"Where are the Botocudos?" Anthropological displays and the entanglements of staring, 1882-1883 / "Onde estão os botocudos?" Exposições antropológicas e olhares entrelaçados, 1882-1883

Abstract This article proposes an entangled perspective on nineteenth-century anthropological exhibitions. Whereas the existing scholarship mostly focuses on the receiving end of such displays or the agency of indigenous performers, this article argues for more stopovers and contextualization to grasp both the ambiguous position of non-metropolitan exhibitors like Brazil and the semantic transformations of traveling exhibits. In 1882, a group of Botocudo Amerindians was first taken to Rio de Janeiro and later put on display in Britain. Their presence in Rio sparked great interest, with lasting effects on the popular entertainment scene. Yet staring at them became a contested issue once they were taken to Europe, since Brazilians were concerned about becoming an object of Europe's exoticizing voyeurism.

Resumo O artigo propõe uma perspectiva complexa sobre as exposições antropológicas do século XIX. Enquanto o foco acadêmico tem se concentrado na recepção dessas exposições ou na ação de performers indígenas, este artigo problematiza outros aspectos e contextos para compreender tanto a posição ambígua de expositores não metropolitanos, como o Brasil, quanto as transformações semânticas nas viagens dos indivíduos expostos. Em 1882, um grupo de ameríndios botocudos foi levado ao Rio de Janeiro e posteriormente exibido no Reino Unido. A presença deles no Rio de Janeiro atraiu muita atenção, deixando efeitos duradouros na cena do entretenimento popular. Quando foram levados para a Europa, contudo, os brasileiros contestaram a ação de observar os botocudos, preocupados em se tornar objeto de voyerismo exótico.

Cómo Mejorar la Comprensión de los Riesgos Médicos en Personas Mayores / How to Improve Comprehension of Medical Risks in Older Adults

Los mayores con frecuencia toman decisiones sobre su salud. A pesar de ello, prefieren adoptar un rol pasivo en este proceso. Una explicación que se ha ofrecido sobre este hecho es que frecuentemente presentan serias dificultades a la hora de comprender la información que reciben sobre los riesgos médicos. En un estudio, hemos investigado el grado en que los mayores (n=136) comprenden la información sobre la efectividad de los tratamientos médicos. Concretamente, hemos comparado la precisión de las inferencias que éstos realizan con los juicios en adultos jóvenes (n=121). Para ello, hemos presentado la información sobre la efectividad de los tratamientos en formato numérico o visual y hemos clasificado a los participantes según su nivel de habilidades gráficas. Nuestro estudio pone de manifiesto que la precisión de las inferencias que realizan los mayores se incrementa considerablemente cuando la información se representa visualmente. Esto ocurre especialmente cuando presentan habilidades gráficas elevadas. Concluimos que el uso de formatos visuales puede ser un método efectivo, transparente, y fiable de comunicación de la información sobre los riesgos médicos y la salud, y mencionamos las implicaciones prácticas de nuestros resultados para el desarrollo de campañas de salud.

Older adults frequently make decisions about their health. However, they prefer to play a passive role in this process. A plausible explanation of this result is that they often have difficulties understanding information about medical risks. In a study, we investigated the extent to what older adults (n=136) understand information about the effectiveness of medical treatments. In particular, we compared accuracy of their inferences to that of young adults (n=121). Participants were classified according to their graph literacy skills and received information about the effectiveness of medical treatments in a numerical or a visual format. Our study shows that visual aids substantially increased accuracy of inferences in older adults. Older adults with high graph literacy benefit most from the use of visual aids. We conclude that visual aids are often highly effective, transparent, and reliable risk communication tools. We discuss the practical implication of our results for the design of health campaigns.

