Aquecimento do diretor de psicodrama para o trabalho com grandes grupos / The psychodrama director's warm-up in preparation for sessions with large groups / Preparación del director de psicodrama para el trabajo con grandes grupos

Este artigo discute a importância do aquecimento do diretor de Psicodrama para o trabalho com grandes grupos e analisa a utilização de um plano de direção como instrumento facilitador desse processo, a partir do relato de uma experiência. Considerando aspectos da teoria e da prática psicodramáticas, conclui-se que o aquecimento do diretor pode facilitar o desenvolvimento de um trabalho organizado, estético, espontâneo-criativo.

This article discusses the importance of the Psychodrama directors' warm-up in order to work with large groups and analyses the use of a direction plan as a facilitating instrument of this process, based on the narrative of an experience. As a conclusion, considering the aspects of psychodrama theory and practice, director's warm-up may facilitate the development of a organised, aesthetic and spontaneous-creative work.

Este artículo discute la importancia de la preparación del director de Psicodrama para el trabajo con grandes grupos y analiza la utilización de un plan de dirección como instrumento facilitador de ese proceso, a partir del relato de una experiencia. Considerando los aspectos de la teoría y de la práctica psicodramáticas, se concluye que la preparación del director puede facilitar el desarrollo de un trabajo organizado, estético, espontáneo-creativo.

Relación entre gestión del director y satisfacción del usuario externo en centros de salud de un distrito del Ecuador / Relationship between director management and the external user satisfaction in health centers in a district of Ecuador

La gestión sanitaria, su competencia y conducción directiva, se ha ejercitado con protagonismo médico. Cambios en su enfoque evolucionaron a centrar las acciones en el usuario externo al logro de su satisfacción. Estudios independientes de gestión y satisfacción visualizaron diferentes efectos de resultados ante organizaciones, gestores y usuarios. Es relevante priorizar nodos críticos entre sus dimensiones para elaborar proyectos de mejora continua. Objetivo. Establecer la relación entre la gestión del director y la satisfacción del usuario externo. Diseño. Estudio transversal, de correlación. Lugar. Distrito 17D09 del Ecuador. Participantes. Nueve directores de centros de salud y 652 usuarios externos. Intervención. Muestreo aleatorio simple, juicio de expertos, formularios válidos: SERVQUAL modificado de satisfacción y EVAL O1-MRL de gestión, consentimiento informado, análisis en sistemas SPSS V20, Excel. Principal medida de resultado. Índice de gestión del director. Resultados. La gestión del director fue 56% de nivel regular y 44% satisfactoria. La insatisfacción del usuario externo fue 89% de nivel moderada y 11% leve. La mala calidad de atención institucional fue 100%. El nivel de correlación dimensional fue variado entre gestión e insatisfacción tipo: negativa débil (-0,28 y -016); positiva débil (0,31) y negativa fuerte (-0,52 y -070). Conclusiones. Existió correlación directa significativa entre una gestión inadecuada y la insatisfacción del usuario.

Introduction: Health management, competence and policy conduction, has exercised with medical prominence. The change in approach evolved to focus their actions on the external user to achieve their satisfaction. Independent studies on management and satisfaction visualized different effects of organizations, managers and users results. It is relevant to prioritize critical nodes between its dimensions in order to develop projects of continuous improvement. Objective: To establish the relationship between the director management and the external user satisfaction. Design: Cross-sectional, correlation study. Setting: District 17D09, Ecuador. Participants: Nine directors of health centers and 652 external users. Interventions: Simple random sampling, expert judgment, validated forms: satisfaction modified SERVQUAL, and management EVAL O1-MRL, informed consent, SPSS V20 analysis, Excel software. Main outcome measure: Director´s Management Index. Results: Director's management was of regular level in 56% and satisfactory in 44%. External user dissatisfaction was moderate in 89% and mild in 11%. The institutional care was of poor quality in 100%. The level of dimensional correlation was varied between management and dissatisfaction: weak negative (-0.28and -016), weak positive (0.31) and strong negative (-0.52 and -070). Conclusions: There was a direct and significant correlation between poor management and patient dissatisfaction.

