RESUMO
Patient mortality after kidney transplantation continues to be a major clinical challenge, with approximately 1 in 5 recipients dying within 10 years of engraftment. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death after the 1-year posttransplant and it has been estimated that the risk of cardiovascular events is 50-fold higher than in the general population. Because of this, post transplant outcomes are substantially influenced by cardiovascular disease. The presence of both traditional and non-traditional risk factors contributes to this overwhelming burden of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
RESUMO
ResumoO envelhecimento populacional, juntamente com a crescente incidência de doenças crônicas, tem contribuído para o aumento mundial da prevalência da doença renal crônica (DRC). O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão integrativa sobre os tratamentos propostos para idosos portadores de DRC na fase não dialítica. Foi efetuada uma busca na literatura, considerando-se o período entre janeiro de 2002 e maio de 2013, nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e Science Direct, a partir das palavras-chave: chronic kidney disease, treatment e elderly. Foram incluídos os artigos livremente disponíveis e completos. Inicialmente, foram identificados 215 artigos. Após a etapa de elegibilidade, 13 artigos foram incluídos nessa revisão integrativa. As intervenções terapêuticas recomendadas para a gestão da DRC incluem o controle de hipertensão arterial, diabetes e dislipidemia, alterações alimentares, redução de peso e abstinência do fumo. Em relação ao tratamento, para muitos idosos com DRC, uma abordagem individualizada centrada no paciente pode ter mais a oferecer do que a abordagem tradicional orientada na doença. Quanto ao encaminhamento precoce ao nefrologista, esse parece ser um procedimento que apresenta benefícios na gestão da doença renal. Embora haja um esforço aparente dos pesquisadores em instituir abordagens terapêuticas mais adequadas, ainda são escassas as evidências de intervenções que melhorem a sobrevida de pacientes idosos com DRC. Contudo, algumas intervenções evitam agudizações e retardam a evolução da DRC. Nesse sentido, há necessidade da realização de estudos randomizados controlados de longo prazo incluindo indivíduos idosos com DRC, a fim de se conhecer procedimentos terapêuticos mais eficazes para o controle dessa doença.
AbstractPopulation aging, along with the increasing incidence of chronic diseases, has contributed to a global rise in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to perform an integrative review of proposed treatments for elderly patients with non-dialysis phase CKD. A literature search was performed of studies written from January 2002 to May 2013, registered on the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and Science Direct electronic databases, using the keywords: chronic kidney disease, treatment and elderly. Complete, freely available articles were included. Initially, 215 items were identified. After the eligibility phase, 13 articles were included in this integrative review. The therapeutic interventions recommended for the management of CKD include the control of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, changes to diet, weight reduction and abstinence from smoking. In terms of treatment, for many older people with CKD, an individualized patient-centered approach may be more effective than the traditional disease-oriented strategy. Referral to a nephrologist appears to be a beneficial procedure for the management of renal disease. While there was an apparent effort by researchers to institute more effective therapeutic approaches, there was little evidence of interventions that might improve survival rates of elderly patients with CKD. However, some interventions prevent exacerbation of the disease, and delay the progression of CKD. There is therefore a need to conduct long-term randomized controlled trials of elderly patients with CKD in order to identify the most effective therapeutic procedures for the control of this disease.