Knowledge and Practice Of Orthodontic Record Keeping – A Clinical Audit

Background: Record keeping is an essential process and its importance cannot be ignored when it comes to Orthodontics. Even diagnosis is dependent on accurate and reliable Orthodontic records. Apart from diagnosis and treatment planning, these records are also important for medico-legal issues, publications, self -appraisals, patient education. The Basic record keeping armamentarium in Orthodontics includes: Case history, consent forms plaster models, a panoramic radiograph, Lateral cephalogram, intra and extra oral pictures. The objective of this study was be to determine the knowledge and Practice trend of Orthodontic record keeping amongst the dental practioners.Material & Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted across various dental clinics in Bangalore city. The sample selection for Dental clinics was made by the lottery method, and total of 40 clinics were selected from the list of registered dental clinics. Questionnaires were designed in such a way so as to determine the knowledge, awareness and practice trends about the Orthodontic records keeping among dental practitioners. Questionnaires were collected back by hand and analysed. The data was tabulated in excel sheet and statistical analysis was performed on the data.Results:Chi-square/ Fisher Exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on a categorical scale between two or more groups. Student t-test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on a continuous scale between two groups (Intergroup analysis) on metric parameters. 65% practitioners didn’t attend any CDE program on maintaining health records program whereas 35% had attended such program’s. Majority of general practitioners had knowledge and awareness about Orthodonticrecord keeping while as practice of Orthodontic record keeping was not completely as per norms.Conclusion:The present study found the good knowledge and awareness about orthodontic record keeping, but record keeping practice was found to be average due to lack of adequate infrastructure at clinics and non-usage of digital technology in most of the clinics . This study suggests that more awareness programs stressing the importance of Orthodontic record taking and workshops for incorporating digital technology related to the storage & preservation of Orthodontic record should be conducted.

Self-regulated learning of Natural Sciences and Mathematics future teachers: learning strategies, self-efficacy, and socio-demographic factors

Teacher education programs should have as one of their purposes the promotion of self-regulatory skills for learning among students who aspire to be teachers so that they can take a leading role in their learning and foster these skills in their future students. Considering the importance of knowing what students in teacher education programs do to study and learn, as well as how efficacious they feel to deal with academic demands, this study is part of a larger research and aims to investigate the learning and study strategies and self-efficacy for learning beliefs of 220 students enrolled in teacher education programs in Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics of a Higher Education Institution in the state of Piauí, and examine them in relation to age, gender, licentiate area, and course semester. Brazilian translations of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI ­ Third Edition) and the Self-efficacy for Learning Form were used for data collection. Scales were administered in the classrooms both through online platforms and in paper and pencil. Nonparametric inferential statistical pproaches were used to test hypotheses regarding group differences. Statistically significant differences were found in LASSI in relation to gender, licentiate area, and course semester. Overall, students in Physics dealt better with anxiety; in Mathematics showed more favorable attitudes towards learning; in Chemistry reported an aging their time better; in Biological Science showed significantly lower scores on many scales than did other students. Findings from this study could help inform curricular design decisions regarding teacher education programs and inform the design of interventions to strengthen the learning and study strategies and the self-efficacy for learning beliefs of future teachers.

Desafios na formação de enfermeiros indígenas em Mato Grosso, Brasil / Challenges in the training of indigenous nurses in Mato Grosso, Brazil

Resumo A formação do enfermeiro no Brasil, ainda se apresenta como um desafio para as universidades, face as diversidades étnicas e as particularidades regionais existentes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar os desafios no processo de formação de enfermeiros indígenas em Mato Grosso, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo exploratório e qualitativo, junto a 11 enfermeiros indígenas. A análise dos dados, baseou-se na interculturalidade de Paulo Freire. Verificou-se que todos participantes, buscam a integração dos saberes tradicionais indígenas com os conhecimentos técnico científicos, durante suas práticas, o que facilita a interação satisfatória com a comunidade. Durante a graduação de Enfermagem tiveram pouco ou nenhum contato com conteúdos relacionados à saúde indígena e ao término da formação vislumbravam despreparo para atender as variadas demandas em saúde. Historicamente, apresentam-se subalternizados em relação aos não indígenas, o que reflete em desvantagens no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, tanto relacionados aos aspectos técnicos/tecnológicos como sociais.

