Endometriose e saúde sexual feminina ­ desafios, tratamento, perfil epidemiológico e impactos biopsicossociais: uma revisão integrativa / Endometriosis and female sexual health ­challenges, treatment, epidemiological profile and biopsychosocial impacts: an integrative review / Endometriosis y salud sexual femenina ­desafíos, tratamiento, perfil epidemiológico e impactos biopsicosociales: una revisión integradora

Introdução:A endometriose consiste em uma patologia ginecológica bastante prevalente emmulheres de múltiplas faixas etárias, consistindo em um desafio constante para a fertilidade, sexualidade e demais aspectos da qualidade de vida.Objetivo:Avaliar o perfil epidemiológico, formas de tratamento e os aspectos biopsicossociais associados à saúde sexual das mulheres com endometriose. Metodologia:Esta é uma revisão integrativa da literatura cujapergunta norteadorafoi "Como a endometriose influencia nos aspectos biopsicossociais inerentes ao comportamento sexual feminino?". Foi aplicada a estratégia de busca "Endometriose AND Dispareunia AND Qualidade de Vida" na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e sua versão em inglês "EndometriosisAND DyspareuniaAND Quality of Life" na base de dados PubMed, com ofiltro"últimos10anos"aplicadoemambasasplataformas.Critérios de inclusão: estudos que abordassem mulheres cisgênero, em idade fértil,com vida sexual ativa, diagnóstico prévio de endometriose pélvica ou profunda e distúrbios ou queixas sexuais. Critério de exclusão: artigos que contemplassem mulheres em uso de psicofármacos. Resultados:Inicialmente,foram obtidos 227 artigos. Apósanálise primária, 189 estudos foram excluídos, seguindo para a etapa seguinte apenas 38. Destes, somente 15 atenderam aos critérios e foram considerados válidos para compor o presente estudo.No âmbito sexual, a endometriose pode acarretar aredução da frequência das relações, sangramentos durante ou após o coito, desinteresse em preliminares, desconforto em certas posições, términos de relacionamentos, conflitos conjugais, e, sobretudo, dispareunia.Conclusões:Diante dos prejuízos em diversos âmbitos da vida e bem-estar feminino causados pela endometriose, faz-se indispensável maior qualificação dos serviços de saúde para o diagnóstico precoce e intervenções efetivas, bem como apoio, acolhimento e acompanhamento multiprofissional contínuo. Além disso, a adaptação, compreensão e solicitude dos parceiros são fundamentais para que as mulheres sejam capazes de melhor gerenciar tais desafios (AU).

Introduction:Endometriosis is a gynecological pathology that is quite prevalent among women of multiple age groups, representing a constant challenge to fertility, sexuality, and other aspects of quality of life.Objective:To evaluate the epidemiological profile, forms of treatment and biopsychosocial aspects associated with the sexual health of women with endometriosis.Methodology:This is an integrative review of the literature whose guiding question was "How does endometriosis influence the biopsychosocial aspects inherent to female sexual behavior?". The search strategy "Endometriosis AND Dyspareunia AND Quality of Life" was applied in the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) and in the PubMed database, with the "last 10 years" filter applied on both platforms. Inclusion criteria: studies that addressed cisgender women, of childbearing age, with active sexual life, previous diagnosis of pelvic or deep endometriosis and sexual disorders or complaints. Exclusion criteria: articles that included women using psychotropic drugs. Results:Initially, 227 articles were obtained. After primary analysis, 189 studies were excluded, only 38 going on to the next stage. Of these, only 15 met the criteria and were considered valid to be part of the present study. In the sexual sphere, endometriosis can lead to a reduction in the frequency of intercourse, bleeding during or after coitus, lack of interest in foreplay, discomfort in certain positions, relationship endings, marital conflicts, and, above all, dyspareunia.Conclusions:Given the damage to various areas of life and female well-being caused by endometriosis, it is essential to improve the quality of health services for early diagnosis and effective interventions, as well as support, reception, and continuous multidisciplinary monitoring. Furthermore, adaptation, understanding and concern from partners are fundamental for women to be able to better manage such challenges (AU).

Introducción:La endometriosis esuna patología ginecológica bastante prevalente en mujeres de múltiples grupos etarios, que supone un reto constante para la fertilidad, la sexualidad y otros aspectos de la calidad de vida.Objetivo:Evaluar elperfil epidemiológico, las formas de tratamiento y los aspectos biopsicosociales asociados a la salud sexual de las mujeres con endometriosis.Metodología:Se trata de una revisión integradora cuya pregunta orientadora fue "¿Cómo influye la endometriosis en los aspectos biopsicosociales inherentes a la conducta sexual femenina?".Se aplicó la estrategia de búsqueda "Endometriosis AND Dispareunia AND Calidad de Vida" en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) y su versión en inglés en PubMed, con el filtro "últimos 10 años" enambas plataformas. Criterios de inclusión: estudios dirigidos a mujeres cisgénero en edad fértil, con vida sexual activa, diagnóstico previo de endometriosis pélvica o profunda, y trastornos o quejas sexuales. Criteriode exclusión: artículos que incluían mujeres usuarias de psicofármacos.Resultados:Inicialmente se obtuvieron 227 artículos. Después del análisis primario, se excluyeron 189 estudios y solo 38 pasaran a la siguiente etapa. De estos, solo 15 cumplieron con los criterios y seconsideraron válidos para el presente estudio. En el ámbito sexual, la endometriosis puede provocar reducción de la frecuencia de relaciones sexuales, sangrado durante o después de las relaciones sexuales, falta de interés por los juegos previos, molestias en determinadas posiciones, rupturas, conflictos matrimoniales y, sobre todo, dispareunia.Conclusiones:Ante los daños causados por la endometriosis en diversos ámbitos de la vida y el bienestar de las mujeres, es indispensable mejorar la calidad de losservicios de salud para el diagnóstico precoz y las intervenciones efectivas, así como apoyo, acogida y seguimiento multidisciplinar continuo. Además, la adaptación, comprensión y solicitud de las parejas son fundamentales para que las mujeres puedan gestionar mejor estos desafíos (AU).

