Factores asociados con la presencia de endoparásitos y ectoparásitos en perros domiciliados de la zona metropolitana de Toluca, México / Factors associated with endoparasites and ectoparasites in domiciled dogs in the metropolitan area of Toluca, México

Resumen | Introducción. Los endoparásitos y ectoparásitos en perros son de distribución mundial. La estrecha relación entre los perros y el hombre implica un riesgo de transmisión de parasitosis zoonóticas, por lo cual es necesario conocer las especies que parasitan a los perros de esta zona y determinar los factores asociados. Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia de endoparásitos y ectoparásitos, identificarlos en perros domiciliados de la zona metropolitana de Toluca, México, y determinar la prevalencia de Dipyilidium caninum en pulgas del género Ctenocephalides spp. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras de 402 perros que fueron llevados a consulta en cuatro hospitales de referencia de Toluca. En el diagnóstico de endoparásitos, se utilizaron las técnicas coproparasitoscópicas de frotis directo, flotación y sedimentación; además, se recolectaron ectoparásitos para su identificación taxonómica. Por último, la detección de D. caninum en pulgas se hizo mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Resultados. El 37,2 % de los perros resultó positivo para endoparásitos. Los géneros o especies identificados fueron Toxocara spp., Giardia spp., Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora spp., D. caninum, Taenia spp. y Trichuris vulpis. Se determinó una prevalencia de ectoparásitos de 13,13 %. Se identificaron pulgas de las especies Ctenocephalides felis y C. canis, en tanto que solo un animal presentó parasitosis por Rhipicephalus sanguineus y otro por Trichodectes canis. La prevalencia de D. caninum en pulgas fue del 9,5 %. Conclusión. La prevalencia de endoparásitos fue de 37,2 % y, la de ectoparásitos, de 13,1 %. Por primera vez en México se hizo un análisis de endoparásitos y ectoparásitos en una misma población de perros, así como el diagnóstico molecular de D. caninum.

Abstract | Introduction: Endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs are of global distribution. The close relationship between dogs and man implies a risk for the transmission of zoonotic parasites. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the parasites hosted by dogs in specific areas and the factors associated with their presence. Objectives: To identify and to estimate the prevalence of endoparasites and ectoparasites in domiciled dogs in the Metropolitan area of Toluca, México, and the prevalence of D. caninum in fleas of the genus Ctenocephalides spp. Materials and methods: We collected samples from 402 domiciled dogs in four reference hospitals in the area in Toluca. We diagnosed endoparasites using direct smear, flotation, and sedimentation techniques and we performed the taxonomic identification of ectoparasites. Finally, the molecular diagnosis of D. caninum in fleas was made using the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). Results: A total of 37.2% of dogs were positive for endoparasites; the genera or species identified were Toxocara spp., Giardia spp., Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora spp., D. caninum, Taenia spp., and Trichuris vulpis; the prevalence of ectoparasites was 13.13%. We identified fleas of the species Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides canis; only one animal was parasitized with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and another one with Trichodectes canis; the prevalence of D. caninum in fleas was 9.5%. Conclusion: The prevalence of endoparasites was 37.2% while that of ectoparasites was 13.1%; this is the first analysis of endoparasites and ectoparasites conducted in the same population of dogs in México together with the molecular diagnosis of D. caninum in fleas.

Prurito anal en niños cubanos con dipylidiosis

Introducción: La dipylidiosis es una zoonosis parasitaria producida por Dipylidium caninum. La infección es más frecuente en niños que en adultos debido al estrecho contacto de los primeros con mascotas (perros y gatos). La dipylidiosis es una enfermedad benigna y autolimitada, generalmente cursa de manera asintomática, aunque en ocasiones pueden aparecer algunos síntomas. Objetivo: Exponer el caso de niños cubanos con prurito anal, forma clínica poco frecuente de presentación de la dipylidiosis. Presentación de casos: Se trata de cuatro niños de La Habana, Cuba, atendidos en la atención primaria y secundaria de salud por presentar prurito anal, acompañado de la expulsión de elementos blanquecinos móviles en las deposiciones. Se les realizó estudios de las heces y técnica de Graham, con resultados negativos. La falta de diagnóstico etiológico de una posible parasitosis, propició la remisión de los casos al Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Parasitología del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kouri" donde se interrogó a las madres y se indicaron exámenes de las heces, que identificaron D. caninum. Conclusión: Ante niños con prurito anal, forma clínica de presentación poco frecuente de la dipylidiosis, es necesario hacer el diagnóstico diferencial de esta taeniosis zoonótica y solicitar el diagnóstico parasitológico para confirmar la parasitosis. Los resultados negativos obtenidos en la atención primaria y secundaria de salud, hacen sospechar el desconocimiento del diagnóstico de esta zoonosis parasitaria en la red nacional de salud, que, además, produjo demora de dicho diagnóstico y su confirmación en el nivel terciario de salud.