Abstract The training of nurses in Brazil remain a challenge for the university, given the existing ethnic diversity and regional particularities. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges in the training process of indigenous nurses in Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is an exploratory and qualitative study, carried out with 11 indigenous nurses. Data analysis was based on Paulo Freire's interculturality. It was verified that both participants sought the integration of indigenous traditional knowledge with scientific technical knowledge during their practices, which facilitates a satisfactory interaction with the community. During nursing undergraduate school, they had little or no contact with contents related to indigenous health and at the end of the training they observed they were not prepared to meet the diverse health demands. Historically, they are subordinated in relation to non-indigenous people, which manifests as disadvantages in the teaching-learning process, related to technical / technological as well as social aspects.

Curso Optativo Elementos de Morfofisiología como base científica para la impartición de Fundamentos de Enfermería / Optional Course Elements of Morphophysiology as a scientific basis for the teaching of Fundamentals of Nursing

RESUMEN Fundamento: las asignaturas optativas proporcionan contenidos que tienen como propósito ampliar y actualizar a los estudiantes sobre temas científicos relacionados con la profesión. Se deciden en cada centro de educación superior, se incluyen en el plan de estudio y el interesado las selecciona para cursarlas en forma obligatoria. Objetivo: elaborar un programa para el curso optativo Elementos de Morfofisiología cuyos contenidos constituyen base científica en la impartición de la asignatura Fundamentos de Enfermería. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Facultad de Tecnología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, en el curso 2016-2017. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inductivo-deductivo y el enfoque sistémico; y empíricos: análisis documental a programas docentes y la encuesta en forma de entrevista a estudiantes y profesores para determinar los contenidos a introducir en el programa. Resultados: se elaboró el programa basado en contenidos generales de Morfofisiología, estructurados en tres temas, con carácter presencial y una duración de 24 horas. Contiene objetivos generales educativos e instructivos, objetivos específicos, contenidos, orientaciones metodológicas y sistema de evaluación. Conclusiones: el curso optativo proporcionó a los estudiantes conocimientos que optimizaron el desarrollo del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Su creación respondió a una necesidad y en la práctica reforzó la base científica para la adquisición de los conocimientos de la asignatura rectora.

ABSTRACT Background: elective subjects provide contents that are intended to expand and update students on scientific issues related to the profession. They are decided in each higher education center, they are included in the study plan and the student selects them to attend them in a compulsory way. Objective: to develop a syllabus for the optional course Elements of Morphophysiology whose contents constitute the scientific basis in the teaching of the Fundamentals of Nursing course. Methods: a development research was carried out in the Technology Faculty of Camagüey University of Medical Sciences, in the 2016-2017 academic year. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive and the systemic approach; and empirical ones: documentary analysis of teaching programs and the survey in the form of an interview with students and teachers to determine the contents to be introduced in the program. Results: the program was developed based on general contents of Morphophysiology, structured in three subjects, with face-to-face character and duration of 24 hours. It contains general educational and instructive objectives, specific objectives, contents, methodological guidelines and assessment system. Conclusions: the elective course provided students with knowledge that optimized the development of the teaching-learning process. Its creation responded to a need and in practice reinforced the scientific basis for the acquisition of knowledge of the leading subject.

A scoping review on barriers to implementation of health education programs in low to middle income countries

We aimed to map literature on the barriers to effective implementation of health education programs (HEPs) in low to middle income countries (LMICs) to guide future implementation research. We employed a rigorous scoping review design. Our review was guided by the Arksey and O’Malley framework, 2005, further enhanced by Levac et al. The keyword search was comprehensive for relevant studies presenting evidence on barriers to implementation of HEPs in LMICs from Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOHost (CINAHL and Academic Search Complete) databases and grey literature. The first search identified 3,092 articles, of which 1,412 duplicates were eliminated. An additional 1,632, 34 and 7 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria based on sequential title screen, abstract review and full text review respectively. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for the actual scoping review. Findings of the review revealed three categories of barriers to effective implementation of HEPs in LMICs grouped as individual or patient level, community level and population level barriers. A key barrier to effective implementation of HEPs in LMICs revealed from the review was socio-economic challenges, which result from resource constraints. This calls for adequate allocation of the limited resources toward health education to ensure effective implementation of HEPs in LMICs and improve health outcomes.