Sexual function according to infiltration of endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum: a cross-sectional study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to associate the degree of infiltration of rectovaginal septum endometriosis with dyspareunia and sexual function. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 127 women followed up at a tertiary hospital from March 2021 to March 2022. The women's sociodemographic and clinical conditions and dyspareunia were evaluated. The sexual function was evaluated by the Female Sexual Function Index. RESULTS: A total of 53 women with type I, 37 with type II, and 37 with type III rectovaginal septum endometriosis were evaluated. The women had a mean age of 38.76±6.63 years and a mean body mass index of 27.62±5.11 kg/m2. The mean time of diagnosis of endometriosis was 6.94±4.98 years. On average, the study participants engaged in sexual activity/intercourse 1.88±1.25 times per week. There was no difference between the dyspareunia score (p=0.822) and sexual function (p=0.174) according to the types of rectovaginal septum endometriosis. Overall, 93.7% of the women with endometriosis had sexual dysfunction. There was no correlation between the degree of rectovaginal septum endometriosis infiltration with dyspareunia (r=0.05; p=0.55) or sexual function (r=0.07; p=0.39). CONCLUSION: Women with endometriosis have impaired sexual function, regardless of the degree of endometriosis infiltration.

Sexual Function of Patients with Deep Endometriosis after Surgical Treatment: A Systematic Review / Função sexual em pacientes com endometriose profunda após o tratamento cirúrgico: Revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To review the current state of knowledge on the impact of the surgical treatment on the sexual function and dyspareunia of deep endometriosis patients. Data Source A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. We conducted systematic searches in the PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, and Web of Science databases from inception until December 2022. The eligibility criteria were studies including: preoperative and postoperative comparative analyses; patients with a diagnosis of deep endometriosis; and questionnaires to measure sexual quality of life. Study Selection Two reviewers screened and reviewed 1,100 full-text articles to analyze sexual function after the surgical treatment for deep endometriosis. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for randomized controlled trials. The present study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration CRD42021289742). Data Collection General variables about the studies, the surgical technique, complementary treatments, and questionnaires were inserted in an Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, United States) spreadsheet. Synthesis of Data We included 20 studies in which the videolaparoscopy technique was used for the excision of deep infiltrating endometriosis. A meta-analysis could not be performed due to the substantial heterogeneity among the studies. Classes III and IV of the revised American Fertility Society classification were predominant and multiple surgical techniques for the treatment of endometriosis were performed. Standardized and validated questionnaires were applied to evaluate sexual function. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery is a complex procedure that involves multiple organs, and it has been proved to be effective in improving sexual function and dyspareunia in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis.

Resumo Objetivo Revisar a literatura publicada sobre o impacto do tratamento cirúrgico na função sexual e na dispareunia de pacientes com endometriose profunda. Fonte de Dados Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada de acordo com as diretrizes Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE). Realizamos pesquisas sistemáticas nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS e Web of Science desde o início até dezembro de 2022. Os critérios de elegibilidade foram estudos que incluíam: análises comparativas pré- e pós-operatórias; pacientes com diagnóstico de endometriose profunda; e a aplicação de questionários para avaliar a função sexual. Seleção dos Estudos Dois revisores selecionaram e revisaram 1.100 artigos para analisar a da função sexual após o tratamento cirúrgico da endometriose profunda. O risco de viés foi calculado usando-se a escala de Newcastle-Ottawa para estudos observacionais e a ferramenta para ensaios clínicos randomizados da Cochrane Collaboration. O estudo foi cadastrado no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; cadastro CRD42021289742). Coleta de dados Variáveis gerais sobre os estudos, a técnica cirúrgica, os tratamentos complementares e os questionários foram inseridas em uma planilha do Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, Estados Unidos). Síntese dos dados Foram incluídos 20 estudos em que se usou a técnica de videolaparoscopia para a excisão da endometriose profunda. Uma meta-análise não pôde ser realizada devido à heterogeneidade substancial entre os estudos incluídos. As classes III e IV da escala revisada da American Fertility Society foram predominantes, e múltiplas técnicas cirúrgicas foram usadas para o tratamento da endometriose. Questionários padronizados e validados foram aplicados para avaliar a função sexual. Conclusão A cirurgia laparoscópica é um procedimento complexo que envolve múltiplos órgãos, e provou ser eficaz na melhora da função sexual e da dispareunia em mulheres com endometriose profunda.

Efficacy of Hormonal and Nonhormonal Approaches to Vaginal Atrophy and Sexual Dysfunctions in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review / Eficácia das abordagens hormonais e não hormonais para atrofia vaginal e disfunções sexuais em mulheres na pós-menopausa: Uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the hormonal and nonhormonal approaches to symptoms of sexual dysfunction and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Data Sources We conducted a search on the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases, as well as on clinical trial databases. We analyzed studies published between 1996 and May 30, 2020. No language restrictions were applied. Selection of Studies We selected randomized clinical trials that evaluated the treatment of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Data Collection Three authors (ACAS, APFC, and JL) reviewed each article based on its title and abstract. Relevant data were subsequently taken from the full-text article. Any discrepancies during the review were resolved by consensus between all the listed authors. Data Synthesis A total of 55 studies were included in the systematic review. The approaches tested to treat sexual dysfunction were as follows: lubricants and moisturizers (18 studies); phytoestrogens (14 studies); dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; 8 studies); ospemifene (5 studies); vaginal testosterone (4 studies); pelvic floor muscle exercises (2 studies); oxytocin (2 studies); vaginal CO2 laser (2 studies); lidocaine (1 study); and vitamin E vaginal suppository (1 study). Conclusion We identified literature that lacks coherence in terms of the proposed treatments and selected outcome measures. Despite the great diversity in treatment modalities and outcome measures, the present systematic review can shed light on potential targets for the treatment, which is deemed necessary for sexual dysfunction, assuming that most randomized trials were evaluated with a low risk of bias according to the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. The present review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42018100488).

