Síndrome de la boca ardiente: revisión de la literatura / Burning mouth syndrome: literature review

Resumen El síndrome de la boca ardiente (SBA) es una condición de dolor crónico en la cavidad oral, que se presenta mayoritariamente en mujeres de edad media. Diversas causas locales y sistémicas pueden producirlo en forma secundaria, o bien, puede representar un cuadro primario, sin etiología específica identificable. Su etiopatogenia y evolución clínica es poco comprendida. Las opciones terapéuticas son variadas y en general es necesario un tratamiento multidisciplinario. A continuación, se presenta una revisión de la literatura respecto a esta patología para difusión en nuestro medio.

Abstract Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition of the oral cavity, which occurs more frequently in middle-aged women. It can be secondary to different local and systemic causes, or represent a primary condition, with no specific identifiable etiology. Its etiopathogenesis and clinical evolution are poorly understood. Therapeutic options are multiple and a multidisciplinary treatment is necessary. We present a review of the literature regarding BMS, to provide information relevant to our area of expertise.

Relationship between peri-incisional dysesthesia and the vertical and oblique incisions on the hamstrings harvest in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / Relação da disestesia peri-incisional com os acessos vertical e oblíquo na retirada dos tendões flexores na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of peri-incisional dysesthesia according to the skin incision technique for hamstring tendon graft harvest in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with ACL rupture were separated in two groups: group 1, with 19 patients submitted to the oblique skin incision to access the hamstrings and group 2-14 patients operated by vertical skin incision technique. The selected patients were assessed after surgery. Demographic data and prevalence of dysesthesia was measured by digital pressure around the skin incision and classified according to the Highet scale. RESULTS: The total rate of dysesthesia was 42% (14 patients). Five patients (26%) on the oblique incision group reported dysesthesia symptoms. On the group submitted to the vertical incision technique, the involvement was 64% (nine patients). On the 33 knees evaluated, the superior lateral area was the most affected skin region, while the superior medial and inferior medial regions were affected in only one patient (7.1%). No statistical differences between both groups were observed regarding patients' weight, age, and height¸ as well as skin incision length. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using the oblique access technique had five times lower incidence of peri-incisional dysesthesia when compared with those in whom the vertical access technique was used.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Comparar a incidência de disestesia peri-incisional de acordo com o tipo de incisão para retirada de enxerto flexor na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho. MÉTODOS: Foram divididos em dois grupos 33 pacientes: Grupo 1, composto por 19 pacientes operados pela técnica com incisão oblíqua para o acesso aos flexores, e Grupo 2, composto por 14 pacientes operados pela técnica com incisão vertical. Os pacientes selecionados foram examinados no pós-operatório. Dados demográficos e a prevalência da disestesia foram avaliados por meio de digitopressão em torno da região incisada e a prevalência foi classificada de acordo com a escala de Highet. RESULTADOS: A taxa total de disestesia foi de 42% (14 pacientes). Cinco pacientes (26%) do grupo da incisão oblíqua apresentaram sintomas de disestesia. No grupo submetido à técnica com incisão vertical, o acometimento foi de 64% (nove pacientes). Nos 33 joelhos avaliados, a região superior-lateral foi a área mais acometida, enquanto as regiões superior-medial e inferior-medial foram afetadas em apenas um paciente (7,1%). Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os dois grupos em relação ao peso, à idade e à altura dos pacientes, bem como o tamanho da incisão. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho com a técnica com acesso oblíquo apresentaram incidência de disestesia peri-incisional cinco vezes menor em relação àqueles que foram submetidos à técnica com acesso vertical.

La medicalización de los problemas sociales / Medicalization of social problems

El presente artículo analiza el tema de la medicalización de los problemas sociales como una extensión indebida del modelo médico. Esta medicalización tiene una triple consecuencia negativa que se caracteriza como: némesis metodológica, némesis clínica y némesis social. Se aportan ejemplos de la literatura médica contemporánea y se profundiza particularmente en la medicalización de la violencia social y en el abuso ideológico de la ciencia que esta demuestra tanto en el pasado como, lamentablemente, también en la actualidad.

The present article analyzed the topic of medicalization of social problems as an inappropriate extension of the medical model that brings about three negative consequences: methodological nemesis, clinical nemesis and social nemesis. Several examples were drawn from the current medical literature, with a special emphasis on the medicalization of social violence and the ideological misuse of science in the past and, unfortunately, at present.

Vulvodinia: un diagnóstico olvidado frente al dolor vulvar / Vulvodynia: unknown etiology of vulvar pain

La vulvodinia es una patología compleja y de difícil tratamiento. Se define como un dolor crónico de la vulva, que puede ser generalizado o localizado. La primera vez que se escribe sobre esta fue en 1889, por Skene. Sin embargo, es sólo hasta 1976, que los miembros de la International Society for Study of Vulvovaginal Diseases, reconocieron el dolor vulvar como una entidad patológica. Se estima una prevalencia de un 15 por ciento, con unas 14 millones de mujeres que lo padecen en EEUU. Generalmente consultan múltiples veces y a diferentes médicos, antes de llegar a un diagnóstico. No existen pruebas específicas, por lo que la clínica y el examen físico son las principales herramientas. Se deben excluir todas aquellas patologías que explican este dolor crónico vulvar. Su etiología es multifactorial, involucrando cambios a nivel de nociceptores, alteraciones de la inervación y la presencia de factores inflamatorios. Sin embargo, no podemos dejar de lado los aspectos psicosexuales, que pueden modular o desencadenar el dolor vulvar, al encontrar un sustrato alterado a nivel de estos tejidos. Basándose en estos aspectos, hoy existen diferentes tratamientos, que son efectivos si los utilizamos asociados y en forma gradual, ya que se potencian entre ellos.

Vulvodynia is a complex pathology and difficult to treat. In 1889 Skene was the first who write about this. However, only until 1976 the members of the International Society for Study of Vulvovaginal Diseases, recognized the vulvar pain as a disease entity. Prevalence estimated at 15 percent with an estimated 14 million women who suffer in the USA. A high number of gynaecologists do not know this diagnosis. For this reason women consult multiple times and to different doctors to reach a diagnosis. There are no specific tests for diagnosis. Finding in the clinical and physical examination are the main tools for this diagnosis. The different pathologies that could explain the presence of a chronic vulvar pain must be excluded. Undoubtedly its aetiology is multifactorial, involving changes in the number of nociceptors and alterations in the innervations, and the presence of inflammatory factors that may be the starting point of this pathology, as it seeks to explain the neuropathic theory. However we can not ignore the psychosomatic theory in explaining the psychosexual disorders as a trigger vulvar pain, in these altered tissues. Based on these aspects there are now treatments that are more or less effective when are gradually associated for better results.