Integração de instituições de ensino superior com sistemas municipais de saúde à luz de uma tipologia da colaboração interprofissional / Integration of higher education institutions with municipal health systems from the perspective of an interprofessional collaboration typology / Integración de instituciones de enseñanza superior con sistemas municipales de salud a la luz de una tipología de la colaboración interprofesional

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o processo de colaboração interprofissional entre os diretores, docentes de instituições de ensino superior (IES), gestores dos Sistemas Municipais de Saúde e profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família de duas cidades estratégicas para expansão do ensino superior em saúde no Ceará. Tratou-se de estudo analítico de casos múltiplos. Foram utilizadas pesquisa documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 75 gestores e profissionais da saúde, diretores e docentes de IES. O corpus de dados foi submetido à análise temática ancorada em uma Tipologia da Colaboração Interprofissional. Os resultados evidenciam que, em Sobral, a colaboração entre os atores mencionados encontra-se em desenvolvimento, enquanto em Juazeiro do Norte está incipiente. Os elementos facilitadores foram a clareza dos benefícios da integração para a qualidade da atenção e a formação profissional, a institucionalização e a gestão participativa do processo.(AU)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the interprofessional collaboration process among directors and professors from higher education institutions, managers from municipal health systems and professionals from the Family Health Strategy in two critical municipalities to the expansion of health higher education in the state of Ceará. The investigation was an analytical multiple case study. The tools used to gather information were documental search and semi-structured interviews with 75 healthcare managers and professionals and higher education directors and professors. The data was submitted to thematic analysis grounded on an interprofessional collaboration typology. The results showed that in Sobral cooperation among the mentioned agents is in progress while in Juazeiro do Norte it is incipient. The facilitating factors were clarity about the benefits of integration for the quality of care and professional education, institutionalization and participatory management of the process.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el proceso de colaboración interprofesional entre los directores, docentes de instituciones de enseñanza superior (IES), gestores de los Sistemas Municipales de Salud y profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia de dos ciudades para expansión de la enseñanza superior en Salud en Ceará. Se trató de un estudio analítico de casos múltiples. Se utilizó la investigación documental y entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 75 gestores y profesionales de la salud, directores y docentes de IES. El corpus de datos se presentó para un análisis temático anclado en una Tipología de la Colaboración Inter-profesional. Los resultados muestran que en Sobral la colaboración entre los actores mencionados se encuentra en desarrollo, mientras que en Juazeiro do Norte todavía es incipiente. Los elementos facilitadores fueron la claridad de los beneficios de la integración para la calidad de la atención y la formación profesional, la institucionalización y la gestión participativa del proceso.(AU)

Competency-base training in nursing: limits and possibilities / La formación en enfermería por área de competencia: límites y posibilidades / A formação em enfermagem por área de competência: limites e possibilidades

Objective To analyze the possibilities and limits of competency-based training in nursing. Method An integrative review of the literature on the subject was carried out, and an analysis was made of the results of a survey evaluating a nursing course based on areas of competency. A dialog was then established between the review and the results of the research. Results On the question of which theoretical type of competency the articles from the literature relate to, there is a predominance of the constructivist perspective, followed by the functionalist approach and the dialog-based approach. In the dialog between the literature and the research, limits and possibilities were observed in the development of a training by areas of competency. Conclusion The dialog-based approach to competency is the proposition that most approximates to the profile defined by the National Curriculum Guidelines for training in nursing, and this was also identified in the evaluation survey that was studied. However, it is found that there are aspects on better work is needed, such as: partnership between school and the workplace, the role of the teacher, the role of the student, and the process of evaluation. .

Objetivo Analizar posibilidades y límites de la formación en enfermería por competencia. Método Revisión integrativa de la literatura sobre el asunto y análisis de los resultados de una investigación de evaluación de un curso de enfermería desarrollada por áreas de competencia, estableciendo un diálogo entre la revisión y los resultados de esa investigación. Resultados Cuanto a la vertiente teórica de competencia de esos artículos, hubo un predominio de la matriz constructivista, seguida de la funcionalista y de la dialógica. En el diálogo entre la literatura y la investigación se observaron límites y posibilidades en el desarrollo de una formación por áreas de competencia. Conclusión El abordaje dialógico de competencia es la proposición que más se aproxima del perfil definido por las DCN para la formación en enfermería, identificada también en la investigación de evaluación analizada. Aunque, se verificó que hay aspectos que precisan ser más bien trabajados, como: aparcería escuela y servicio, papel del docente, papel del estudiante y proceso de evaluación. .

Objetivo Analisar possibilidades e limites da formação em enfermagem por competência. Método Revisão integrativa da literatura acerca do assunto e analise dos resultados de uma pesquisa de avaliação de um curso de enfermagem desenvolvida por áreas de competência, estabelecendo um diálogo entre a revisão e os resultados dessa pesquisa. Resultados Quanto à vertente teórica de competência desses artigos, houve um predomínio da matriz construtivista, seguida da funcionalista e da dialógica. No diálogo entre a literatura e a pesquisa observaram-se limites e possibilidades no desenvolvimento de uma formação por áreas de competência. Conclusão A abordagem dialógica de competência é a proposição que mais se aproxima do perfil definido pelas DCN para a formação em enfermagem, identificada também na pesquisa de avaliação analisada. No entanto, verificou-se que há aspectos que precisam ser mais bem trabalhados, como: parceria escola e serviço, papel do docente, papel do estudante e processo avaliativo. .