Influence of monochrome LCDs with different resolutions for the detection performance of pulmonary micro-nodule / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To assess the influence of medical monochrome liquid crystal displays (LCD) with different resolutions for the detection performance of micro-nodules (diameter <10 mm) on chest radiograms. Methods Eighty-seven DR chest images that were verified with CT were selected from PACS on-line, including 32 positive images, 32 suspected images and 23 normal images. The diameters of all nodules were lower than 10 mm. Three of high-, mid- and low-experienced radiologists who participated in the ROC study interpreted these 87 images using three types of LCDs with different resolutions, respectively. Regarding the presence of nodule, five-point confidence level rating scale was used, i.e. definitely absent, probably absent, possibly present, probably present and definitely present. All observers marked their confidence levels of every image according to the presence of pulmonary nodule on different displays. Software SPSS 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results AUC increased with the increasing resolutions and radiologists' experiences in 2MP, 3MP, 5MP displays. For the detection performance of pulmonary nodules (diameter <10 mm), there was no significant difference among different types of displays or different aptitudes of radiologists. Conclusion It's equivalent for the detection performance of pulmonary nodule (diameter <10 mm) on 2MP, 3MP and 5MP medical monochrome LCD when no restriction on the use of image post-processing tools. Highly-experienced radiologist can get the most information when using 5MP display. It is advisable to combine the diagnostic workstation system with high-, mid- and low-resolution monitors, and reasonable equipment scheme between different types of displays and different aptitudes of radiologists could result in better cost-efficacy.

QualIM®: software para treinamento na interpretação de imagens médicas digitais / QualIM®: a software for training in the reading of digital medical images", "_i": "en

OBJETIVO: Foi desenvolvido um software denominado QualIM® - Qualificação de Imagens Médicas para treinamento de profissionais na interpretação de exames digitais de mamografias utilizando ferramentas de manipulação de imagens, em monitores específicos, classificadas em BI-RADS®. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O sistema, desenvolvido em Delphi 7, armazena as respostas da interpretação de imagens mamográficas durante o treinamento e compara aos dados inseridos denominados "padrão-ouro". O sistema contém imagens de computed radiography, direct radiography e digitalizadas. O software converte as imagens do computed radiography e direct radiography para o formato TIFF, mantendo as resoluções espacial e de contraste originais. Profissionais em treinamento manipulam o realce da imagem utilizando ferramentas de software (zoom, inversão, réguas digitais, outras). Dependendo da complexidade, são apresentadas até oito incidências mamográficas, seis imagens de ultra-som e duas de anatomopatológico. RESULTADOS: O treinamento iniciou em 2007 e atualmente faz parte do programa de residência em radiologia. O software compõe o texto, de forma automática, das informações inseridas pelo profissional, baseado nas categorias BI-RADS, e compara com a base de dados. CONCLUSÃO: O software QualIM é uma ferramenta digital de ensino que auxilia profissionais no reconhecimento de padrões visuais de uma imagem mamográfica, bem como na interpretação de exames mamográficos, utilizando a classificação BI-RADS.

OBJECTIVE: A software called QualIM® - Qualificação de Imagens Médicas was developed for training of practitioners in the interpretation of digital mammograms classified according to BI-RADS® categories, utilizing images manipulation tools on state-of-the-art displays. MATERIALS ANDMETHODS: A Delphi 7-based system stores data resulting from mammographic findings interpretation during the training, comparing them with a golden-standard data set. The database includes computed radiography, direct radiography and digitized images. The software converts computed radiography and direct radiography images into TIFF format, preserving their original spatial and contrast resolution. During the training, the images are manipulated with the aid of the software tools (zoom, inversion, digital rulers and others). Depending on the image complexity, up to eight mammographic views, six ultrasonography images and two anatomopathological images can be displayed. RESULTS: The training was initiated in 2007 and is currently included in the radiology residency program. Based on data entered by the practitioner, the software automatically generates a BI-RADS compliant text that is compared with a database. CONCLUSION: The QualIM software is a digital educational tool aimed at assisting practitioners in the recognition of visual patterns on mammographic images as well as in the interpretation of mammograms based on the BI-RADS classification.