Change and continuity: On the 9th UICC/IASLC/AJCC TNM staging system for thymic tumors / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#The announcement of the 9th edition of TNM staging system for thymic tumors was one of the highlights at the World Conference on Lung Cancer 2023. The revision, based on a larger and more detailed database, provides changes and confirmation from the last system. The 9th edition of TNM staging system aims to balance statistical significance and clinical feasibility. The birth of an improved TNM staging system heralds the changes that will follow in clinical practice and scientific research.

Controversias Diagnósticas en la Clasificación Internacional de las Cefaleas, III Edición / Diagnostic controversies on the International Classifica tion of Headaches Disorders, III Edition

Resumen La revisión consideró los puntos de conflicto que pue dan llevar a confusión en el uso diario de la clasificación internacional de las cefaleas (ICHD-III). Se evaluaron tanto las controversias al momento de confeccionar los criterios como las superposiciones producidas tras su utilización en la práctica diaria, argumentado a través de bibliografía científica. Como puntos relevantes, la anamnesis de un paciente con cefalea debe indicar la intensidad del dolor como así también la duración del episodio doloroso y si su localización es estrictamente unilateral. Estos puntos podrán ser de ayuda en los casos de dolor moderado que no cumplan en forma absoluta los criterios para ninguna de las cefaleas primarias, dilema frecuente en la práctica diaria.

Abstract The review considered points of conflict that may lead to confusion in the daily use of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III). Both the controversies at the time of preparing the criteria and the overlaps produced after their use in daily practice were evaluated, argued through scientific bib liography. As relevant points, the anamnesis of a patient with headache should indicate the intensity of the pain as well as the duration of the painful episode and if its location is strictly unilateral. These points may be help ful in cases of moderate pain that do not fully meet the criteria for any of the primary headaches, a frequent dilemma in daily practice.

Necesidades de formación de las personas editoras de la Universidad de Costa Rica

El crecimiento de la necesidad de información veraz ha llevado a que las revistas científicas se posicionen como medios de información confiables; lo cual hace que se requiera una necesidad de la profesionalización de esta labor que garantice la confiablidad y rigurosidad de las mismas. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue identificar las necesidades de formación de profesionales a cargo de la gestión editorial de las revistas científicas de la Universidad de Costa Rica. La investigación se realizó desde enero del 2019 hasta junio del 2020, por medio de un enfoque cualitativo de tipo descriptivo, con técnicas de recolección de este mismo enfoque. Se entrevistaron a las personas editoras y directoras de las principales revistas posicionadas en los primeros diez lugares del ranking UCR índex (a la fecha 4 de noviembre del 2019), se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada con preguntas relacionadas a la identificación de actitudes, habilidades, conocimientos, necesidades de formación y el contexto en el que se desarrollan, estas representan las categorías de análisis utilizadas para el procesamiento de información. Entre los resultados se destacaron necesidades de formación en temáticas afines a los procesos administrativos relacionados con revistas, fundamentos de la gestión editorial, herramientas tecnológicas y el posicionamiento de las revistas; además se evidenciaron las cortas jornadas laborales que poseen los editores de revistas UCR. Se concluye que es imperativo que la UCR atienda estas necesidades de formación, además de fortalecer estos medios de divulgación del conocimiento y que se analice la oportunidad de ofrecer un programa de formación continua o bien una especialidad en gestión editorial.

The growth of the need for reliable information has led scientific journals to position themselves as reliable information media, which entails a need for the professionalization of this work that guarantees the reliability and rigor of this. The objective of this manuscript was to identify the training needs of the professionals in charge of the editorial management of the scientific journals of the University of Costa Rica. The research was carried out from January 2019 to June 2020, through a descriptive qualitative approach, with qualitative collection techniques. The editors and directors of the main journals positioned in the first ten places of the UCR index ranking (November 4th, 2019) were interviewed, a semi-structured interview was used with questions related to the identification of attitudes, skills, knowledge, training needs and the context in which they are developed, these represent the categories of analysis used for the processing of information. The main results shows that, training needs in topics related to the processes were highlighted, administrative issues related to journals, fundamentals of editorial management, technological tools and the positioning of journals; in addition, the short working hours that the editors of UCR magazines have were evidenced. It is concluded that it is imperative that the UCR meets these training needs, in addition to strengthening these means of disseminating knowledge and that the opportunity to offer a continuous training program or a specialty in editorial management be analyzed.