Dental Anxiety and Fear among Medical Field Students at Al Quds University.

Aims: This study aimed to assess the levels of dental anxiety among dental, medical, and pharmacy students at AL Quds University and to find out the sources of dental fear among them. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: AL Quds University, between June, 2012-July, 2013. Methodology: Dental anxiety scale (DAS) and Dental Fear Survey (DFS) were completed by four hundred and five students (113 males and 292 females). The population included undergraduate dental (n=198), medical (n=114) and pharmacy students (n=93). Ages ranged from 18 to 27 (the mean age of the subjects was 22.5±2.1 years). Results: Dental students were significantly less anxious (using the dental anxiety scale) compared to the other groups (medical and pharmacy students) (P<0.05). Dental students were significantly more relaxed in the dental treatment as assessed by DFS than other groups (medical and pharmacy students (P<0.05)). Fear of seeing the anesthetic needle (39.2%) and feeling the needle injection (46.2%) were the most common sources of dental fear reactions among the study population. The Pearson correlations (rp) between the measurements DAS and DFS mean scores were evaluated and the correlation is significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Dental students have a significantly lower level of dental anxiety than medical and pharmacy students. Females showed higher fear scores than males. Seeing the anesthetic needles and feeling the anesthetic solutions injection were the major stimuli of dental fear.

Sueño en escolares y adolescentes, su importancia y promoción a través de programas educativos / Sleep habits in pediatrics: education and behavioral approach programs

La alta prevalencia de trastornos del sueño en los niños constituye un tema transversal del cuidado de la población. Esto ha hecho emerger la necesidad de ampliar la gama de programas educativos, que incentiven la formación de hábitos saludables, basados en la higiene del sueño y en las conductas autorregulatorias de niños y adolescentes. El objetivo de esta revisión es los principales factores que permiten diseñar programas educativos e intervenciones, con la finalidad de mejorar y prevenir el surgimiento de alteraciones más complejas y de difícil resolución.

The high prevalence of sleep disorders in children constitutes a cross curricular issue regarding people care, resulting in the need to increase the range of educational programs that encourage the formation of healthy habits, based on sleep hygiene and self-regulatory behaviors in children and adolescents. The aim of this study focuses on the main factors for the design of educational programs and interventions that improve and prevent complex conditions that are difficult to solve.

An investigation on stress to the life affairs of nursing students from Sichuan Tibetan areas / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To learn about the status of stress to the life affairs of Tibetan nursing students on 9+3 free Education Programs,and corresponding intervention of mental health problem were put forward.Methods 120 Tibetan nursing students through random sampling were evaluated with Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC).Results The average scores of items such as study pressure,interpersonal relationship and health adaptation were above the median level.The scores of interpersonal relationship,punishment and loss in the 1st grade were significantly higher than those in the 2nd grade and 3rd grade.The score of study pressure in the 2nd grade was higher compared with that in the other grades.In comparison with the other grades,the score of health adaptation in the 3rd grade was higher,and there was significant difference.Conclusions Influence of stress to the life affairs on psyche of Tibetan nursing students in different grades is different.Tibetan nursing students should be given directed intervention of mental health problem according to their risk factors of stress to the life affairs.

La seguridad en el transporte de los niños: ¿Qué responsabilidad tenemos los pediatras? / Safe transportation of children: what is our responsability as pediatricians?

En 2009 murieron en la Argentina 564 niños de 0 a 14 años en accidentes de tránsito, cuya tasa de mortalidad es de 56/100 000 habitantes, el 858% con respecto a Suecia, el país con menor tasa. El 50% viajaban en automóviles; el 30%, en vehículos pesados; el 16,3% murieron en vuelcos, y el 4,5%, en vehículos de dos ruedas. Las lesiones graves y la muerte son más frecuentes en los bebés menores de 1 año. Las sillas de seguridad adecuadas evitan la muerte del 71% de los niños menores de 1 año y del 54% de los de 1 a 6 años. Motivar un mayor uso requiere un trabajo interdisciplinario entre el obstetra y el pediatra para asesorar a la familia. El Estado y las instituciones deben acompañar esta campaña para disminuir los accidentes mortales y sus secuelas.

