Clinical analysis of combined direct and indirect extracranial-intracranial bypass in 25 adult patients with Moyamoya disease / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

[Abstrict]Objective To explore the key points and clinical value of combined direct and indirect extracranial-in?tracranial (EC-IC) bypass in patients with adult moyamoya disease. Methods Retrospective analysis of combined revas?cularization surgery in 25 adult patients with moyamoya disease. The frontal branch and parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery (STA) were dissected. Combined revascularization surgery consisted of direct (anastomosis between the su?perficial temporal artery and cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery) and indirect (encephalodurogaleosynan-giosis EDAS) surgeries. Clinical status was evaluated using the modified Rankin Scale and NIHSS score at 1 day before, 1 week and 3 months after surgery. Results Thirty lateralities were successfully performed on 25 patients. Postoperative angiogra?phy or CTA and cranial computer tomography perfusion imaging(CTP) were conducted to examine the patency of the di?rect anastomosis and cerebral blood flow in 23 patientswithin 1 weeks after surgery . The results showed that the anasto?motic vascular patency was excellent and the cerebral blood flow increased in parallel to the relief of the patients’s isch?emic symptoms. The median mRS scores were 3 (1,3) before surgery, 2 (1,3) 1 week and 1 (0,3) 1 month after surgery.The median mRS scores were significantly improved (Z=15.14, P<0.01). The median NIHSS scores was 5 (4,8) preopera?tively and 4(2,7) postoperation 1 week and 3(1,4) 3 months. The median NIHSS scores were also significantly improved (Z=11.36, P<0.01). Unfortunately, two patients had complication and left hemiparesis. One patient complicated with con?tralateral hemisphere infarction and the another one complicated with ipsilateral hemispheric hemorrhage after operation. Conclusions Combined revascularization surgery may result in satisfying improvement in clinical, angiographic, and he?modynamic states and prevention of recurrent stroke. The stabilized hemodynamic is the key point in peroperative period for moyamoya patients.

Entrenamiento en laboratorio de microcirugía para la revascularización cerebral / Microsurgical laboratory training for cerebral revascularization

La idea de llevar más sangre al cerebro para prevenir el infarto y mantener las funciones cerebrales ha estado en la mente de los neurocirujanos por muchas décadas. En el año 1967 el doctor M. G. Yasargil realizo la primera anastomosis microvascular cerebral de la arteria temporal superficial (ATS) a la arteria cerebral media (ACM). Esta cirugía impulso la neurocirugía en un paso agigantado hacia el campo de la microcirugía y la revascularización cerebral. Durante las décadas que siguieron estas técnicas quirúrgicas fueron usadas con tratamiento definitivo y adyuvante para enfermedades vasculares extracraneanas e intracraneanas, tumores de la base del cráneo, aneurismas, fistulas carotido cavernosa, isquemia cerebral aguda, vasoespasmo y la Enfermedad Moyamoya. La cirugía cerebrovascular requiere un entrenamiento extensivo para lograr realizar las diferentes intervenciones de un modo adecuado y seguro. Las técnicas de anastomosis microvascular son muy difíciles de realizar y necesitan de una destreza que se logra obtener con el entrenamiento. Los procedimientos de laboratorios son un buen instrumento para realizar los ejercicios necesarios para obtener la experiencia y realizar la curva de aprendizaje de estos procedimientos quirúrgicos. El entrenamiento de laboratorio se realiza con el uso de microscopio y realizar las diferentes técnicas en material artificial como guantes y tubos de silastico, especímenes muertos, muslo y alas de pollo o cuellos de pavo y en animales vivos entre los cuales se encuentran los conejos, ratas y puercos. En este artículo queremos hacer una revisión de la cirugía de revascularización cerebral y del entrenamiento en laboratorio para poder amaestrar estas cirugías.