Cognition on healthcare-associated infection management among 173 hospital directors in Shaanxi Province / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the cognition about healthcare-associated infection(HAI) management among directors in secondary and above hospitals in Shaanxi Province.Methods Questionnaire survey was adopted to investigate hospital directors who participated in The third session of Shaanxi Provincial HAI management training course for hospital directors.Results A total of 181 questionnaires were distributed, 173 (95.58％) were qualified.74.57％ of surveyed hospitals were secondary hospitals, 61.85％ were comprehensive hospitals, 67.05％ of respondents received HAI training in recent 3 years, 81.50％ and 55.49％ of hospital directors thought the main factors influencing the HAI management were health care workers'' awareness on HAI and leaders'' attention respectively.58.96％, 60.12％, and 46.82％ of hospital directors thought the director of HAI management department should have intermediate and above professional title, bachelor degree or above education, and preventive medicine professional requirements respectively.The awareness rate of HAI management-related knowledge was 86.71％, difference in awareness rate of HAI management-related knowledge among respondents of different job, gender, and HAI training in recent 3 years were all significantly different(all P<0.05).Conclusion Hospital directors'' cognition on HAI management affect the development of HAI work, strengthen the training on HAI knowledge among administrators can improve hospital administrators'' awareness on HAI prevention and control.

Discussions on management of director 's target responsibility system of scientific research institutions, taking China academy of Chinese medical sciences as an example / 国际中医中药杂志

Based on the analysis of the management of Director 's target responsibility system in China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences these years, the methods and experience were introduced in this paper. How to further improve the management was also discussed, providing a certain reference for the target responsibility system management of scientific research institutes.

Design experiments in the teaching of higher vocational microbiology test / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objectve To study director-leading teaching method,raise the students' main body consciousness and innovation spirit and improve the teaching effect of microbiology test.Method 158 students majored in laboratory medicine of Grade 2013 were divided in two groups.80 from class 1 were in test group,and the rest from class 2 were served as control group.The clinical microbiological specimens were collected and identified;the experimental class was designed with the experimental teaching mode,while the control group used the traditional experimental teaching mode.Through the experimental evaluation and questionnaire survey,the difference between new teaching model and the traditional teaching mode were evaluated.SPSS 21.0 software was used in the collected data for processing.Result The theoretical results of the experimental class were (88.65 ± 7.64) and the practical skills were (89.72 ± 7.69) and the control group were (79.88 ± 10.64) and (80.55 ± 9.06).The scores of the experimental class were significantly higher than those of the control class,and there and statistically significant difference between the scores of two classes.T values were 6.851 and 5.938 and P values were 0.000 and 0.000 respectively.Survey results show that:90％ of the students agree with the new teaching methods.Conclusion The teaching result of the new teaching mode is superior to the traditional teaching mode.

Grupo autodirigido: uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento do papel de diretor e ego-auxiliar / The Self-directed Group: a strategy for developing the roles of director and auxiliary ego / Grupo Autodirigido: una estrategia para el desarrollo del rol de director y ego auxiliar

Este artigo apresenta uma experiência de grupo autodirigido visando ao desenvolvimento do papel de diretor e ego-auxiliar em Psicodrama, em um curso de formação de Pós-Graduação lato sensu. A formação das duplas de direção deu-se por livre escolha, de acordo com seus interesses, suas afinidades, com base em suas áreas de atuação profissional. As direções foram tematizadas atendendo às demandas profissionais das duplas, ou segundo as necessidades do grupo. Os resultados evidenciaram ganhos significativos no desenvolvimento do papel de diretor e ego-auxiliar dos alunos em processo formativo na área de Psicodrama.

This article presents the experience of a self-directed group aiming to develop the roles of director and auxiliary ego in Psychodrama, as applied in a post-graduate training programme. Pairs of directors were formed through free choice, according to their interests, affinities, and areas of professional practice. The action was focused around themes, in response to the professional needs of the pairs or in accordance with the needs of the group. The results showed significant gains in the development of the director and auxiliary ego roles for Psychodrama trainees.

Este artigo presenta una experiencia de grupo autodirigido que tiene como meta el desarrollo del rol de director y de ego auxiliar en Psicodrama, en un curso de formación de Posgrado sin título. Las parejas de dirección se formaron por libre elección, de acuerdo a sus interés, sus afinidades y a partir de sus áreas de actuación profesional. Las direcciones se tematizaron para satisfacer las demandas profesionales de las parejas, o según las necesidades del grupo. Los resultados mostraron avances significativos en el desarrollo del rol de director y ego auxiliar de los estudiantes en proceso de formación en el campo del Psicodrama.