Introduction: Dipylidiasis is a parasitic zoonosis produced by Dipylidium caninum. The infection is more frequent in children than in adults due to the close contact of children with pets (dogs and cats). Dipylidiasis is a benign and self-limiting disease, usually occurs asymptomatically, although sometimes some symptoms may appear. Objective: Present the case of Cuban children with anal pruritus, a rare clinical form of presentation for dipylidiasis. Presentation of cases: Four children from Havana, Cuba, treated in primary and secondary health care services after presenting anal pruritus, accompanied by the withdraw of mobile whitish elements in the stools. Stool studies and Graham's technique were performed, with negative results. The lack of etiological diagnosis of a possible parasitosis, led to the referral of the cases to the National Reference Laboratory of Parasitology of "Pedro Kouri" Institute of Tropical Medicine where the mothers were questioned and stool tests were indicated, which identified D. caninum. Conclusion: In children with anal pruritus, a rare clinical form of presentation of dipylidiasis, it is necessary to make the differential diagnosis of this zoonotic taeniosis and request the parasitological diagnosis to confirm this parasitosis. The negative results obtained in primary and secondary health care services make suspect the ignorance of the diagnosis of this zoonotic taeniosis in the national health network, which, in addition, produced delay in the diagnosis and its confirmation at the tertiary level of health.

Dipylidiasis in children, a generally misdiagnosed cestodiasis. First case reported in Venezuela / Dipylidiasis en niños, una cestodiasis generalmente mal diagnosticada. Primer caso reportado en Venezuela

The first case report of human dipylidiasis in Venezuela is presented, including the diagnosis and treatment of a two-year-old child's infection. The diagnosis was parasitologically confirmed, the child was treated with praziquantel and the animal reservoir and its fleas were identified

Se presenta el primer caso de dipylidiasis humana en Venezuela, incluyendo el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la infección de un niño de dos años. El diagnóstico fue confirmado parasitológicamente, se trató al niño con praziquantel y fueron identificados el reservorio animal y sus pulgas

A Human Case of Zoonotic Dog Tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum (Eucestoda: Dilepidiidae), in China

We described a human case of zoonotic dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum (Eucestoda: Dilepidiidae), rarely occurring in China. The mother of a 17 month-old boy noted the appearance of small white and active worms over a month period in her son’s feces, but the boy was asymptomatic except mild diarrhea. We observed 3 tapeworm proglottids resembling cucumber seeds in his stool sample. Microscopically, each proglottid had 2 genital pores, 1 on each lateral edge, and numerous egg capsules in the uterus. The patient was successfully treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel. Adult worms were recovered in the diarrheic stool after praziquantel treatment and purgation. His family had household pet dogs for several years, and he might have acquired the infection by ingestion of infected fleas of his pet dogs. A history of dog or cat pets and flea bites may be important clues to diagnosis of D. caninum infection. The infected pets should also be treated.

Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant:one case report / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

This paper reports the diagnosis and therapy of one case of Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant.

Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant：a rare case report and literature review

Dipylidiasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Dipilydium caninum, a common intestinal tapeworm of dogs and cats. Humans may be accidental hosts when the cysticercoid larva is ingested, mainly infants and young children due to their playing habits and their proximity with dogs and cats. It is considered a rare infection in the world. In the past 20 years only 16 cases have been reported in Europe, China, Japan, India, Sudan, Latin America and the United States. We describe a case of dipylidiasis observed in a 9-month-old girl who likely acquired the infection through games with her pet dog. In a stool sample, we observed 6 proglottids of tapeworm. Each proglottid segment was about 8-9 mm long and 2-3 mm thick. A wet mount revealed proglottids with two genital pores, one on each side, and eggs were clustered in packets containing 8-12 and surrounded by a thin membrane. The patient was successfully treated with a single dose of praziquantel. The pet dog was seen by the veterinary and also showed parasitism by Dipylidium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only human case reported in Spain according to the literature reviewed.