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia das abordagens hormonais e não hormonais para os sintomas de disfunção sexual e atrofia vaginal em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Fontes de Dados Pesquisamos as bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), assim como bancos de dados de ensaios clínicos. Foram analisados estudos publicados entre 1996 e 30 de maio de 2020. Nenhuma restrição de idioma foi aplicada. Seleção dos Estudos Foram selecionados ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliavam o tratamento das disfunções sexuais em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Coleta de Dados Três autores (ACAS, APFC e JL), revisaram cada artigo com base em seu título e resumo. Os dados relevantes foram posteriormente retirados do texto completo do artigo. Quaisquer discrepâncias durante a revisão foram resolvidas por consenso entre todos os autores listados. Síntese dos Dados Ao todo, 55 estudos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. As abordagens testadas para tratar a disfunção sexual foram: lubrificantes e hidratantes (18 estudos); fitoestrogênios (14 estudos); deidroepiandrosterona (DHEA; 8 estudos); ospemifeno (5 estudos); testosterona vaginal (4 estudos); exercícios para os músculos do assoalho pélvico (2 estudos); oxitocina (2 estudos);laser de CO2 vaginal (2 estudos); lidocaína (1 estudo), e vitamina E vaginal (1 estudo). Conclusão Identificou-se falta de coerência na literatura quanto aos tratamentos propostos e medidas de resultados selecionadas. Apesar da grande diversidade de modalidades de tratamento e medidas de resultados, esta revisão sistemática pode lançar luz sobre alvos potenciais para o tratamento, que é considerado necessário para a disfunção sexual, assumindo que a maioria dos estudos randomizados foi avaliada com baixo risco de viés de acordo com a ferramenta de avaliação de risco de viés de Cochrane Collaboration. Esta revisão tem cadastro no International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42018100488).

Deep endometriosis: clinical and epidemiological findings of diagnosed women according to the criteria of the international deep endometriosis analysis group (IDEA) / Endometriose profunda: achados clínicos e epidemiológicos de mulheres diagnosticadas segundo critérios do International Deep Endometriosis Analysis Group (IDEA)

Introdução: endometriose ocorre quando o tecido semelhante ao endométrio acomete o peritônio, podendo infiltrar estruturas e órgãos como o intestino, o ureter, a bexiga ou a vagina e geralmente está acompanhado de processo inflamatório. Estima-se que a doença acometa 6 a 10% das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e mais de 50% das mulheres inférteis. Os dados clínicos e epidemiológicos das pacientes com EP disponíveis na literatura são provenientes de estudos cujas amostras foram selecionadas por cirurgia, portanto passíveis de vieses de seleção. A ultrassonografia pélvica endovaginal com preparo intestinal (USGTVP) tem valores de especificidade e sensibilidade elevados.Objetivo: analisar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico das pacientes portadoras de EP diagnosticadas através da USGTVP.Método: estudo transversal, que analisou 227 pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de endometriose profunda. Resultados: infertilidade acometeu 43,8% das mulheres. Sintomas álgicos considerados como moderado ou grave (escala visual analógica, EVA, >3) apresentaram respectivamente a seguinte prevalência e valores médios na escala de EVA: dismenorreia em 84,7% (6,9), dispareunia em 69,1%, (4,5) disquezia menstrual em 60,7% (4,3) e disúria menstrual em 35,7% das pacientes. Antecedente de múltiplas cirurgias ocorreu em 10,4 % e apenas 6,8 % das portadoras haviam realizado fisioterapia para assoalho pélvico.Conclusão: a população portadora de EP apresentou alta prevalência de infertilidade e sintomas álgicos, achados que refletem o impacto social na qualidade de vida e no planejamento familiar dessas mulheres. A alta frequência de antecedentes de múltiplas abordagens cirúrgicas e a baixa incidência de antecedente de realização de fisioterapia pélvica na população com EP, contrariando as recomendações de tratamento ideal atualmente já estabelecidas, sinalizam a dificuldade de acesso das portadoras a centros especializados.

Introduction: endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the endometrium affects the peritoneum, which can infiltrate structures and organs such as the bowel, ureter, bladder or vagina and is usually accompanied by an inflammatory process. It is estimated that the disease affects 6 to 10% of women of reproductive age and more than 50% of infertile women. The clinical and epidemiological data of patients with deep endometriosis (DE) available in the literature come from studies whose samples were selected by surgery, therefore subject to selection bias. Transvaginal pelvic ultrasound with bowel preparation (TVUBP) has high specificity and sensitivity values. Objective: to analyze the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with DE diagnosed through the TVUBP.Methods: it is a cross-sectional study of 227 patients with an ultrasound diagnosis of deep endometriosis. Results: infertility affected 43.8% of women. Painful symptoms considered as moderate or severe (visual analogue scale, VAS, >3) had the following prevalence and mean values on the VAS scale, respectively: dysmenorrhea in 84.7% (6.9), dyspareunia in 69.1%, (4.5), menstrual dyschezia in 60.7% (4.3) and menstrual dysuria in 35.7% of patients. A history of multiple surgeries occurred in 10.4% and only 6.8% of patients had undergone physiotherapy for the pelvic floor. Conclusion: the DE population had a high prevalence of infertility and pain symptoms, which reflect the social impact on these women's quality of life and family planning. The high frequency of history of multiple surgical approaches and the low incidence of history of pelvic physiotherapy in the population with DE, contrary to the currently established ideal treatment recommendations, indicate the difficulty of access for patients to specialized centers

Prevalencia y caracterización de los factores asociados a dispareunia en mujeres con antecedente de parto vaginal o cesárea / Prevalence and characterization of factors associated with dyspareunia in women with a history of vaginal delivery or cesarean section