Psychological and behavioral characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder using Psycho-educational Profile (Third Edition) / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore psychological and behavioral characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using Psycho-educational Profile (Third Edition) (PEP3). MethodsFrom October, 2021 to October, 2022, 192 children with ASD without intervention in the Binzhou Medical University Hospital were selected as observation group, and 96 healthy children who visited at the same time were selected as control group. They were assessed with PEP3. ResultsThe development of receptive language significantly delayed behind expressive language (t = 5.383, P < 0.001) in the observation group. The cognitive, expressive language, receptive language, fine motor, gross motor, imitation and personal self-care correlated with age (r = 0.540 to 0.795, P < 0.001). The Cronbach's α of PEP3 for the observation group was 0.810 to 0.947. The original score of each subtest of PEP3 was less in the observation group than in the control group (|t| > 4.267, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe development of receptive language retards behind the expressive language in children with ASD. Cognitive and motor functions develop with age, while the correlation between maladaptive behavior and age is weak. PEP3 is reliable in internal consistency, and valid in discrimination.

Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of digestive tract. In 2020， 1.93 million new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed globally， ranking third in the global incidence spectrum， and 930 000 new deaths were reported， ranking second in the global cause of death spectrum. Meanwhile， the medical cost of metastatic colorectal cancer is the highest among all stages. A large number of studies have demonstrated that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） treatment can bring clinical benefits to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with unique efficacy. In order to further standardize the TCM diagnosis and treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer and improve the level of TCM diagnosis and treatment， Xiyuan Hospital， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， together with other relevant units in China， according to the guideline development process of the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development and the relevant requirements of the Clinical Evidence Grading Criteria on TCM Based on Evidence Body， the Regulations for Group Standards of China Association of Chinese Medicine and others， combined with the characteristics of TCM diagnosis and treatment and the actual situation in China， the Guidelines for TCM Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer was developed in accordance with the Catalogue of TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Plans for 105 Diseases in 24 Specialties issued by Department of Medical Administration of National Administration of TCM.

World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System 5th Edition (WHO CNS5): What's new?

The latest fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors (WHO CNS5) has been built on the prior WHO 2016 classification as well as recommendations put forward by seven updates of the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy (cIMPACT). Various new tumor types and subtypes have been recognized which are of clinical significance. Tumor groups have been restructured and the nomenclature of some tumor types has also been revised. The use of terms 'entity' and 'variant' have been replaced by 'type' and 'subtype'. Significant changes have been introduced in the grading of tumors viz. use of Arabic numerals, grading within individual tumor types and combined histological and molecular grading. The terms 'Not otherwise specified' and 'Not elsewhere classified' can now be used for all tumor types. WHO CNS5 also for the first time endorses the use of DNA methylation profiling for the diagnosis of some tumor types/subtypes. Finally, the importance of combining histology with molecular parameters is emphasized for the “layered reporting” and “integrated diagnosis”, which will provide valuable diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive information, as well as for some entities, suggest targeted therapies.

A Review on Critical Edition of Ayurveda Manuscripts

Ayurveda is an ancient science dealing with health care. In the ancient period, the knowledge was passed down from mouth to ear in an oral tradition. Later on, the Acharyas began to record these knowledge by writing it down on different materials like palm leaves, birch bark, copper plates.etc. Thus, Ayurveda began to be codified through centuries in written documents called Manuscripts. India is rich in its collection of medical as well as other manuscripts. Most of these remain unpublished. As such, several unique disease conditions and medical formulations contained in these texts are being lost by decaying. Many versions of the same text can be obtained from different places and therefore different readings about the same subject are seen. Ayurveda being mostly presented in Sanskrit language, a slight difference in reading makes a lot of difference in the interpretation of its meaning. Critical edition of a manuscript deals with the analysis of various versions of a text, to find out which is more meaningful and closer to the original text. It conveys many unique ideas; clarify the existing confusions and misinterpretations. Thus critical edition of all Ayurveda manuscripts is necessary. In the recent times a lot of Ayurveda scholars are coming up with the aim of bringing out the knowledge hidden inside these manuscripts through their critical edition. The aim of this paper is to review the various steps involved in the critical edition of a manuscript through examples.

Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias (1948˗2021): artífice de la revista Medisan / Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias (1948-2021): author of Medisan magazine

Con este artículo se desea honrar la memoria de la Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias, fundadora del Centro Provincial de Información de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba y artífice de la revista Medisan, quien, desde un profundo conocimiento de la lengua española y el amor por su profesión, se dedicó a revisar y mejorar estilísticamente documentos biomédicos de muy variada índole durante cuatro décadas. Asimismo, fue loable su interés y placer en enseñar a redactar y publicar sobre medicina y otras ciencias afines, lo cual le concedió un meritorio lugar en la comunidad de profesionales de la salud de esta provincia y en el grupo de editores científicos de toda Cuba.

With this work it is wanted to honor the memory of the Lic. María Elena Jiménez Arias, founder of the Information Provincial Center of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba and author of Medisan magazine, who, from a deep knowledge of the Spanish language and the love for her profession, devoted her life to stylistically revise and improve biomedical documents of very varied nature during four decades. Also, her interest and pleasure in teaching how to edit and publish on medicine and other similar sciences was commendable, that granted her a meritorious place in the community of health professionals from this province and in the group of scientific editors of all Cuba.

"Introdução ao narcisismo" ou "Introdução do narcisismo": sobre os prejuízos de compreensão resultantes da tradução Standard / "Introducción al narcisismo" o "Introducción del narcisismo": sobre las deficiencias de comprensión que resultan de la traducción Standard / "Introduction to narcissism" or "Introduction of narcissism": about the impairments of understanding resulting from the Standard translation / « Introduction au narcissisme ¼ ou « Introduction du narcissisme ¼: sur les troubles de la compréhension résultant de la traduction Standard

Este trabalho aborda um detalhe da tradução (Standard) do título de um importante artigo de Freud - "Sobre o narcisismo: uma introdução" -, procurando demonstrar como um pequeno deslize em sua tradução resultou em prejuízos consideráveis para seu entendimento. Inicialmente, são apresentadas as críticas à tradução da Edição standard das obras psicológicas completas de Sigmund Freud e, em seguida, um breve histórico do conceito de narcisismo na obra de Freud, com base no qual pretende-se demonstrar como o narcisismo renovou a teoria da libido.

This work deals with a detail of the (Standard) translation of the title of an important article by Freud - "On narcissism: an introduction" -, trying to demonstrate how a small slip in his translation resulted in considerable damage to his understanding. Initially, criticisms to the translation of the Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud are presented, and then, a brief history of the concept of narcissism in Freud's work, from which it is intended to demonstrate how narcissism renewed the libido theory.

Este trabajo trata un detalle de la traducción (Standard) del título de un importante artículo de Freud - "Introducción al narcisismo" -, tratando de demostrar cómo un pequeño desliz en su traducción resultó en un daño considerable a su comprensión. Inicialmente se presentan críticas a la traducción de la Edición standard de las obras psicológicas completas de Sigmund Freud y, luego, una breve historia del concepto de narcisismo en la obra de Freud, a partir de la cual se pretende demostrar cómo el narcisismo renovó la teoría de la libido.

Cet ouvrage traite d'un détail de la traduction (Standard) du titre d'un article important de Freud - « Sur le narcissisme: une introduction ¼ -, en essayant de démontrer comment une petite erreur dans sa traduction a causé des dommages considérables à sa compréhension. Dans un premier temps, des critiques de la traduction de l'Édition standard des œuvres psychologiques complètes de Sigmund Freud sont présentées, puis une brève histoire du concept de narcissisme dans l'œuvre de Freud, à partir de laquelle il est destiné à démontrer comment le narcissisme a renouvelé la théorie de la libido.