Practice and thinking for developing professional directors of public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

The paper described the professional approach of Shanghai Hospital Development Center(SHDC)in developing a professional team of public hospital directors by such means as operation and management-autonomy,fixed tenures system,performance appraisal,part-time job control and income distribution. Recommendations raised include an organic unity of management functions of investors and power of management of the directors to motivate them in their management;building a comprehensive investor management system and strict cadre management mechanism to enhance supervision of the directors.

Psicodrama com crianças: das intervenções clínicas às psicossociais / Psychodrama with children: from clinical to psycho-social interventions / Psicodrama con niños: de las intervenciones clínicas hacia las psicosociales

O texto apresenta intervenções clínicas e socioeducacionais com crianças, a partir dos trabalhos de psicoterapia individual, grupal e de trabalhos institucionais. Conceitua e mostra como a Realidade Suplementar pode ser de grande valia no trabalho familiar com crianças pequenas, ao permitir a ressignificação das relações em status nascendi e a diminuição do sintoma. Pontua a importância da subjetividade do diretor no manejo de um grupo psicoterápico. Mostra intervenções socioeducacionais na Casa do Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC) que visam ir aonde a demanda se encontra, atualizando um movimento instituinte. Por fim, pontua as especificidades das intervenções no trabalho com crianças nos focos psicoterápico e socioeducacional e sinaliza a importância da formação de psicodramatistas que trabalham com crianças.

This text presents clinical and psychosocial interventions with children, based on individual and group psychotherapy, as well as organizational practices. We describe how Surplus Reality can be of great value when working with young children and their families, enabling to bring new meanings to relationships in their status nascendi and to reduce symptoms. We emphasize the importance of the director's subjectivity when conducting a psychotherapy group. We describe the socio-educational interventions that were used at the Support House for Children and Adolescents with Cancer (GRAACC), which aim to go where the demand is, bringing a fresh approach to the work of institutions. Finally, we discuss the specificities of working with children psychotherapeutically and socio-educationally and the importance of training for psychodramatists working with children.

El texto presenta las intervenciones clínicas y socioeducativas con niños, partiendo de los trabajos de psicoterapia individual, grupal e institucionales. Dessarrolla el concepto y muestra cómo la Realidad Suplementar puede ser de gran valor para el trabajo familiar con niños pequenos, permitiendo así, el replanteamiento de las relaciones en status nascendi y la disminución del síntoma. Señala la importancia de la subjetividad del director en la condución de un grupo psicoterapéutico. Muestra intervenciones socioeducativas en la Casa de Atención a Niños y Adolescentes con Cáncer (GRAACC) destinada a caminar en la dirección de la demanda, actualizando un movimiento instituyente. Por fin, señala las especificidadesde de las intervenciones en el trabajo con los niños en los enfoques psicoterapéutico y socioeducativo y enfatiza la importancia de la formación de psicodramatistas que trabajan con niños.

Residency training: training program renewal and evaluation of training

Residency training is the most important postgraduate medical training of which the purpose is to cultivate a good qualified specialist. The requisite for good qualification is dependent on the need of the nation and the residency training program can be varied from country to country. To make good qualified specialists, not only the establishment of a good training program but also the appropriate evaluation of training facilities and supports of hospitals and the level of achievement of individual trainee is the key element. For the good training and the appropriate evaluation, the role of program director cannot be overemphasized. The system for the program director must be introduced together with training program renewal. Within a couple of years, the Korean Association of Medical Science and 26 Korean Associations of specialties will reform residency training program and establish evaluation tools to train a good qualified specialist.

Insight on professional hospital directors / 中华医院管理杂志

In view of the mistaken concepts and setbacks found in professionalization of hospital directors,the author rejected the absolute professionalization of hospital directors disregard of the social background and different development stages.He recommended a diversified concept to achieve complimentary advantages of expert-based hospital management and professional hospital administrators.Furthermore,such education systems as MBA and MPA should be developed and improved for the purpose of elevating the capacity and management ability of hospital administrators step by step.