Dipylidium caninum infection in a child: A rare case report.

Dipylidiasis is a zoonotic parasitic infestation caused by the dog tapeworm Dipylidium caninum. Human dipylidiasis has been rarely reported in English literature. Young children are mostly at risk of acquiring the infection due to their close association with dogs and cats. We report a rare case of Dipylidium caninum infection in a 4 year old male child. The diagnosis was based on microscopic examination of stool. Confirmation of the proglottid segments was done by histopathological examination. To the best of our knowledge this is the first human case of Dipylidium caninum reported from this part of the country.

Parasitismo intestinal por Dipylidium caninum / Intestinal parasitism with Dipylidium caninum

Se reporta un caso de teniosis accidental en una paciente de 15 años de edad que acude a consulta por dolor abdominal, flatulencia y diarreas ocasionales, que además refiere estar expulsando con las heces "unos fragmentos blancos similares a semillas de pepino". Como dato epidemiológico de interés informa tener perros. El examen de heces fecales confirma el diagnóstico de Dipyllidium caninum. Esta zoonosis, aunque poco frecuente en Cuba, fue notificada por primera vez en 1937. La frecuencia de animales domésticos como mascotas en los hogares, hacen necesario tener en cuenta el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta parasitosis intestinal

A case of accidental taeniasis is reported in a 15-year old female patient presenting with abdominal pain, flatulence and occasional diarrhea, who states that she has been passing "white fragments similar to cucumber seeds" with her faeces. As epidemiological data of interest, she reports to have dogs at home. The stool test confirms the diagnosis of Dipylidium caninum. This zoonosis is not common in Cuba. It was first reported in 1937. As the habit of keeping household pets extends, it becomes necessary to take account of the diagnosis and treatment of this intestinal parasitosis.

Activity of nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus on Dipylidium caninum egg capsules

Nematophagous fungi are potential agents to be employed for biological control of helminthes. The ovicidal activity of the nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolates VC1 and VC4) and Paecilomyces lilacinus on egg capsules of Dipylidium caninum, a cestoda parasite of dogs, cats and men, was evaluated on Petri dishes cultures. One thousand of D. caninum egg capsules were placed onto Petri dishes containing 2% water-agar medium and grown fungal isolates, and also onto dishes without fungi, as control. The ovicidal activity of these fungi was evaluated after 5, 10 and 15 days. After the beginning of the interaction and at the end of the experiment, fungi P. chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus demonstrated ovicidal activity (p<0.05) when compared to the control. Pochonia. chlamydosporia showed ovicidal activity of 49.0% (isolate VC1) and 41.9% (isolate VC4), while ovicidal activity of Paecilomyces lilacinus was 42.7% after fifteen days of interaction. The fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus showed ovicidal activity on Dipylidium caninum egg capsules, thus it could be used as potential biological controllers of this cestoda.

Infección por Dipylidium caninum en un preescolar: presentación del caso y revisión de la literatura / Dipylidium caninum infection in a 2 year old infant: case report and literature review

Dipylidiasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by the dog tapeworm Dipylidium caninum; it affects both feline and canine species and accidentally, humans. In Chile, as well as in other countries, it is an uncommon infection. A case of a 2 year old child from Casablanca, (a city located in the Valparaíso Región), with an infection by D. caninum, is presented. Clinical manifestations are reviewed, as well as epidemiology in domestic and wild animáis, cases among the published national literature and its treatment and prevention strategies.

La dipilidiasis es una zoonosis parasitaria provocada por Dipylidium caninum, teniasis que afecta a cánidos, félidos y, en forma accidental, al hombre. En Chile, al igual que en otros países, es una infección poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de un preescolar con una infección por D. caninum, residente en la comuna de Casablanca, Región de Valparaíso. Se revisan las manifestaciones producidas por este agente, la epidemiología en animales domésticos y salvajes, los casos publicados en la literatura nacional, así como su tratamiento y las medidas de prevención.