Strachey antes de Freud / Strachey before Freud / Strachey antes de Freud / Strachey avant Freud

A autora discorre sobre trajetória de James Strachey antes da Standard Edition. Encadeia alguns acontecimentos da vida do jovem Strachey recolhidos da variada e esparsa literatura que o menciona. O texto aborda a sexualidade e o ambiente da época.

The author writes about James Strachey's trajectory before the Standard Edition. She connects some events in the life of young Strachey drawn from the miscellaneous and scattered literature that mentions him. The text addresses sexuality and the ambiance of that period.

La autora escribe sobre la trayectoria de James Strachey antes de la Standard Edition. Enlaza algunos acontecimientos de la vida del joven Strachey recopilados de la variada y dispersa literatura que lo menciona. El texto aborda la sexualidad y el escenario de la época.

L'autrice raconte la trajectoire de James Strachey avant la Standard Edition. Elle retrace quelques évènements de la vie du jeune Strachey recueillis de la variée et parsemée littérature qui lui fait mention. Le texte traite de la sexualité et de l'ambiance de l'époque.

Reflexiones en torno a la ética, la inteligencia humana y la inteligencia artificial / Reflections around ethics, human intelligence and artificial intelligence

Resumen En internet ha crecido la inteligencia artificial hasta convertirse en un programa con códigos y algoritmos que aprenden y se reprograman para efectuar tareas preestablecidas con mayor eficiencia; si bien lo anterior se traduce en mejoría, el programador desconoce los alcances de los resultados y de la reprogramación. Ante el riesgo de desviación de los objetivos preestablecidos y de los reglamentos éticos, se tienen que implementar filtros al inicio, durante y al final del proceso, como alarmas cuando existan desviaciones con implicación bioética. La interacción de la inteligencia humana con la inteligencia artificial ha tenido desencuentros negativos y positivos. Al principio, bastó con adecuar normas, leyes laborales y derechos humanos; ahora se requiere establecer normas éticas, como las formuladas en la Declaración de Barcelona para el Adecuado Desarrollo y Uso de la Inteligencia Artificial en Europa.

Abstract On the internet, artificial intelligence has grown to become a program with codes and algorithms that learn and reprogram themselves to carry out pre-established tasks with greater efficiency; although this translates into improvements, the scope of the results and reprogramming are unknown to the programmer. Given the risk of deviation from pre-established objectives and ethical regulations, filters must be installed at the beginning, during and at the end of the process, as alarms for detecting deviations with bioethical implications. The interaction of human intelligence with artificial intelligence has had negative and positive disagreements. Initially, adapting regulations, labor laws and human rights was enough; now it is necessary for ethical standards to be established, such as those formulated in the Barcelona Declaration for the Proper Development and Usage of Artificial Intelligence in Europe.

Continuous publication / Publicación continua

Continuous publication is defined as the publication of manuscripts in a scientific journal without periodicity and continuously, in order to accelerate the publication of results from author's research. In this edition model, the manuscript is published immediately its acceptance and after being evaluated by peer reviewers. This way of edition has been used since 2013 by several scientific journals world wide, and have been accepted by editors with high satisfaction in terms of improved production workflow, decreased dependence on production deadlines and increased speed of research dissemination.

Development of the general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition:A review / 药物分析学报

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China in July 2020.The current edition was officially implemented on December 30,2020.The general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia discuss the general testing methods and guidelines,which are the common re-quirements and basis for the implementation of drug standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Owing to adherence to the principles of scientificity,versatility,operability,and sustainable development,there is an improvement in the general chapters of the 2020 edition over those of the previous editions.Further,the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques has expanded,the development of testing methods for exogenous pollutants in traditional Chinese medicines has been strengthened,and technical requirements are now better harmonized with international standards.The updated edition provides technical and methodological support to ensure safety,effectiveness,and control of pharmaceuticals in China and will play an important and active role in encouraging the application of advanced technolo-gies,improving the quality control of medicines,and strengthening the means of drug regulation in China.This review provides a comprehensive introduction of the main features of and changes to the general chapters in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition and aims to provide reference for its correct understanding and accurate implementation.

