Halitosis: a conceptual, etiologic and therapeutic approach / Halitose: uma abordagem conceitual, etiológica e terapêutica

Objective: Halitosis is the offensive odor emanated by the oral and nasal cavities and perceived by the individual and/or by other people. Halitosis is a symptom that directly impacts on the social aspects of an individual's life and may be a sign for a systemic disorder in some cases. Material and Methods: A search was conducted on the literature in order to gather the main aspects about halitosis and make a review about the main features necessary to the clinical practice when a professional deals with a patient with halitosis. Results: The information was summarized and discussed with a focus on what clinicians should be aware of when dealing with a patient with halitosis. Conclusion: Halitosis is a prevalent symptom that affects approximately 25% of the individuals. Its classification takes into consideration the origin of the compounds producing the malodor. The diagnosis must take into consideration the various etiological possibilities before defining the treatment. The treatment must be focused on the cause and since there is a wide range of possible causes, halitosis needs a multidisciplinary approach (AU)

Objetivo: Halitose é um cheiro ofensivo expelido pela cavidade bucal e pela cavidade nasal e percebido pelo indivíduo e/ou pelas outras pessoas. A halitose é um sintoma que impacta diretamente aspectos sociais da vida de um indivíduo e pode ser um sinal de alguma desordem sistêmica em alguns casos. Material e Métodos: Uma busca foi feita na literatura para reunir os principais aspectos da halitose e conduzir uma revisão sobre as principais características necessárias à prática clínica quando um profissional lida com um paciente com a queixa de halitose. Resultados: A informação disponível foi sumarizada e discutida com foco naquilo que um clínico deve estar atento quando lida com um paciente com a queixa de halitose presente. Conclusão: A halitose é um sintoma prevalente que afeta aproximadamente 25% dos indivíduos. Sua classificação leva em consideração a origem dos compostos que produzem o mau hálito. O diagnóstico deve levar em conta as várias etiologias possíveis antes de definir um tratamento. O tratamento deve ser focado na causa e, como há uma ampla variedade de possíveis causas, a halitose é um sintoma que precisa de uma abordagem multidisciplina (AU)

Dimethyl sulfide, a metabolite of the marine microorganism, protects SH-SY5Y cells against 6-hydroxydopamine and MPP+-induced apoptosis / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) has been historically recognized as a metabolite of the marine microorganism or a disgusting component for the smell of halitosis patients. In our recent study, DMS has been identified as a cytoprotectant that protects against oxidative-stress induced cell death and aging. We found that at near- physiological concentrations, DMS reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured PC12 cells and alleviated oxidative stress. The radical-scavenging capacity of DMS at near-physiological concentration was equivalent to endogenous methionine(Met)-centered antioxidant defense. Methionine sulfoxidereductase A (MsrA), the key antioxidant enzyme in Met-centered defense, bound to DMS and promoted its antioxidant capacity via facilitating the reaction of DMS with ROS through a sulfonium intermediate at residues Cys72, Tyr103, Glu115, followed by the release of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). MTT assay and trypan blue test indicated that supplement of DMS exhibited cytopro?tection against 6-hydroxydopamine and MPP + induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, MsrA knockdown abolished the cytoprotective effect of DMS at near- physiological concentrations. The present study reveals new insight into the potential therapeutic value of DMS in Parkinson disease.

Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Seawater and Atmosphere / 分析化学

Volatile sulfur compounds ( VSCs) in the marine environment has significant implications for global climate change. In the present study, a gas chromatographic analytical method was set up to determine the concentrations of VSCs in seawater and atmosphere, and the optimized experimental conditions were established. For the analysis of VSCs in atmosphere, multistage traps and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ) were used, with the precisions of 7. 7% -15. 1% and the detection limits of 0. 23-4. 7 ng. Moreover, for the analyses of VSCs in seawater, pre-concentration and gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detector ( GC-FPD) were utilized, with the precisions of 3. 5%-5. 3% and the detection limits of 2. 5-3. 5 ng. This method was applied to analyze the VSCs in Qingdao coastal seawater and atmosphere, and the average concentrations of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the seawater were (268 ± 58 ) , ( 1264 ± 278 ) , ( 19 ± 2 ) pmol/L, and ( 543 ± 39 ) , ( 29 ± 9 ) , ( 56 ± 20 ) ( ×10-12 , V/V) in the atmosphere, respectively.

Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Seawater and Atmosphere / 分析化学

Volatile sulfur compounds ( VSCs) in the marine environment has significant implications for global climate change. In the present study, a gas chromatographic analytical method was set up to determine the concentrations of VSCs in seawater and atmosphere, and the optimized experimental conditions were established. For the analysis of VSCs in atmosphere, multistage traps and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ) were used, with the precisions of 7. 7% -15. 1% and the detection limits of 0. 23-4. 7 ng. Moreover, for the analyses of VSCs in seawater, pre-concentration and gas chromatography coupled with flame photometric detector ( GC-FPD) were utilized, with the precisions of 3. 5%-5. 3% and the detection limits of 2. 5-3. 5 ng. This method was applied to analyze the VSCs in Qingdao coastal seawater and atmosphere, and the average concentrations of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide in the seawater were (268 ± 58 ) , ( 1264 ± 278 ) , ( 19 ± 2 ) pmol/L, and ( 543 ± 39 ) , ( 29 ± 9 ) , ( 56 ± 20 ) ( ×10-12 , V/V) in the atmosphere, respectively.