O mal-estar docente em gestores escolares / The malaise in teaching school director / El malestar docente endirectores de enseñanza escolar

Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar e analisar o impacto de eventos estressores em gestores escolares associados ao mal-estar docente. Participaram 29 gestoras, na função de diretoras ou vice-diretoras de rede municipal, do interior do Estado de São Paulo, com respostas ao Inventário IMPIL (Evaluación Psicológica Del Estrés por Inestabilidad Laboral). Os resultados indicam a presença de estressores em todas as áreas avaliadas, em índices diferenciados. Os estressores de maior pontuação foram Preocupações com a saúde, Moléstias emocionais e Preocupações econômicas. O grau de mal-estar tende a aumentar com a idade, porém está presente desde o ingresso na função. As atribuições extensas da gestão indicam a ocorrência em graus diferenciados de impactos entre os grupos, demonstrando que a subjetividade deve ser considerada para a proposição de melhorias das condições e organização de trabalho. As transformações sociais aceleradas, as exigências das reformas educacionais e a falta de reconhecimento da profissão foram associadas ao mal-estar docente.

This research aimed to identify and analyze the impact of stressful events associated with the school administrators in teacher malaise. 29 managers participated in his capacity as directors or deputy directors of the municipal system, the interior of São Paulo, with responses to the Inventory IMPIL (Evaluación Psicológica Del Estrés por InestabilidadLaboral - FIGUEROA; SCHUFER, 2006). The results indicate the presence of stressors in all areas assessed at different rates. The highest ranking stressors were concerns with health, emotional Diseases and economic concerns. The degree of discomfort tends to increase with age, but since the entry into this function. The extensive powers of management, indicate the occurrence of different degrees of impact between the groups, demonstrating that subjectivity needs to be considered for proposing improvements in working conditions and health organizations. Social changes, the demands of educational reforms and lack of recognition of the profession were associated with teacher malaise.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar el impacto de eventos estresantes en los administradores de escuelas asociado al malestar docente. Participaron 29 administradoras en su calidad de directoras o subdirectoras de la red municipal del interior del Estado de São Paulo, con las respuestas a la IMPIL (Evaluación Psicológica Del Estrés por Inestabilidad Laboral - FIGUEROA; SCHUFER, 2006). Los resultados indican la presencia de factores estresantes en todas las áreas evaluadas en diferentes índices. Los mayores factores de estrés fueron las preocupaciones con la salud, enfermedades emocionales y las preocupaciones económicas. El grado de molestia tiende a aumentar con la edad, pero están presentes en esta función desde su iniciación. Los amplios poderes de gestión, indican la ocurrencia de diferentes grados de impacto entre los grupos, demostrando que la subjetividad debe ser considerada para las propuestas de mejoras de las condiciones de trabajo y organizaciones de salud. Las aceleradas transformaciones sociales, las exigencias de reformas educativas y la falta de reconocimiento de la profesión se asociaron al malestar docente.

Papel de Diretor de Sociodrama: competências e limitações / The role of the sociodrama director: potentials and limitations of the role

Neste trabalho buscou-se conceituar e caracterizar, teórica e vivencialmente, o papel de diretor de sociodrama, sua formação, suas competências e suas limitações. Ressaltou-se a importância: da ética no desempenho desse papel; da atitude de cuidador das relações entre humanos e dos fenômenos característicos de grupos sociais. A parte prática do trabalho, desenvolvida por meio do método sociodramático, ocorreu na Clínica Socializada da Associação Bahiana de Psicodrama e Psicoterapia de Grupo (Asbap), em Salvador (BA)...

Through reflection on theory and practice, this paper aims to conceptualize and explore the development, potentials and limitations of the role of the sociodrama director. The importance of the following aspects is emphasized: performing this role in an ethical manner; a caring attitude toward human relationships and toward the phenomena characteristic of social groups. Using the sociodramatic method, this work was carried out at the Social Clinic of the Psychodrama and Group Psychotherapy Association of Bahia (Asbap), in Salvador (BA)...

Aproximación al perfil de los directores de centros de salud de atención primaria en Chile / Description directors of health centers of primary care in Chile