Construindo a Psicologia Analítica: o papel das mulheres estadunidenses / The making of Analytical Psychology: the role of American Women / Construyendo la Psicología Analítica: el papel de las mujeres estadounidenses

No presente texto buscamos resgatar o papel ativo e determinante do trabalho de algumas mulheres estadunidenses na construção da psicologia analítica. Inicialmente, questionamos o mito da construção solitária e individual de teorias e áreas do conhecimento, situando os projetos de psicologia geral e o desenvolvimento da psicologia analítica dentro de tal contexto. Discutimos como o trabalho de Carl Gustav Jung pode ser visto enquanto prática individual e projeto de psicologia geral, utilizando suas considerações acerca do lugar da teoria em seu trabalho, assim como sua visão da possibilidade de transmissão de tal conhecimento e formação de profissionais dentro desse viés. Argumentamos que a participação de determinadas mulheres foi crucial na formatação e transposição do trabalho de Jung do campo da prática individual para a divulgação teórica que conhecemos hoje no formato de obras completas e seminários. ■

This article aims to rescue and recognize the active and determinant role of certain American women in the construction of analytical psychology. Initially, we debrief the myth of the solitary and individual construction of theories, knowledge fields and subjects, placing general psychology projects and the development of Analytical Psychology within this context. We discussed how Carl Gustav Jung's work can be seen as an individual practice and general psychology project, using his considerations about the place of theory in his work, as well as his view about the possibility of transmitting such knowledge and training professionals within that paradigm. We argue that the role of certain women was crucial in the formatting, editing and transposition of Jung's work from the field of individual practice to the theoretical propagation that we know today in the format of collected works and seminars. ■

Buscamos rescatar el papel activo y determinante del trabajo de algunas mujeres estadounidenses en la construcción de la psicología analítica. Inicialmente, cuestionamos el mito de la construcción solitaria e individual de teorías y áreas del conocimiento poniendo los proyectos de psicología general y el desarrollo de la psicología analítica dentro de este contexto. Discutimos cómo el trabajo de Carl Gustav Jung puede ser considerado como una práctica individual y un proyecto de psicología general utilizando sus consideraciones sobre el lugar de la teoría en su trabajo, así como su punto de vista sobre la posibilidad de transmitir ese conocimiento y la formación de profesionales dentro de este sesgo. Argumentamos que la participación de ciertas mujeres fue crucial para configurar y traducir el trabajo de Jung del campo de la práctica individual a la difusión teórica que hoy conocemos en forma de trabajos completos y seminarios. ■

Brief analysis on instructions of pediatric Chinese patent medicines in National Essential Drug Catalogue / 中草药

There are only 22 varieties of pediatric drugs in National Essential Drug Catalogue (2018 Edition), including five chemicals and 17 Chinese patent medicines (13 prescriptions). Chinese patent medicines are widely used to treat pediatric diseases. The formulations of Chinese patent medicines are mostly derived from ancient classic prescriptions, based on the theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. The instruction of Chinese patent medicine as a document to guide the use of medicines, the specification and integrity of it directly affects whether Chinese patent medicine is used safely and effectively. This paper investigates the instructions of pediatric Chinese patent medicines in National Essential Drug Catalogue (2018 Edition) comparing with the relevant requirements of the United States and Japan, analyzes the toxicity and contraindication of Chinese patent medicines for pediatrics, summarizes the problems existing in these instructions, and puts forward some suggestions. The result shows that there are few kinds of proprietary Chinese patent medicines for pediatrics. There exist common shortcomings in the instructions of Chinese patent medicines for pediatrics, such as unlabeled contents, unnormalized indications, unclear usage and dosage, unknown contraindications and unclear precautions. This study provides a basis for further perfecting the instructions of Chinese patent medicines, and it is helpful to promote the safe and rational use of medicines for children.

