RESUMO
Se realizó un estudio transversal de las interacciones madre-hijo(a) en familias monoparentales chilenas de bajo ingresos, considerando las diferencias según el género infantil. Participan 80 díadas, con 39 niñas y 41 niños entre los 4 y 15 meses y se evalúa la calidad de las interacciones con el instrumento CARE-Index. Se observan altos puntajes en depresión y estrés materno, así como un promedio en la calidad de la interacción que indica necesidad de intervención, mostrando lo anterior vulnerabilidad en las díadas del estudio. Las díadas con infantes de género masculino muestran interacciones significativamente más difíciles con sus madres que las de género femenino, quienes a su vez muestran interacciones significativamente más pasivas que los infantes de género masculino. Los tamaños de efecto observados en las diferencias son medianos en ambos casos. Se observa también complementariedad en las conductas de madres e hijos(as), obteniéndose correlaciones positivas y significativas entre sensibilidad materna y cooperatividad infantil, control materno y las conductas difíciles de los infantes, así como entre la conducta no responsiva de las madres y la actitud pasiva en los niños(as). Se discuten los hallazgos a partir de las teorías existentes en relación a género infantil e interacciones tempranas, en el contexto de familias monoparentales a cargo de la madre.
A transversal study of mother-child interactions in Chilean, low income, single mother families, was developed considering child gender differences. Participants were 80 dyads, with 39 girls and 41 boys with ages distributed between 4 and 15 months old. The dyadic interaction quality was evaluated with the Care-Index instrument. High depression and maternal stress scores were found, as well as a quality of interaction average, which indicates the need for intervention, showing the vulnerability in the dyads of the study. Dyads with boys showed significantly more difficult behavior with their mothers than girls, who showed significantly more passive behavior than boys. The observed effect sizes differences are moderate in both cases. Complementary behaviors in mothers and children are observed, resulting significant correlations between maternal sensitivity and infant cooperativeness, maternal control and difficult infants behaviors, and between non-responsive behavior of mothers and passive behavior in children. The findings are discussed from existing theories related to child gender and early interactions in the context of single parents in charge of the mother.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Among the surgeries that can be performed for patients with acute peptic ulcer perforation, the frequency of performing laparoscopic surgeries is gradually increasing and it is being reported that laparoscopic surgeries have many advantages over laparotomies. So we will examined if laparoscopic surgery has advantages as compared to open surgery for appropriately selected patients. METHODS: The subjects were 15 patients who were diagnosed with peptic ulcer perforation and they were operated on by a single surgeon between September 2007 and January 2009 at the National Medical Center. The subjects were divided into an LG and an OG. Statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed students T-tests. RESULTS: There were 6 patients in the LG and 9 patients in the OG. All the patients in the two groups were male. The time until fist flatulence was 1.6 days in the LG and 2.6 days in the OG. The time until the first oral intake was 3 days in the LG and 3.4 days in the OG. The time during which pain control was necessary was 2.6 (range: 2~4) days in the LG and 3.3 (range: 2~4) days in the OG. The number of days of the hospital stay after surgery was 5.6 days (range: 4~7) in the LG and 10 days (range: 6~26) in the OG. There were 2 cases of complications in the OG only, and all of them were wound infections. CONCLUSION: It is thought that laparoscopic surgeries can be performed relatively easily and safely for patients with peptic ulcer perforation by selecting appropriate patients.