INTRODUCCIÓN: El deterioro de la función sexual asociado a la dispareunia después del parto es una importante preocupación para muchas mujeres. OBJETIVO: Establecer la prevalencia y caracterizar los factores asociados a la dispareunia en mujeres con antecedente de parto vaginal o cesárea. MÉTODO: Estudio de corte transversal realizado en 975 mujeres mayores de 18 años, residentes en Armenia (Colombia), con 6 meses o más en posparto (vaginal o cesárea), sexualmente activas, entre 2013 y 2017. Se utilizó como instrumento el Índice de Función Sexual Femenino Abreviado (IFSFA-6). Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y obstétricas relacionadas con la dispareunia. Se hizo estadística descriptiva. Los factores asociados se evaluaron comparando los dos grupos mediante odds ratio (OR) e intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 27,12 ± 4,48 años. La prevalencia de dispareunia fue del 35,69%. Los factores de riesgo más involucrados fueron la episiotomía (OR: 1,58; IC95%: 1,29-2,15; p = 0,003), el parto instrumentado (OR: 1,91; IC95%: 1,31-3,17; p = 0,027), haber tenido tres o más partos vaginales (OR: 1,85; IC95%: 1,42-2,46; p < 0,001)] y haber tenido dos o más cesáreas (OR: 1,64; IC95%: 1,27-2,18; p < 0,001). Las mujeres con dispareunia tienen menos encuentros sexuales semanales (2; rango: 0-3) que las mujeres sin dispareunia (5; rango: 2-7) (p = 0,003). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de dispareunia en el posparto, en las mujeres de Armenia, sobrepasa un tercio de la población. Se hace necesario promover programas preventivos, dirigidos a los profesionales de la salud que asisten a la mujer durante el parto, acerca del análisis de la verdadera necesidad de la episiotomía o la cesárea.

INTRODUCTION: The deterioration of sexual function, associated with dyspareunia after childbirth, is an important concern for many women. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence and characterize the factors associated with dyspareunia in women, with a history of vaginal delivery or cesarean section. METHOD: Cross-sectional study, carried out in 975 sexually active women older than 18 years, residents in Armenia (Colombia), with 6 or more months postpartum (vaginal deliveries and cesarean sections); between 2013 and 2017. The Abbreviated Female Sexual Function Index (IFSFA-6) was used as an instrument. Sociodemographic and obstetric variables related to dyspareunia were measured. Descriptive statistics were made. Associated factors were evaluated comparing the two groups using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: The average age was 27.12 ± 4.48 years. The prevalence of dyspareunia was 35.69%. The risk factors most involved were: episiotomy (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.29-2.15; p = 0.003), instrumented delivery (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.31-3.17; p = 0.027), three or more vaginal deliveries (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.42-2.46; p < 0.001) and two or more caesarean sections (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.27-2.18; p < 0.001). Women with dyspareunia have fewer weekly sexual encounters (2; range: 0-3) than women without dyspareunia (5; range: 2-7) (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dyspareunia in postpartum, in Armenian women, exceeds 1/3 of the population. It is necessary to promote preventive programs, aimed at health professionals who assist women during childbirth, regarding the analysis of the true need for episiotomy or cesarean section.

Lipoma isquiorrectal gigante como causa de dolor anal, incontinencia fecal y dispareunia. Una asociación excepcional / Giant ischiorectal lipoma as a cause of anal pain, fecal incontinence and dyspareunia. An exceptional association

RESUMEN Los lipomas suponen el 50% de los tumores de partes blandas. Podrían comprimir estructuras adyacen tes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 49 años con dolor anal intenso asociado a urgencia defecatoria, tenesmo, incontinencia y dispareunia. Presentaba tumoración blanda a nivel del glúteo derecho compa tible con lipoma. La resonancia magnética identificó una masa de 15,7 × 9 × 6 cm, de apariencia encap sulada, que se extendía por la fosa isquioanal e isquiorrectal con impronta sobre el músculo elevador del ano, desplazando el recto. Se efectuó exéresis en bloque, con alta en 48 horas sin complicaciones. El informe de Anatomía Patológica definitivo fue lipoma. Valoramos la asociación de lipoma e incontinencia fecal con una búsqueda en PubMed. Se obtuvieron 87 artículos de los cuales ninguno respondía al objeto del estudio. Esta sintomatología es un fenómeno excepcional en la literatura, que se diagnostica funda mentalmente mediante RM y ecoendoscopia. Gran resultado funcional tras la exéresis.

ABSTRACT Lipomas account for 50% of soft-tissue tumors and may compress adjacent structures. We report the case of a 49-year-old female patient with intense anal pain associated with defecation urgency, tenesmus, incontinence and dyspareunia. A soft tumor was present in the right buttock suggestive of lipoma. On magnetic resonance imaging an apparently encapsulated mass with a size of 15.7 × 9 × 6 cm was identified extending through the ischioanal fossa and ischiorectal fossa, displacing the levator ani muscle and rectum. The lesion was excised en bloc and the patient was discharged 48 hours later without complications. The pathology report concluded that the lesion corresponded to a lipoma. We performed a bibliographic search in PubMed to assess the association between lipoma and fecal incontinence; Of the 87 articles retrieved, none of them responded to the subject of the study. These symptoms are exceptional in the literature. The diagnosis is made mainly with magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasound. An excellent functional outcome was achieved with surgical excision.

Triticum vulgare para el tratamiento del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia, Armenia, Colombia / Triticum vulgare for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Armenia, Colombia

