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En Perú, al 2019, solo el 6,4 % de los distritos disponen sus residuos urbanos en rellenos sanitarios, los cuales, están en situación de colapso, lo que exige buscar alternativas para mejorar la gestión de estos residuos y, frente a ello, el compostaje se perfila como una tecnología simple y económica, empleada para el tratamiento del componente orgánico, para reducir daños a la salud y al ambiente, sin embargo, la falta de criterios técnicos en su aplicación está afectando la calidad del compost final. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los criterios técnicos de procesamiento y la calidad del compost, a través de residuos sólidos urbanos en los distritos de la provincia Leoncio Prado. La investigación identificó los distritos que aplican el compostaje a sus residuos y evaluó la técnica de procesamiento, indicadores fisicoquímicos y determinó la calidad con base en normas técnicas internacionales. Los resultados muestran que seis de diez distritos aplican el compostaje y los indicadores fisicoquímicos contrastados con los criterios de calidad de la norma técnica chilena (NCH 2880), colombiana 5167 y de la OMS, corresponden a compost de calidad intermedia (Clase B). Los compost evaluados no representan riesgo ambiental y pueden ser utilizados como enmienda en la mejora del suelo y los cultivos con algunas restricciones, por presentar valores elevados de humedad, pH y bajos niveles de P, Ca, Mg y K.
At 2019, in Peru, only 6.4 % of the districts dispose of their urban waste in sanitary landfills, which are in a situation of collapse, therefore is needed looking for alternatives to improve the management of this waste, facing this, composting is emerging as a simple and economical technology used for the treatment of the organic component, thus, reducing damage to health and the environment, however, the lack of technical criteria in its application is affecting the quality of the final compost. The objective of this research was to evaluate the technical criteria for processing and the quality of compost based on municipal solid waste in the districts of Leoncio Prado province. The research identified the districts that apply composting to their waste and evaluated the processing technique, physicochemical indicators and determined the quality based on international technical standards. The results show that six out of ten districts apply composting, and the physicochemical indicators contrasted with the quality criteria of the Chilean technical standard (NCH 2880), Colombian 5167 and WHO, correspond to intermediate quality compost (Class B). The evaluated compost does not represent an environmental risk and can be used as an amendment in soil and crop improvement with some restrictions, since it has high moisture, pH and low levels of P, Ca, Mg and K.
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Background Domestic waste classification is one of the major livelihood projects in China. With the introduction of the Shanghai Household Waste Management Regulation in 2019, the work of domestic waste classification has been carried out nationwide, yet its potential risks especially those derived from microorganisms are not clear. Objective To investigate the microbial characteristics of the domestic waste in typical residential areas in Shanghai, and provide a theoretical basis for health protection during the domestic waste classification process in Shanghai and throughout China. Methods Dry and wet waste from a typical residential community in Shanghai were collected during 2019–2020. Microbial colonies were counted in domestic waste and analyzed for growth patterns. Then through 16S rRNA sequencing using lllumina PE250, hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted to reveal the similarity and dissimilarity of community compositions in different domestic waste groups, alpha diversity was estimated to reflect the richness and diversity of bacterial communities, principal co-ordinates analysis of unweighted UniFrac distance was performed to estimate the beta diversity, and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to find features differentially represented among domestic waste groups. Results In the chosen typical residential community of this study, the numbers of microorganisms in waste were quite different, with lower numbers of microorganisms in dry waste than the numbers in wet waste. In addition, different growth curves of microorganisms were shown for different seasons, and the peak baterial colony numbers were 200 CFU·cm−2, 6×105 CFU·mL−1, 10 CFU·cm−2, and 2×106 CFU·mL−1 for summer dry waste, summer wet waste, winter dry waste, and winter wet waste, respectively. The results of 16S RNA demonstrated significant differences in α and β diversity indicators among different waste groups, and the difference in waste classifications was larger than the difference of the same classification of waste in different seasons. The main compositions of bacterial colonies in domestic waste was Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicute and Bacteroidota. The clustering analysis showed that the microbial composition in summer dry waste was close to that in winter dry waste, while other groups were quite different. In total 48 differential bacterial taxa were found at the level of genus including Pseudomonas and Pantoea. Conclusion Different seasons and different classifications of domestic waste present varied microbial characteristics, with different potential pathogenic microorganisms. Together with other related studies, we suggest that different measures should be taken for different domestic wastes to prevent and control the health hazards associated with waste classification.