Objetivo. Describir el perfil de los Directores de los Centros de Salud Rural, Centros de Salud Urbanos y Centros de Salud Familiar pertenecientes a la Atención Primaria de Salud en Chile. Metodología. Este es un estudio de tipo descriptivo, transversal, no experimental. La muestra es aleatoria, estratificada por región y se obtuvo desde un universo comprendido por 506 directores de CESFAM y CES de Chile. Los Datos se analizaron a través de medidas de frecuencia, tendencia central y asociación entre calidad laboral y post-formación a través de χ2 (p<0.05). Resultados . El promedio de edad de los directores a nivel nacional es de 45 años, siendo un 66,2 por ciento mujeres. Las profesiones con mayor frecuencia son: Medicina (21,2 por ciento), Enfermería (17,6 por ciento) y Obstetricia (16,2 por ciento); la mayoría se encuentra en su cargo como titular (76,6 por ciento). Sobre el tiempo de permanencia en el cargo, obtenemos una mediana de 29,5 meses y experiencia previa de 10 años; un 88,7 por ciento posee algún tipo de post-formación en gestión y/o salud pública. Conclusiones. En Chile contamos con directivos en los centros de salud primaria: consolidados, con experiencia previa y postformados lo cual constituye una masa técnica altamente positiva en este subsistema y un capital de importancia para los próximos desafíos sanitarios.

Objective: To describe the profile of Directors of the Rural Health Centers, Health Centers and Urban Family Health Centers belonging to Primary Health Care in Chile. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, non experimental study. The stratified, random sample was extracted from region, with a universe of 506 directors. The data was analyzed by measures of frequency, central tendency and association between job quality and post-training through χ2 (p <0.05).Results: The average age of directors nationwide is 45 years old, and the 66.2 percent are women. The most frequent professions are: Medicine (21.2 percent), nursing (17.6 percent) and obstetrics (16.2 percent), most are in their positions as titular directors (76.6 percent). About how long they’ve been in their position, we get a median of 29.5 months, and 10 years of previous experience, 88.7 percent have some type of post-training in management and /or public health. Conclusions: In Chile we have managers in Primary Health Centers consolidated with previous experience and post-trained, so we have a highly technical specialized mass in this subsystem and it’s also a great capital for the next health challenges of our country.

Efficacy and Necessity of the Certification Program for Emergency Medical System Directors on the Actual On-Line Medical Direction

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness and necessity of an emergency medical service director program for board certified emergency physicians. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of records of direct medical advice provided by board certified emergency physicians in the Busan area from April 1, 2011 to July 11, 2011 was conducted. The medical and legal validity of the medical direction was evaluated by two independent emergency physicians with experience and certification in the field of medical control. RESULTS: Fifteen emergency physicians provided direct medical control during the study period. Five of them were certified as an emergency medical service (EMS) director by the Korean council of EMS physicians (KCEMSP), and the other 10 were not. An analysis of 992 cases of direct medical direction was performed. No differences in the diagnostic appropriateness and medical validity of medical advice were observed between the two groups. A significant difference was observed in legal validity (p=0.048). However, in multivariate analysis, experience as a certified emergency physician was a significant factor determining legal validity (p=0.02), while certification by the KCEMSP was not significant. CONCLUSION: The current EMS director certification program did not have a significant influence on the appropriateness of direct medical direction. EMS director courses and emergency medicine residency programs are in need of improvement in the legal aspect of prehospital emergency service.

Public hospital governance under the director responsibility system / 中华医院管理杂志

This paper studied the present governance practice in public hospitals in Wenzhou,Zhejiang province. Points made in the paper cover the following: failure of the check-and-balance of the three powers due to defects of the existing governance mechanism of public hospitals, absolute power and limitation of the hospital director as well as the patriarchal tendency of the director responsibility system.The author also demonstrated the director responsibility system under the board of directors, holding that the reform of the public hospital governance is a process of ongoing improvements, for which the mechanism of effective incentives, supervision and competition mechanism plays a key role for efficient hospital operations.

The Role Adaptation Process of The Executive Director of Nursing Department

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the role adaptation process experienced by executive directors of nursing department of general hospitals. METHODS: Data were collected from 9 executive nursing directors though in-depth interviews about their experiences. The main question was "How do you describe your experience of the process of role adaptation as an executive nursing director?" Qualitative data from field and transcribed notes were analyzed using Strauss & Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The core category of experience of the process of role adaptation as an executive nursing director was identified as "entering the center with pushing and pulling". The participants used five interactional strategies; 'maintaining modest attitudes', 'inquiring about trends of popular feeling', 'making each person a faithful follower', 'collecting & displaying power', 'leading with initiative'. The consequences of role adaptation in executive nursing directors were 'coexisting with others', 'immersing in one's new role with dedication', and 'having capacity for high tolerance'. The types of role adaptations of executive directors in nursing department were friendly type, propulsive type, accommodating type. CONCLUSION: The results of this study produced useful information for executive nursing directors on designing a self-managerial program to enhance role adaptation based on interactional strategies.