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de Triticum vulgare en el tratamiento del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia (SGUM). MÉTODO: Estudio cuasiexperimental (antes-después, con grupo control) en mujeres posmenopáusicas (amenorrea ≥ 36 meses, hormona estimulante del folículo > 40 U/l y estradiol < 25 pg/ml), sexualmente activas, con un índice de maduración vaginal (IMV) < 50 y pH ≥ 5, citología cervical negativa (Papanicolaou) y diagnóstico de SGUM, atendidas en el programa de climaterio y menopausia de una clínica privada de mediana complejidad, en Armenia, Quindío (Colombia). Se seleccionaron 207 mujeres con edad promedio de 55,19 ± 7,28 años. Se realizó un muestreo consecutivo. Se asignaron dos grupos: A (n = 105), que recibió T. vulgare, y B (n = 102), que recibió placebo. Se hizo seguimiento al inicio (basal) y 4, 8 y 12 semanas después, utilizando el IMV y el Índice de Función Sexual Femenina (IFSF). Los síntomas del SGUM se evaluaron con una escala visual analógica (EVA). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS: La puntuación media del IMV fue mayor en las semanas 4, 8 y 12 en todas las mujeres del grupo A (p = 0,01). Se observó una diferencia significativa en el promedio final de la puntuación del IMV de T. vulgare frente al placebo (p < 0,05). Al final del estudio, el grupo A mostró una mejoría significativa en la puntuación promedio del IFSF, en comparación con el grupo B (p < 0,001). Las puntuaciones de la EVA presentaron una disminución progresiva a lo largo del estudio, pero fueron comparables entre los dos grupos (p = 0,813). CONCLUSIONES: T. vulgare es una efectiva, segura e innovadora alternativa, no hormonal, para el tratamiento del SGUM. No se registraron eventos adversos, por lo que se demostró su seguridad.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Triticum vulgare in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. METHOD: Quasi-experimental study (before-after, with control group) in postmenopausal women (amenorrhea ≥ 36 months, FSH > 40 U/L and estradiol < 25 pg/ml), sexually active, with a vaginal maturation index (VMI) < 50 and pH ≥ 5, negative cervical cytology (Papanicolaou) and with a diagnosis of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (SGUM); who were treated in the climacteric and menopause program of a private clinic of medium complexity, in Armenia, Quindío (Colombia). 207 participants were selected, with a mean age of 55.19 ± 7.28 years. A consecutive sampling was carried out. Two groups were assigned: A (n = 105) with T. vulgare and B (n = 102) with placebo. Follow-up was done at baseline (baseline), four, eight and twelve weeks later, using the VMI and the female sexual function index (IFSF). Symptoms of SGUM were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Descriptive statistics were applied. RESULTS: The mean score of the IMV was higher in weeks 4, 8 and 12 in all the participants of group A (p = 0.01). A significant difference was observed in the final mean MVI score of T. vulgare versus placebo (p < 0.05). At the end of the study, group A showed a significant improvement in the mean IFSF score, compared to placebo (p < 0.001). The VAS scores showed a progressive decrease throughout the study but were comparable between the two groups (p = 0.813). CONCLUSIONS: T. vulgare is an effective, safe and innovative non-hormonal alternative for the treatment of SGUM. No adverse events were recorded, guaranteeing their safety.

Tratamiento no hormonal del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia / Non-hormonal treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause

El síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia (SGUM) describe los síntomas y signos vulvo-vaginales y del tracto urinario inferior, de carácter crónico y progresivo, secundario a un estado clínico de hipoestrogenismo que caracteriza a la postmenopausia. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo describir y analizar las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas no hormonales, con sus ventajas y desventajas, a fin de ofrecerle a los lectores una completa variedad de opciones a la hora de establecer el tratamiento en una mujer con SGUM. Se ha realizado una búsqueda en bases de datos, incluyendo investigaciones originales, consensos de expertos, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. Se ha revisado la evidencia actual para diversas modalidades terapéuticas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas (no hormonales), encontrando que los hidratantes y los lubricantes son la primera línea terapéutica para proporcionar alivio, a corto plazo, de la sequedad vaginal (leve a moderada) y la dispareunia; sin embargo, el tratamiento ha de ser individualizado. Existen numerosos tratamientos disponibles, cada uno con beneficios y limitaciones y se destacan las sustanciales lagunas, en la evidencia científica, de terapias seguras y efectivas, así como la necesidad de realizar investigaciones futuras..(Au)

The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (SGUM) describes the symptoms and signs of the vulvo-vaginal and lower urinary tract, of a chronic and progressive nature, secondary to a clinical state of hypoestrogenism that characterizes postmenopause. The present review aims to describe and analyze the different non-hormone therapeutic alternatives, with their advantages and disadvantages, in order to offer readers a full range of options when establishing treatment in a woman with SGUM. A database search, including original research, expert consensus, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The current evidence for various pharmacological and non-pharmacological (non-hormonal) therapeutic modalities has been reviewed, finding that moisturizers and lubricants are the first line of therapy to provide short-term relief of vaginal dryness (mild to moderate) and dyspareunia; however, treatment must be individualized. It is concluded that there are numerous treatments available, each with benefits and limitations. Substantial gaps in the scientific evidence for safe and effective therapies are highlighted, as well as the need for future research..(Au)

Pelvic floor dysfunction in primiparous women up to 6 months after delivery: cohort study / Disfunctión del suelo pélvico en primíparas hasta 6 meses después del parto: estudio de cohort / Disfunções do assoalho pélvico em primíparas até 6 meses após o parto: estudo de coorte

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze pelvic floor muscular strength (PFMS), urinary (UI) and anal (AI) incontinence and dyspareunia in primiparous women up to 6 months after normal or cesarean delivery. Methods: this is a prospective cohort with 169 women (128 normal births, 41 cesarean sections), followed between 50-70 and 170-190 days postpartum, when PFMS was measured using perineometry, and UI and AI and dyspareunia, through interview. Results: PFMS, UI and dyspareunia were similar between types of delivery. The difference was significant only for the time elapsed, with improvement in the studied period (2 and 6 months postpartum). Regarding AI, there was a significant difference between 2 and 6 months postpartum, with an interaction between type of delivery and time (p=0.022). Conclusion: the type of delivery did not show any influence on pelvic floor dysfunctions, except for AI. For all outcomes, there was an improvement in the period studied.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar fuerza muscular del suelo pélvico (FMSP), incontinencia urinaria (IU) y anal (IA) y dispareunia en mujeres primíparas hasta 6 meses después del parto normal o por cesárea. Métodos: Cohorte prospectiva con 169 mujeres (128 partos normales y 41cesáreas), seguidas entre 50-70 y 170-190 días posparto, cuando se midió la FMSP mediante perineometría, y se evaluó la IU, IA y dispareunia, mediante entrevista. Resultados: FMSP, IU y dispareunia fueron similares entre los tipos de parto. La diferencia fue significativa solo para el tiempo transcurrido, com mejoría em el período estudado, com mejoría em el período estudiado (2 y 6 meses posparto). Em cuanto a la IA, hubo una diferencia significativa entre los 2 y 6 meses posparto, com uma interacción entre el tipo de parto y el tiempo (p=0,022). Conclusión: El tipo de parto no mostro influencia em las disfunciones del suelo pélvico, excepto em la IA. Para todos los resultados, hubo uma mejora em el período estudiado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a força muscular do assoalho pélvico (FMAP), a incontinência urinária (IU) e anal (IA) e a dispareunia em primíparas até 6 meses após o parto normal ou cesariana. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva com 169 mulheres (128 parto normal, 41 cesariana), acompanhadas entre 50-70 e 170-190 dias pós-parto, quando foi mensurada a FMAP, mediante a perineometria, e avaliadas a IU e IA e a dispareunia, mediante entrevista. Resultados: A FMAP, a IU e a dispareunia foram similares entre os tipos de parto. A diferença foi significativa apenas para o tempo decorrido, com melhora no período estudado (2 e 6 meses pós-parto). Em relação à IA, houve diferença significante entre 2 e 6 meses pós-parto, com interação entre tipo de parto e tempo (p=0,022). Conclusão: O tipo de parto não mostrou influência nas disfunções do assoalho pélvico, exceto na IA. Para todos os desfechos, houve melhora no período estudado.