El Derecho ante la técnica de edición genética CRISPR / O Direito ante a técnica da edição genética. CRISPR / The Law in front of the gene editing technique. CRISPR

Resumen: La técnica de edición genética CRISPR constituye uno de los avances recientes más extraordinarios en materia de biotecnología, de alcances insospechados. En ese contexto, resulta fundamental analizar sus repercusiones en el ámbito de los derechos humanos, toda vez que, así como puede propiciar avances extraordinarios para su mejor desarrollo, puede también generar nuevas amenazas.

Resumo: A técnica de edição genética CRISPR constitui um dos avanços recentes mais extraordinários em matéria de biotecnologia, de alcances insuspeitos. Neste contexto, é fundamental analisar suas repercussões no âmbito dos direitos humanos, toda vez que, assim como pode propiciar avanços extraordinários para seu melhor desenvolvimento, pode também gerar novas ameaças.

Abstract: The CRISPR genetic editing technique is one of the most extraordinary recent advances in biotechnology, whose scope is unsuspected. In this context, it is fundamental to analyze its repercussions in the field of the Human Rights, since as well as it can promote extraordinary advances for its better development, it can also generate new threats.

Edition of Portuguese health journals and its relationship with their visibility: a quantitative analysis

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Scientific journals play a fundamental role in the field of health sciences, contributing not only to the dissemination of scientific results but also to the progress of medicine and the training of researchers. The visibility of scientific production in the health area is fundamental to the development of medicine. This study aimed to find the relationship between the editorial quality of a sample of Portuguese scientific health journals and their national and international visibility. METHODS This is an analytical, transversal and, essentially, quantitative study, based on the analysis of the compliance with Latindex editorial quality criteria in a sample of 46 scientific health journals and ascertaining their national and international visibility. RESULTS The research showed that the global average of compliance with the criteria by the sample of journals is 91%. The average visibility of the sample is 24%. The hypothesis that the editing criteria are related to the visibility of a sample of Portuguese health journals is confirmed. CONCLUSION Despite the high rate of compliance with editorial quality criteria, the international visibility of the journals analyzed is still scarce. This reveals the need for the development of complementary competences.

RESUMO OBJETIVO No âmbito das ciências da saúde, as revistas científicas desempenham um papel fulcral, contribuindo — para além da divulgação dos resultados científicos — para o progresso da medicina e para a formação dos investigadores. A visibilidade da produção científica é fundamental para o desenvolvimento da medicina. O objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar a relação entre a qualidade editorial de uma população de revistas portuguesas científicas de saúde e a visibilidade nacional e internacional destas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal analítico e essencialmente quantitativo, baseou-se na análise do cumprimento de critérios de qualidade editorial Latindex de uma população de 46 revistas científicas de saúde portuguesas e na verificação da respectiva visibilidade nacional e internacional. RESULTADOS A investigação revelou que a média global de cumprimento de critérios pela população de revistas situa-se nos 91%. A visibilidade média da população é de 24%. Confirma-se a hipótese de que os critérios de edição se relacionam com a visibilidade de uma população de revistas científicas de saúde portuguesas. CONCLUSÃO Apesar do elevado cumprimento de critérios de qualidade editorial, a visibilidade internacional das revistas analisadas é ainda escassa, o que aponta a necessidade de serem desenvolvidas competências complementares.

Motor skills assessments: support for a general motor factor for the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 / Avaliação de habilidades motoras: suporte a um fator motor geral para o Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 e o Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2