The chaotic world of the nursing program director / El mundo caótico del director(a) de un programa de enfermería

Aim: The environment of the nursing program dean or director within a community college or state university can be politically, fiscally, and emotionally challenging. There are few studies that investigate that environment. The purpose of this study was to describe the major barriers and incentives facing these nursing deans or directors as they implemented their proposed interventions related to the Central Valley Nursing Diversity Project. Additionally, we sought to identify successful strategies used to keep the programs competitive for resources and status within their institutions and within their local communities. Methodology: The study is descriptive; the data collection method was structured interviews and data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings: Findings indicate that among the most difficult barriers faced by the directors and the faculty was the over subscribed status (more applicants than positions) of the programs. The deans or directors described three significant points that acted as barriers. These were 1) limited space in science laboratory pre-requisite courses, 2) limited classroom space in nursing courses, and 3) limited space in clinical (hospital) sites. The largest single external pressure reported was the reduction in funding and all deans or directors indicated they had difficulty hiring qualified or credentialed faculty. Conclusion: Colleges must manage more effectively student demand by modifying admissions criteria to be more selective and admit students with greater likelihood of graduating; encourage innovative partnerships between employers and schools of nursing; and increasing funding for nursing faculty salaries, classrooms, and laboratories.

Objetivo: El ambiente de un(a) decano(a) o director(a) o de un Programa de Enfermería en un colegio comunitario o una universidad estatal puede ser un reto político, físico y emocional. Hay pocos estudios que investiguen ese ambiente. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las principales barreras e incentivos que enfrentan las(os) decanas(os) o directoras(es) al implementar las intervenciones del Proyecto de Diversidad en Enfermería en el Valle Central. Adicionalmente, se identificaron estrategias exitosas para mantener competitivos a los programas en cuanto a recursos y estatus en las comunidades locales. Metodología: El estudio es descriptivo; la información se recolectó mediante entrevistas estructuradas y fue analizada mediante análisis de contenido. Hallazgos: La barrera más difícil fue la demanda exagerada de los programas. Las(os) decanas(os) o directoras(es) describieron tres barreras significativas: 1) espacio limitado en laboratorios de ciencias para los cursos pre-requisito, 2) espacio limitado en los salones de clase para los cursos de enfermería, 3) espacio limitado en los sitios de práctica clínica. La principal presión externa fue la reducción de financiación, lo que produce dificultades para conseguir docentes calificados. Conclusión: Las instituciones deben manejar más efectivamente la demanda estudiantil, modificar los criterios de admisión para hacerlos más selectivos y admitir estudiantes con mayor posibilidad de graduarse; promover alianzas innovadoras entre empleadores y escuelas de enfermería e incrementar la financiación para salarios de docentes, aulas de clase y laboratorios.

Ward-round by Hospital Director,an Important Measure to Control Nosocomial Infection / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To explore the ward-round by hospital director to control nosocomial infection.METHODS To investigate prevalence rate of the nosocomial infection the day before the ward-round by hospital director.At the ward-round day to check the situation of disinfection,isolation,monitoring and control of the nosocomial infection,the hands-washing of the medical workers and the medical waste management.RESULTS To intensity the management of nosocomial infection of the clinical departments,to intensify the ideas of the prevention and control of the nosocomial infection among the medical workers,and to raise their compliance,in order to effectively control the nosocomial infection.CONCLUSIONS Strict and all-round management especially in participation of hospital director is the important measures to control the nosocomial infection.

Desirable Educational Environment for the Better Clinical Clerkship / 医学教育

In order to implement, or enhance the quality of clinical clerkship, it is necessary to develop good educational environment which will be appropriate to allow medical students participate in medical team services. Important things to be considered will be, (1) Systematic management of the individual department's program by the faculty of medicine, (2) Developing educational competency within the medical care team function, and (3) Nurturing students' awareness forself-diected learning and cooperative team work, and teaching- and medical staffs' awareness of their educational responsibilities. In this paper, to develop better educational environment for clinical clerkship, we propose a desirable situation of the educational organization, dividedly describing on the roles of dean, faculties, board of education, department of medical education, clerkship director, teaching physicians, residents and medical students.

On the making of excellent mutilmedia courseware by Director / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Excellent mutilmedia courseware is the base to ensure teaching effect. Making excellent mutilmedia courseware by Director can make mutilmedia courseware more beautiful and have much more interaction and expressive force.