Dispareunia y vaginismo, trastornos sexuales por dolor / Dispareunia and vaginism, sexual disorders due to pain

Introducción: Dentro de los trastornos sexuales por dolor, se estudian la dispareunia y el vaginismo. El Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales V, los engloba bajo la categoría trastorno de dolor génito-pélvico y penetración. En Cuba, no existen muchos referentes teóricos de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: Sistematizar y actualizar los referentes teóricos relacionados con la dispareunia y el vaginismo, desde un enfoque sexológico. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura publicada sobre el tema, de los últimos diez años, a texto completo, en las bases de datos SciELO y desde la búsqueda con Google académico con las palabras claves: trastornos sexuales por dolor, dispareunia y vaginismo. Desarrollo: La dispareunia y el vaginismo presentan una etiología multifactorial y variables grados de afectación del disfrute sexual de las parejas. Se presentan los aspectos esenciales de ambas entidades, fundamentalmente la clasificación, etiología, caracterización clínica, evaluación y el tratamiento. Conclusiones: La dispareunia y el vaginismo, son dos afecciones que afectan la vida sexual plena y satisfactoria y requieren de conocimientos, orientación y tratamiento especializado para que los resultados sean satisfactorios(AU)

Introduction: Within sexual disorders due to pain, dyspareunia and vaginismus are studied. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V encompasses them under the category of pelvic pain and penetration disorder. In Cuba, there are not many theoretical references of these diseases. Objective: Systematize and update the theoretical references related to dyspareunia and vaginismus, from a sexological approach Methods: A review of the literature published on the subject, of the last ten years, in full text, in the SciELO databases and from the search with academic Google with the keywords: sexual disorders due to pain, dyspareunia and vaginismus. Development: Dyspareunia and vaginismus have a multifactorial etiology and varying degrees of impairment of sexual enjoyment of couples. The essential aspects of both entities are presented, fundamentally the classification, etiology, clinical characterization, evaluation and treatment. Conclusions: Dyspareunia and vaginismus are two conditions that affect full and satisfactory sex life and require specialized knowledge, guidance and treatment for the results to be satisfactory(AU)

Treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico em mulheres com dispareunia: um ensaio clínico randomizado / Pelvic floor muscles training in women with dyspareunia: randomized clinical trial

Introdução: A dispareunia afeta a função sexual feminina, bem como a qualidade de vida. Deste modo, o treinamento do assoalho pélvico gera consciência da região vaginal, bem como melhora da função sexual. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (TMAP) na qualidade de vida de mulheres com dispareunia. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado em mulheres sexualmente ativas com sintomas de dispareunia que foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em Grupo Intervenção (GI; n = 6) e Grupo Controle (GC; n = 7). A função sexual foi verificada através do Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). A interferência da dispareunia na qualidade de vida foi verificada por uma escala visual analógica (0= nenhuma interferência; 10= máxima interferência). O GI foi submetido ao TMAP por oito semanas, sendo dois encontros semanais com e duração de 40 minutos, e o GC não recebeu nenhum treinamento. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se que os domínios desejo, excitação, lubrificação, orgasmo e satisfação não apresentaram diferença significativa em ambos os grupos. No entanto, houve diminuição dos valores encontrados no domínio dor (p = 0,043; d = 1,24) no GI. Quanto à interferência da dispareunia na qualidade de vida, os valores foram significativamente melhores no GI (p = 0,022; d = 1,95). Conclusão: Após intervenção fisioterapêutica de treino dos músculos do assoalho pélvico, há melhora da dor em mulheres. (AU)

Introduction: Dyspareunia affects female sexual function as well as quality of life. In this mode, pelvic floor training generates awareness of the vaginal region as well as enhances sexual function. Aim: To analyze the effect of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on the quality of life of women with dyspareunia. Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial in sexually active women with symptoms of dyspareunia that were randomly assigned to Intervention Group (GI; n = 6) and Control Group (CG; n = 7). Sexual function was verified through the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Dyspareunia interference on quality of life was verified by a visual analog scale (0 = no interference; 10 = maximum interference). The GI was submitted to the PFMT for eight weeks, two weekly meetings lasting 40 minutes, and the CG received no training. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The domains desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm and satisfaction did not present significant difference in both groups. However, there was a decrease in the values found in the pain domain (p = 0.043; d = 1.24) in the GI. Regarding the interference of dyspareunia in quality of life, values were significantly better in GI (p = 0.022; d = 1.95). Conclusion: After physical therapy intervention of pelvic floor muscles training there is pain improvement in women. (AU)

A rare case of perineal endometriosis with anal sphincter involvement

Perineal endometriosis is a rare entity which can be explained by direct implantation of endometriotic cells over the fresh episiotomy wound and subsequent development of scar endometriosis. Perineal scar endometriosis incidence is reported to be 0.3% to 1%. 28 years old, P1L1, presented with pain and swelling near episiotomy site which is associated with menstruation. Examination during menstruation revealed swelling was tender, erythematous and slightly increased in size. Clinical diagnosis of scar endometriosis was made after clinical examination. Mass excised and sent for histopathological examination. Although diagnosis essentially remains clinical, preoperative evaluation with perineal ultrasound and MRI was performed. Wide local excision remains treatment of choice and follow up for recurrence is recommended. Histopathological examination is obligatory to exclude rare possibility of malignant changes.

