de pacientes submetidos à ressecção cefálica pancreática entre fevereiro de 2008 e julho de 2013, cujo anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de ampola de Vater. Conceituação e diferenciação entre icterícia flutuante clínica e laboratorial foram padronizadas. Icterícia flutuante laboratorial foi dividida em tipo A e B. Resultados Vinte pacientes foram selecionados. Um deles permaneceu sempre anictérico, 11 pacientes desenvolveram icterícia progressiva, 2 desenvolveram icterícia flutuante clínica e laboratorial, 5 apresentaram apenas icterícia flutuante laboratorial e 1 não apresentou significativa variação nos níveis séricos de bilirrubina total. Entre os sete pacientes com icterícia flutuante, dois foram classificados como tipo A, um como tipo B e quatro não foram classificados devido à falta de informações. Finalmente, icterícia progressiva foi a apresentação mais prevalente nos pacientes selecionados (11 casos). Conclusão Este artigo sugere que a icterícia flutuante clínica é um sinal incomum em pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma de ampola de Vater. .

Clinical featurss and severity of gastric emptyng delay in Brazilian patients with gastroparesis / Caracteristicas clinicas e grau de retardo do esvaziamento gastrico em pacientes brasileiros com gastroparesia

Context Gastroparesis is defined by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction of the gastroduodenal junction, which has been increasingly investigated. Nevertheless, knowledge on the relationships between etiology, symptoms and degree of delayed gastric emptying is limited. Objectives The demographic, clinical and etiological features of Brazilian patients with gastroparesis were studied and the relationships between these findings and the severity of gastric emptying were determined. Method This is a retrospective study of medical records of 41 patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis admitted between 1998 and 2011, who had evidence of abnormally delayed gastric emptying on abdominal scintigraphy. Cases with idiopathic gastroparesis were compared with those of patients with neurologic disorders or diabetes mellitus, in whom autonomic neuropathy is likely to occur. Results The majority of the patients were women (75.6%) with a median age of 41 years and a long-term condition (median: 15 years). Twelve patients (29.3%) had a body mass index of less than 20 kg/m2. The most common presenting symptoms were dyspepsia (53.6%), nausea and vomiting (46.3%), weight loss (41.4%) and abdominal pain (24.3%). Regarding etiology, 16 patients had digestive disorders including idiopathic gastroparesis (n = 12), 12 had postoperative conditions, 11 had diseases of the nervous system, five had diabetes mellitus and in three cases gastroparesis was associated to a variety of conditions. In the majority of patients (65.8%) gastric emptying was severely delayed. There was no association between etiology of gastroparesis, type of presenting symptoms and the degree of delay in gastric emptying. Gastroparesis patients with proven (neurological conditions) or presumed (diabetes) nervous system involvements were significantly younger (P = 0.001), had more recent symptom onset (P = 0:03) and a trend towards more severe gastric empty ...

Contexto A gastroparesia é uma condição clínica definida por retarde anormal do esvaziamento gástrico, sem obstrução mecânica antro-piloro-duodenal, que vem sendo crescentemente estudada. No entanto, as relações entre etiologia, sintomas e grau de retarde do esvaziamento gástrico na gastroparesia são ainda pouco conhecidas. Objetivos Estudar as características demográficas, clínicas e etiológicas e o grau de retarde do esvaziamento gástrico em pacientes brasileiros com gastroparesia e comparar os casos idiopáticos com aqueles com doenças do sistema nervoso ou diabete melito, em que é alta a probabilidade de ocorrência de neuropatia autonômica. Método Estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários de 41 casos com sintomas sugestivos de gastroparesia admitidos entre 1998 e 2011, que tiveram comprovação de retarde anormal do esvaziamento gástrico em exame cintigráfico específico, que foi também revisto. Resultados Dentre os 41 casos, 31 (75,6%) eram mulheres; a mediana de idade foi de 41 anos e predominou quadro clínico de longa duração (mediana: 15 anos). Doze (29,26%) pacientes apresentavam índice de massa corporal inferior ao limite de 20 kg/m2. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram a dispepsia (53,6%), náuseas e vômitos (46,3%), perda de peso (41,4%) e dor abdominal (24,3%). Quanto à etiologia, 16 pacientes tinham afecções digestivas, incluindo a gastroparesia idiopática (n = 12), 12 eram de estados pós-operatórios, 11 tinham doenças do sistema nervoso, 5 tinham diabete melito e 3 eram de etiologias variadas. A maioria dos pacientes (65,8%) apresentou retarde do esvaziamento gástrico intenso ou muito intenso. Não houve qualquer associação entre etiologia da gastroparesia, sintomas apresentados e grau de retarde ...

Mecanismos e fatores associados aos sintomas gastrointestinais em pacientes com diabetes melito / Mechanisms and factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVOS: Apresentar a frequência, os principais fatores causadores dos sintomas gastrointestinais em pacientes portadores do diabetes melito e controvérsias quanto à sua ocorrência em crianças e adolescentes. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão não sistemática nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed e SciELO (1983-2011), além de capítulos de livros relevantes. Foram selecionados os artigos mais atuais e representativos do tema. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A prevalência do diabetes melito vem aumentando ao longo dos anos em vários países do mundo. No sistema digestório, é conhecida a ocorrência de complicações do diabetes melito, entre elas os sintomas gastrointestinais (náuseas, vômitos, dor abdominal, azia, disfagia, constipação, diarreia e incontinência fecal). A patogênese das alterações das funções gastrointestinais no diabetes melito está ainda sob investigação, e o papel do sistema nervoso entérico e seus neurotransmissores tem ganhado significância. Em decorrência do comprometimento do sistema digestório, com danos ao sistema nervoso entérico, portadores do diabetes melito podem apresentar quadros específicos de distúrbios de motilidade, alguns de grande relevância clínica, como gastroparesia diabética, constipação e diarreia. A disfunção deste sistema contribui para aumentar a morbidade desta doença e piora a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. CONCLUSÕES: O diabetes melito, ao longo dos anos, afeta o sistema digestório. Por ser uma condição que piora a qualidade de vida dos portadores e também pode indicar complicação da doença, deve ser valorizada no acompanhamento e tratamento do paciente com diabetes melito. Na infância e na adolescência, ainda existem poucos estudos que abordam o problema.

OBJECTIVES: To present the main mechanisms that cause gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus, their frequency, and controversies as to their occurrence in children and adolescents. SOURCES: Non-systematic review of the literature conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO databases (1983-2011), as well as relevant book chapters. The most relevant and up-to-date articles on the topic were selected. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been increasing over the years in many countries. The complications caused by this disease in the digestive system, such as gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, heartburn, dysphagia, constipation, diarrhea, and fecal incontinence) are well known. The pathogenesis of changes in the gastrointestinal functions in patients with diabetes mellitus is still being investigated at the same time as the role of the enteric nervous system and its neurotransmitters has gained significance. As a consequence of the complications in the digestive system, which damage the enteric nervous system, patients with diabetes mellitus may have specific gastrointestinal motility disorders, some of which may be of great relevance, such as diabetic gastroparesis, constipation, and diarrhea. Gastrointestinal dysfunction increases the morbidity of diabetes mellitus and worsens the quality of life of diabetic individuals. CONCLUSIONS: There are few studies addressing these problems in childhood and adolescence. Diabetes mellitus affects the digestive system over the years. Because this condition worsens the quality of life of diabetic individuals and leads to complications, attention must be paid to gastrointestinal symptoms when treating patients with diabetes mellitus.