Abstract Objective To evaluate the construct validity and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the subscales of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) when evaluating motor skills across a range of psychiatric disorders. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor analysis were conducted on BOT-2 data from 187 elementary school students (grades 1 to 6) (mean age: 113 ± 20 months; boys: n = 117, 62.56%) and on MABC-2 data from 127 elementary school students (grade 1) (mean age: 76 ± 2 months; boys: n = 58, 45.67%). Results The results of the CFA fit the data for multidimensionality for the BOT-2 and presented poor fit indices for the MABC-2. For both tests, the bifactor model showed that the reliability of the subscales was poor. Conclusions The BOT-2 exhibited factorial validity with a multidimensional structure among the current samples, but the MABC-2 showed poor fit indices, insufficient to confirm its multidimensional structure. For both tests, most of the reliable variance came from a general motor factor (M-factor), therefore the scoring and reporting of subscale scores were not justified for both tests.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a validade de construto e a confiabilidade das subescalas do Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) e do Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) com base em modelos das contribuições gerais e específicas ao avaliar habilidades motoras em transtornos psiquiátricos. Métodos Foram realizadas análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e análise bifatorial em dados de 187 escolares do primeiro ao sexto ano do ensino fundamental (idade média: 113 ± 20 meses; meninos: n = 117, 62,56%) que foram avaliados com o BOT-2, e em dados de 127 escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental (idade média: 76 ± 2 meses; meninos: n = 58, 45,67%) avaliados com o MABC-2. Resultados Os resultados da AFC apresentaram índices de ajuste satisfatórios de multidimensionalidade para o BOT-2 e apresentaram índices de ajuste insatisfatórios para o MABC-2. Para ambos os testes, o modelo bifatorial mostrou que a confiabilidade das subescalas era ruim. Conclusão O BOT-2 apresentou validade fatorial com uma estrutura multidimensional entre as amostras utilizadas, mas o MABC-2 apresentou índices de ajuste insatisfatórios, insuficientes para confirmar sua estrutura multidimensional. Para ambos os testes, a maior parte da variância confiável veio de um fator motor geral (fator-M), portanto, a pontuação e o relato dos escores das subescalas não se justificaram para ambos os testes.

Prognostic Factors in Stage IIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer according to the 8th Edition of TNM Staging System / 대한흉부외과학회지

BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the appropriateness of the stage migration of stage IIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the seventh edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis classification for lung cancer to stage IIB lung cancer in the eighth edition, and to identify prognostic factors in patients with eighth-edition stage IIB disease. METHODS: Patients with eighth-edition stage IIB disease were subclassified into those with seventh-edition stage IIA disease and those with seventh-edition stage IIB disease, and their recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival rates were compared. Risk factors for recurrence after curative resection were identified in all included patients. RESULTS: Of 122 patients with eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC, 101 (82.8%) had seventh-edition stage IIA disease and 21 (17.2%) had seventh-edition stage IIB disease. Nonsignificant differences were observed in the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate and the 5-year disease-specific survival rate between the patients with seventh-edition stage IIA disease and those with seventh-edition stage IIB disease. Visceral pleural invasion was a significant risk factor for recurrence in patients with eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC. CONCLUSION: The stage migration from seventh-edition stage IIA NSCLC to eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC was appropriate in terms of oncological outcomes. Visceral pleural invasion was the only prognostic factor in patients with eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC.

Cognitive Decline in Korean Patients with Neurocognitive Disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury: A Control for Premorbid Intelligence

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies of cognitive decline in patients with neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury (NCD-TBI) have often failed to control for baseline factors such as premorbid intelligence. The purpose of the current study was to estimate and compare cognitive function among three groups (controls, complicated mild/moderate TBI, and severe TBI) after controlling for premorbid intelligence.METHODS: Severity of TBI was classified as complicated mild/moderate or severe based on duration of loss of consciousness and brain neuroimaging results. Premorbid intelligence quotients (IQs) were estimated with the Oklahoma Premorbid Intelligence Estimate. There were no differences in premorbid intelligence between the groups, which were also matched for age and education. Current cognitive function was evaluated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition.RESULTS: Comparison of current cognitive function among the three groups indicated significant group differences for all indexes and subtest scores. Processing speed showed the highest effect size. However, only working memory differed significantly between the two NCD-TBI groups.CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that mental memory manipulation processes seem to be more sensitive to TBI severity than are perceptual-motor processes. Specifically, both auditory rehearsal/discrimination and mental alertness/manipulation will be most strongly influenced by TBI severity.