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ObjectiveTo explore the applicability of semi-quantitative comprehensive index method in occupational health risk assessment in domestic waste incineration industry. MethodsThe flue gas purification system in a domestic waste incineration plant was selected as the study subject. The risk assessment of chemical hazards were conducted using semi-quantitative comprehensive index method in the “Guidelines for occupational health risk assessment of chemicals in the workplace” （GBZ/T 298—2017）. ResultsThe occupational health risk levels of hydrogen chloride， sulfur dioxide and activated carbon were low while using flue gas purification system， while the risk levels of lead and lead compounds， cadmium and cadmium compounds， ammonia and sodium hydroxide were medium. ConclusionThe assessment results of semi-quantitative comprehensive index method are basically consistent with the current situation of occupational health risk of flue gas purification system in a domestic waste incineration plant， which can provide the basis for enterprises to take occupational health risk control measures.
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ObjectiveTo explore the applicability of semi-quantitative comprehensive index method in occupational health risk assessment in domestic waste incineration industry. MethodsThe flue gas purification system in a domestic waste incineration plant was selected as the study subject. The risk assessment of chemical hazards were conducted using semi-quantitative comprehensive index method in the “Guidelines for occupational health risk assessment of chemicals in the workplace” （GBZ/T 298—2017）. ResultsThe occupational health risk levels of hydrogen chloride， sulfur dioxide and activated carbon were low while using flue gas purification system， while the risk levels of lead and lead compounds， cadmium and cadmium compounds， ammonia and sodium hydroxide were medium. ConclusionThe assessment results of semi-quantitative comprehensive index method are basically consistent with the current situation of occupational health risk of flue gas purification system in a domestic waste incineration plant， which can provide the basis for enterprises to take occupational health risk control measures.
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Abstract This meta-analysis, which is based on a previously published systematic review, aims to contribute to the scientific discussion on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in workers who are exposed to domestic and healthcare wastes. Publications were sought which had been made available on the data used by December 2013 and updated to December 2016. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the guidelines of Loney et al. for the critical appraisal of studies on the prevalence or incidence of a health problem. To verify the presence of heterogeneity between the papers, we used the Chi-squared test based on a Q statistic. A funnel plot was used to test for publication bias. All included studies had across-sectional study design. The association between exposure to waste and positive serology for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) showed a significant association [odds ratio (OR) 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-2.86; p = 0.0019]. The prevalence rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc seropositivity was 0.04 (95% CI 0.03-0.05) and 0.21 (95% CI 0.14-0.28), respectively (p <0.0001). We found no evidence of publication bias. The results of this meta-analysis indicate a statistically significant association between exposure to solid waste, whether healthcare or domestic, and positive HBV infection markers. Therefore, the working conditions of waste collectors should be analyzed more closely. Immunization against HBV is recommended as the chief preventive measure for all solid waste workers.
Assuntos
Humanos , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Hepatite B/transmissão , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
O presente trabalho consistiu na caracterização microbiológica de lixiviados gerados a partir de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde e domiciliares para subsidiar a discussão do tratamento e disposição final diferenciados para os resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde. Foram analisados: coliformes totais e termotolerantes; Escherichia coli, Enterococos, Salmonella e outras enterobactérias; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas, análise da suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos e pesquisa da atividade antimicrobiana do lixiviado. Foram observadas densidades expressivas das populações microbianas em resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde e domiciliares com valores que variaram de 10(8) a 10(9). Em ambos os lixiviados, ocorreram estirpes resistentes e sensíveis aos antimicrobianos, e nenhuma delas apresentou resistência a todos os antibióticos testados. Os resultados mostraram semelhanças entre ambos os tipos de resíduos e reforçam a recomendação de codisposição de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde e domiciliares em aterros sanitários.
The present paper consisted on the microbiological characterization of leachate generated from solid waste from health services and municipal solid waste. This study aimed to support the discussion about the need for differentiated treatment and disposal for the health services solid waste. The following parameters were selected: total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococci, trials for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella and other Enterobacteria, analysis of susceptibility to antimicrobials and research on antimicrobial activity of the leachate. Expressive densities were observed in microbial populations in health services and municipal solid waste, with values ranging from 10(8) to 10(9). In both wastes, resistant and susceptible strains to antimicrobials occurred and none were resistant to all antibiotics tested. Results showed similarities for both types of waste and reinforce the recommendation for health services and municipal solid waste co-disposal in sanitary landfills.