Pelvic inflammatory disease by actinomyces: report of 1 case and review of the literature

Actinomycosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by the formation of abscesses, fistulas and dense fibrous tissue at the site of involvement. Its distribution is worldwide. However, pelvic actinomycosis has increased in frequency and has been associated with abdominal surgery, intestinal perforation or trauma, due to the destruction of the muscular barrier. The clinical elements of suspicion are the latency of months and even years of symptoms and the history of being a carrier of an intrauterine device. Actinomyces israelli is a rare etiological agent of pelvic inflammatory disease, so it is difficult to reach the diagnosis. A case report is made of a 48-year-old patient with an intrauterine device older than 5 years, who entered the emergency department with abdominal pain syndrome and 7-day evolutionary fever accompanied by dyspareunia. She was hospitalized for antibiotic treatment, presenting an unsatisfactory evolution, with increased leukocytosis and persistent abdominal pain. An exploratory laparotomy with abdominal hysterectomy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was pelvic inflammatory disease due to actinomyces. We must always suspect in the presence of a pelvic inflammatory disease in any of its clinical forms, the presence of actinomyces as one of the possible causative germs, especially in patients with intrauterine device for more than 5 years.

Impact of microablative fractional radiofrequency on the vaginal health, microbiota, and cellularity of postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of microablative fractional radiofrequency (MAFRF) in the non-hormonal treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. METHODS: We examined the cases of 55 postmenopausal women before and after treatment with regard to their vaginal health index (VHI), vaginal microbiota, vaginal pH, and cell maturation. Three applications of MAFRF were performed in the vagina/vaginal introitus. During the treatment, six vaginal smears were obtained and stained with the Papanicolaou stain for determining the degree of cell maturation and with Gram stain for classification of vaginal flora, as per the criteria of Spiegel and Amsel. For vaginal pH determination, pH indicator strips were applied against the vaginal wall. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows (version 17.0). Data were reported as mean±standard deviation. The differences were analyzed using the statistical method of generalized estimation equations with autoregressive correlation structure "1" and robust standard errors. RESULTS: The mean age was 59.8±4.2 years, and the mean time of menopause was 15.4±4.5 years. After treatment, there was an increase in the percentage of Lactobacillus spp. (p<0.001). Consequently, there was a progressive decrease in vaginal pH during the treatment (p<0.001). Regarding cell maturation, there was a decrease in the percentage of parabasal cells (p=0.001) and an increase in the rate of superficial cells (p<0.001). Additionally, there was an improvement in the VHI index. The mean VHI values before and after treatment were 13.2±5.6 and 22.5±3.7, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: MAFRF treatment is well tolerated and leads to improvement in the vaginal microenvironment.

Evaluation of sexual dysfunction in Brazilian women with breast cancer: partial results

Objective: To assess the pattern of sexual performance in women treated for breast cancer. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on women treated for breast cancer. Inclusion criteria: to have undergone the first-line therapy for cancer and the cancer not being classified as stage IV. Data on cancer were collected by the analysis of medical records. For the evaluation of sexual performance, women were submitted to individual interviews, with the application of the Quociente Sexual ­ Versão Feminina (QS­F) questionnaire. Sexual performance was classified as: bad, unfavorable, regular, good, and excellent. The diagnosis of sexual dysfunction was established to women with score ≤ 60. For descriptive analyses, absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies were performed, and for the comparison between the quantitative variables the Student's t-test was used. Results: 31 women with a mean age of 55.2 years were included, 35% were classified as clinical stage II, 84% underwent conservative surgery, 65% underwent chemotherapy, and 80% used endocrinotherapy. Regarding sexual performance, 62% spontaneously think about sex, 35% are always interested in sex, and 51.7% have some degree of pain during intercourse. After calculating the score, it was concluded that 6.5% had bad sexual performance; 19.4%, unfavorable; 19.4%, regular; 41.9%, good; and 12.8%, excellent. The mean score was 58.7 points (standard deviation = 21.4, median of 64, minimum of 16, and maximum of 90 points), and 45.2% of women were diagnosed with sexual dysfunction. The provided treatments and the length of follow-up did not have a significant correlation with sexual performance. Conclusion: Most women treated for breast cancer had sexual performance classified as "good and excellent," although a significant percentage had a diagnosis of sexual dysfunction.

A prospective study of endometriosis and its outcome at tertiary care centre

Background: This study was conducted to detect various presenting clinical features, type and severity of pelvic endometriosis according to revised American fertility society classification. Objective of this study was to assess outcome of endometriosis after medical and surgical treatment in form of pregnancy, reduction of symptoms like dysmenorrhoea, dyspareunia and others.Methods: This prospective study conducted at one of tertiary care teaching institutes for period of 3 years from January 2011 to December 2013. A total number of 100 patients of pelvic endometriosis were examined and divided according to Revised American Fertility Society Classification on bases of severity, type and clinical features and laparoscopic findings. After 1 year of follow up, outcome assessed after completion of medical and surgical treatment in form of pregnancy, reduction of dysmenorrhoea and dyspareunia and other symptoms.Results: This study showed most affected patients (46%) belongs to 26-30 years of age group, dysmenorrhoea was the most common presenting symptoms in 76% patients. Most common site affected (52%) was ovaries. Laparoscopy was done in 86% patients. Most patients (44%) were benefited with fulguration of endometriotic nodules. 62% of patients were given oral contraceptive pills or progesterone pills after definitive surgery as freely available in Governmental setup and fewer side effects as compared to Danazol and GnRH analogues. 40 patients became pregnant after medical and surgical treatment, where 60 patients had reduced dysmenorrhoea and 20 patients had reduced dyspareunia.Conclusions: Laparoscopy is gold standard diagnostic as well as therapeutic tool in pelvic endometriosis as it can rule out other causes of infertility without interfering normal anatomy.