The idea of providing additional blood supply to the brain to prevent stroke and maintain neurological function has been present in the mind of neurosurgeons for many decades. In 1967 the first STA–MCA bypass was done by M. G. Yasargil, and an enormous step was made into the field of microneurosurgery and cerebral revascularization. During the decades that followed, this technique was used as an adjuvant or a definitive surgical treatment for occlusive disease of the extracranial and intracranial cerebral vessels, skull base tumors, aneurysms, carotid–cavernous fistulas, cerebral vasospasm, acute cerebral ischemia, and moyamoya disease. Cerebrovascular surgery require extensive training to achieve applying the different interventions in a safe and adequate way. Microneurovascular anastomosis are difficult to do and are a surgical challenge. These procedures needs for the surgeon to obtaining certain skills before mastering the technique. Hands-on laboratory procedures are essential being a learning tool for young surgeons and a daily exercise for the more experienced. Training typically has been done with artificial materials such as silastic tubes and gloves, dead specimens such as chicken wing and turkey neck, or on live animals. In this article we want to review the surgical procedures for cerebral revascularization and the laboratory techniques for mastering these surgeries.

Causative analysis of cases with permanent complication following extracranial-entracranial bypass surgery in patients with hemodynamic ischemia / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

OBJECTIVE: Extracranial-intracranial(EC-IC) bypass procedures have proved to be useful and safe in selected patients for revascularization. We have performed EC-IC bypass procedures in 170 patients with atherosclerotic cerebral ischemia and moyamoya disease. We analyzed the cases that had permanent complications after performing EC-IC bypass procedures in these 170 patients. METHODS: We performed ECIC bypass surgery during the recent 10 years for augmenting the cerebral blood flow in 170 patients with atherosclerotic cerebral ischemia and moyamoya disease. Of the 170 patients, the pathologic lesions were atherosclerotic cerebral ischemia in 125 and moyamoya in 45. All the patients were symptomatic and in a hemodynamic cerebral ischemic state, as diagnosed by the acetazolamide loading test. Superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was performed in 158 cases and graft bypass with using the saphenous vein or radial artery was done in 12 cases. RESULTS: Of 170 patients who underwent bypass surgery, twenty four patients had postoperative neurologic deficits. Of these 24 patients, the neurologic deficits of 17 patients resolved completely within 3 weeks, but the remaining 7 patients (moyamoya in 5 patients and 2 patients were atherosclerotic) had permanent deficits. The probable causes of the permanent neurologic deficits were that bypass was done too soon after an ischemic attack or hemorrhage (3 cases), intracerebral steal phenomenon during anesthesia (2 case), postbypass thrombotic occlusion of the prebypass stenotic artery (1 case) and postbypass thromboembolism (1 case) CONCLUSION: Permanent neurologic deficits could complicate some cases following bypass surgery. The suggested causes of neurologic deficit were hypoperfusion and inappropriate CO2 tension in the blood and fluctuation of the blood pressure during the perioperative period. To prevent complications, maintain an appropriate perfusion pressure and blood pressure control and follow this with antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy as soon as possible.

Complications of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

OBJECTIVES: Extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC)bypass procedures have proved useful in selected patients with cerebral ischemia. We have experienced EC-IC bypass procedures in 85 patients with hemodynamic cerebral ischemia, moya moya and complicated aneurysm. In this study, complications after EC-IC bypass procedures was investigated. METHODS: Authors performed EC-IC bypass surgery for augmentation of cerebral blood flow in 85 patients for recent 7 years. Of 85 patients, the pathologic lesions were artherosclerotic hemodynamic cerebral ischemia in 60, moya moya in 14, complicated aneurysm in 9, and traumatic occlusion of the carotid artery in 2. An superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was performed in 67 cases and graft bypass with saphenous vein or radial artery in 18 cases. RESULTS: Of 85 patients who underwent bypass surgery, 63 had an uneventful postoperative course. Fifteen patients had hyperperfusion syndrome that included temporary neurologic deficit in 7, reperfusion hemorrhage in 3, seizure in 3, and neusea and vomiting in 2. Five patients had wound problems. Permanant neurologic deficit and complete obstruction of the preoperative stenotic lesion occured in one respectively. All patients except three cases of reperfusion hemorrhage and one case of permanent neurologic deficit recovered completely. Two of three cases of reperfusion hemorrhage and one case of permanent neurologic deficit recovered with minor neurologic deficit, and the remaining one case of reperfusion hemorrhage died. CONCLUSION: EC-IC bypass surgery is a reliable and reasonably safe method for establishing new pathways of collateral circulation to the brain. However, this operation can have potential complications by relative hyperperfusion of chronically hypoperfused and presumably dysautoregulated region, and new flow pattern after bypass. Bypass is deferred to 8 weeks till impaired autoregulation is restored after acute cerebral infarction. And blood pressure should be controlled closely throughout the immediate postoperative period.