RESUMO
RESUMEN Las investigaciones en macrófitas acuáticas neotropicales son escasas, principalmente en Colombia comparadas con países como Brasil, aunque se consideran comunidades apropiadas en diversas aplicaciones por su gran capacidad reproductiva y alta sensibilidad a condiciones cambiantes del ambiente. Se propuso aclimatar y cultivar un clon de Lemna minuta, lenteja de agua flotante de amplia distribución en Colombia y América. Sus frondas hijas se mantuvieron dos meses en el medio de cultivo APHA y posteriormente se comparó su propagación en tres medios de cultivo: Hoagland's E+, APHA y AAP20x. Se analizaron variables de crecimiento poblacional como tasa de crecimiento, mortalidad, tiempo de duplicación y tiempo de vida. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la eficiencia del método de limpieza de frondas propuesto por Acreman para obtener cultivos axénicos. Los resultados indicaron que el medio Hoagland's E+ (sin compuestos orgánicos) es el más adecuado para el crecimiento de las frondas en condiciones de laboratorio, debido a su mayor tasa de producción de frondas (0,16 frondas-d"1) y tiempo de vida (13,8 días), con menor mortalidad (0,11 frondas-d"1) y tiempo de duplicación (4,61 días). Conocer los parámetros de crecimiento poblacional y las condiciones de cultivo de L. minuta permiten proponerla como una macrófita relevante y candidata para diversos bioensayos de calidad de agua.
ABSTRACT Although neotropical macrophytes are considered appropriate for diverse applications due to their great reproductive capacity and high sensitivity to changing environmental conditions, research on these plants is currently scarce, especially in Colombia when compared to countries such as Brazil. The current research work intended to acclimatize and cultivate a clone of the duckweed Lemna minuta, which is widely distributed in Colombia and America. After keeping daughter fronds of this species for two months in APHA culture medium, their propagation was compared in three culture media: Hoagland's E+, APHA and AAP20x. Population growth variables such as growth rate, mortality, doubling time and life span. Additionally, the efficiency of the frond cleaning method proposed by Acreman to obtain axenic cultures was evaluated. The results indicated that Hoagland's E+ medium (without organic compounds) is the most suitable one when it comes to frond growing under laboratory conditions, due to its associated higher frond production rate (0.16 fronds-d-1) and life span (13.8 d), as well as lower mortality (0.11 fronds-d-1) and doubling time (4.61 d). Knowing the population growth and cultivation conditions of L. minuta allows proposing it as a relevant macrophyte and candidate for various water quality bioassays.
RESUMO
Aquatic plant duckweed can enrich high concentration of arsenic, it is thus used as the representative of phytofiltration.The mechanism of arsenic tolerance in duckweeds has received much concern.In this study, synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) techniques were used to study the micro-distribution and speciation of arsenic in natural As-rich duckweed from lead-zinc mine.Two monolithic duckweeds, FP1 and FP2, were analyzed by micro SRXRF, setting single point scan time and spot size were 5 s, 70 μm×80 μm and 2 s, 100 μm×100 μm respectively.Six points of FP2 were selected and analyzed by micro XANES in energy range of 11.81-11.96 keV.Pressed-pellet duckweed was analyzed by bulk XANES in energy range of 11.67-12.27 keV.The result showed that As(Ⅲ) was the major speciation of duckweed from bulk XANES and micro-XANES data.SRXRF micro analysis showed that arsenic had significant vein distribution in duckweed, and was not spread into the photosynthetic mesophyll within certain concentration, which may reduce the leaf toxicity triggered by arsenic.This vein distribution may play a role in arsenic tolerance in duckweed.
RESUMO
Plant ability for tolerating and accumulating high amount of heavy metal is used as a promissory technology for removing contaminants from highly polluted environments. The ability of the macrophyte L. aequinoctialis to remove heavy metal was studied in two different sampling times during its flowering. Samples of plant tissue L. aequinoctialis and water were collected for 800 hours at 48 hour intervals. Concentrations of Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Fe present in L. aequinoctialis and water were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Data were subjected to the techniques of principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and boxplot. We found that rhizofiltration of L. aequinoctialis removes high amount of heavy metal in this order: Cr >Ni>Cu> Fe > Zn >Mn. Only significant changes in chemical composition of the water, pH and electrical conductivity alter the absorption capacity of L. aequinoctialis.
A capacidade das plantas em tolerar e absorver quantidades elevadas de metais pesados é usada como uma tecnologia promissora para limpeza de resíduos perigosos em ambientes altamente contaminados. O desempenho da macrófita L. aequinoctialis em absorver metais pesados foi estudado durante sua floração em dois períodos de amostragem diferentes. As amostras de L. aequinoctialis e água foram coletadas por 800 horas em intervalos de 48 horas. A quantidade de Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Zn e Fe presente na L. aequinoctialis e água foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS). Os resultados foram avaliados pelas técnicas de estatística de componentes principais (PCA), análise de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA) e boxplot. Os resultados mostram que a rizofiltração da L. aequinoctialis remove altas quantidades de metais pesados na seguinte ordem Cr > Ni > Cu > Fe > Zn > Mn. No entanto, observou-se que mudanças significativas na composição química, pH e condutividade elétrica da água alteram a capacidade de absorção da L. aequinoctialis.