Disfunções dos músculos do assoalho pélvico em mulheres que realizam o exame preventivo de câncer de colo de útero / Pelvic floor dysfunctions in women undergoing cervical cancer screening

Introdução: As disfunções dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (DMAP) ocorrem devido a alterações das estruturas da região pélvica. A identificação de sintomas no exame preventivo de câncer de colo de útero é importante para aprimorar políticas públicas de atenção à saúde da mulher. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de DMAP em mulheres que realizam exame preventivo de câncer de colo de útero. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal cuja população foi composta por 64 mulheres adultas. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram ficha de identificação de DMAP e ficha de identificação de fatores associados as DMAP. Resultados: Constipação (40,6%), incontinência urinária (IU) (39,1%) e dispareunia (23,4%) foram as mais prevalentes, com 39,1% das mulheres apresentando sintomas de uma única disfunção, 21,9% duas disfunções e 9,4% associação de três disfunções, 44% das mulheres com IU também apresentam constipação e 28% com IU apresentavam dispareunia. Nenhum fator demonstrou associação à constipação, IU demonstrou uma tendência à associação ao consumo de cafeína e dispareunia ao uso de medicamentos Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina. Conclusão: Observou-se maior prevalência de constipação, IU e dispareunia destacando-se a sobreposição de sintomas, enfatizando a importância da detecção precoce das DMAP ainda na atenção primária. (AU)

Introduction: Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) occur due to changes in the structures of the pelvic region. The identification of symptoms in the cervical cancer screening is important to improve public health care for women. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of PFD in women who undergo cervical cancer screening test. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study whose population was composed of 64 adult women. The research instruments used were a PFD identification form and a PFD identification card. Results: Constipation (40.6%), Urinary Incontinence (UI) (39.1%) and dyspareunia (23.4%) were the most prevalent, with 39.1% of the women presenting with a single dysfunction, 21.9% two dysfunctions and a 9.4% association of three dysfunctions, 44% of women with UI also presented constipation and 28% with UI had dyspareunia. No factor was associated with constipation, UI showed a trend to association with caffeine consumption and dyspareunia with the use of ACE inhibitors. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of constipation, UI and dyspareunia was observed, with overlapping of symptoms, emphasizing the importance of the early detection of PFD still in the primary care, for the prevention and treatment of these symptoms. (AU)

Estimulação nervosa elétrica transcutânea (TENS) no tratamento da vulvodínia localizada provocada: revisão sistemática / Transcutaneous nervous electric stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of localized provoked vulvodynia: systematic review

Objetivo: Verificar a eficácia da TENS no tratamento de mulheres com vulvodínia localizada provocada. Métodos: Buscou-se, nas bases de dados SciELO, PEDro e PubMed, por estudos que utilizaram a TENS como tratamento da vulvodínia localizada provocada. Resultados: Dos 50 artigos recuperados, três foram analisados: dois ECRs e um estudo de coorte longitudinal não controlado. Conclusão: A TENS pode ser eficaz como uma opção de tratamento na melhora da dor vulvar, sendo uma opção de baixo custo, não invasivo e de fácil manejo; assim como outras terapias combinadas, parece ter um efeito positivo e benéfico no tratamento da vulvodínia localizada provocada. (AU)

Objective: To verify the efficacy of TENS in the treatment of women with localized provoked vulvodynia. Methods: Searched the databases SciELO, PEDro, PubMed, for studies that used TENS as a treatment of localized vulvodynia. Results: Of the 50 articles retrieved, 3 articles were analyzed: 2 RCTs, 1 uncontrolled longitudinal cohort study. Conclusion: The TENS can be effective as a treatment option in improving vulvar pain and is a low-cost, non-invasive and easy to use option, as well as other combined therapies, which appears to have a positive and beneficial effect in the treatment of localized provoked vulvodynia.(AU)

Variables associated with endometriosis-related pain: a pilot study using a visual analogue scale / Variáveis associadas à dor relacionada à endometriose: estudo piloto usando uma escala analógica visual

Abstract Objective Endometriosis is a complex disease, and pain is an important component of the syndrome. One of the most used methods to assess pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS). The aim of the present research was to study the pain experienced by patients who referred to our unit for endometriosis, using the VAS to understand the variables that could influence it. Methods We have conducted a prospective study from February 2012 to December 2016, enrolling 388 patients who referred to a university hospital, in Florence, Italy. We have included in the present study patients during their follow-up for endometriosis; we have also included patients who underwent surgery with a histological diagnosis of endometriosis. We have collected sociodemographic and clinical information regarding age, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, number of pregnancies, and endometriosis staging. Finally, we have administered the VAS for several symptoms. Results Dysmenorrhea was the symptom associated with the highest perception of pain (mean VAS score of 5.76). The logistic regression showed that the stage of endometriosis could influence the pain associated to constipation and to dysuria. The linear regression showed that age couldinfluencethe pain associated to constipation, to dyspareunia,and to dysmenorrhea. A positive correlation was found between dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain(CPP), between dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, and between constipation and dysuria. Conclusion Using a validated method, the VAS, we have studied the pain experienced by a group of patients with a history of endometriosis and observed that smoking habit and BMI did not influence the VAS scores, and that dysmenorrhea was associated with the highest perception of pain.

Resumo Objetivo A endometriose é uma doença complexa, e a dor é um componente importante da enfermidade. Um dos métodos mais utilizados para avaliar a dor é a escala visual analógica (EVA). O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar a dor sentida pelas pacientes que se referiram à nossa unidade para endometriose, usando a EVA para entender as variáveis que poderiam influenciá-la. Métodos Realizamos um estudo transversal de fevereiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2016, envolvendo 388 pacientes que se referiram a um hospital universitário, em Florença, Itália. Incluímos nossos pacientes do estudo durante o acompanhamento da endometriose; incluímos também pacientes que sesubmeteramàcirurgia comdiagnóstico histológico de endometriose. Coletamos informações sociodemográficas e clínicas sobre idade, índice de massa corporal (IMC), hábito de fumar, número de gravidezes e estágio da endometriose. Finalmente, administramos a EVA para vários sintomas. Resultados A dismenorreia foi o sintoma associado à maior percepção de dor (média do escore EVA de 5,76). A regressão logística mostrou que o estágio da endometriose poderia influenciar a dor associada à constipação e à disúria. A regressão linear mostrou que a idade poderia influenciar a dor associada à constipação, à dispareunia e à dismenorreia. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre dismenorreia e dor pélvica crônica, entre dismenorreia e dispareunia, e entre constipação e disúria. Conclusão Utilizando um método validado, a EVA, estudamos a dor sentida por um grupo de pacientes com história de endometriose e observamos que o hábito de fumar e o IMC não influenciaram os escores EVA, e que a dismenorreia foi associada à maior percepção de dor.