During 2009, 564 children died in Argentina from 0 to 14 in traffic accidents. The mortality rate for road accidents is 56/100 000 inhabitants and is 858% when compared to Sweden, the country with the lowest rate. Fifty percent were children transported in cars, 30% in heavy duty vehicles, 16.3% died when the vehicle overturned and 4.5% died in two wheeled vehicles. Serious injuries and death are more frequent in babies less than a year old. Seventy one per cent of children under 1 year old and 54% of those between 1 and 6 years old would avoid death in an accident if transported in adequate safety seats. This requires a joint effort between obstetricians and pediatricians to inform the family about the right type of safety seat. The State and other institutions should accompany this campaign to reduce the number of fatal accidents and their consequences.

Presentación de una propuesta de formación de padres y madres de familia / Apresentação de uma proposta da educação de pais e mães de família / Presentation of a Training Proposal for Parents

Este artículo reporta las experiencias realizadas con los Talleres de Formación de Padres desarrollados durante el año 2011 por la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Católica del Uruguay. Se realizaron veinticuatro talleres en seis instituciones educativas católicas de Montevideo e Interior del país. Los objetivos de los talleres fueron: generar espacios de reflexión y participación entre los padres participantes, fomentar la creación de grupos de diálogo y fortalecer el vínculo institución educativa-familia. Participaron de la experiencia ciento treinta padres de alumnos de primer y segundo año de secundaria. La evaluación se realizó a través de cuestionarios cerrados para padres y referentes institucionales. Las principales conclusiones son: los padres participantes informaron que la educación de padres resulta necesaria para el desempeño de su rol y que la misma se ve fortalecida si las instituciones educativas apoyan y acompañan este proceso.

This paper reports the experiences obtained from the parent training workshops realized by the Faculty of Psychology of the Catholic University of Uruguay during the year 2011. Twenty four workshops have been made in six catholic educational institutes in Montevideo and the country’s inland. The objectives of the workshops were: to generate space for the reflection and participation among parents, stimulate the creation of dialogue groups and strengthen the bound between the educational institute and the family. One hundred and thirty parents of pupils from the first and second year of secondary school participated. The evaluation was realized through fixed-alternative questionnaires to parents and institutional reference figures. The main conclusions are: parents reported their need to be educated as parents and that parent education is strengthened when educational institutes support and accompany this process.

Este artigo relata as experiências realizadas a partir de Oficinas de Formação de Pais desenvolvidas em 2011 pela Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade Católica do Uruguai. Vinte e quatro oficinas foram realizadas em seis instituições educativas católicas de Montevidéu e do país. Os objetivos das oficinas foram: criar espaços de reflexão e participação entre os pais, fomentar a criação de grupos de debate e fortalecer o vínculo entre instituição escolar e família. A experiência envolveu 130 pais de alunos de primeiro e segundo anos da Ensino Médio. A avaliação foi realizada através de questionários fechados para os país e las referências institucionais. As principais conclusões são: os pais participantes relataram que a educação de pais é necessária para o desempenho de seu papel e que a mesma resulta fortalecida caso as instituições educacionais apoiem e acompanhem este processo.

Programas de educação e prevenção em saúde bucal nas escolas: análise crítica de publicações nacionais / Education and prevention programs for oral health in schools: a critical analysis of national publications

Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento, em bases de dados nacionais, de publicações sobre Programas de Saúde Bucal (PSB) nas escolas, nos últimos onze anos. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um levantamento nas duas principais bases de publicações nacionais da área de Odontologia: Bireme e Scielo. A pesquisa teve como referência inicial o tema dos artigos. Foram utilizados, na pesquisa, os unitermos 'educação em saúde bucal'; 'programas and saúde bucal and odontologia'; 'programas and saúde bucal and educação'. Resultados: Ao todo, foram selecionadas 20 publicações, e destas, sete (35%) tinham como objetivo avaliar métodos educativos empregados em PSB, 12 (60%) avaliaram a eficácia do próprio PSB desenvolvido no âmbito escolar, e uma (5%) relatou a experiência de um PSB. Somente duas não obtiveram resultado positivo, e as 18 restantes obtiveram resultados vantajosos. Conclusão: Existem, na literatura científica nacional, poucas publicações sobre a temática em questão, sugerindo que as experiências exitosas sobre PSB precisam ser publicadas, para que sejam reproduzidas, também, em outras localidades do Brasil.

Objective: To conduct a survey on national databases about Oral Health Program (OHP) publications in schools, in the last eleven years. Material and Methods: A survey was conducted in two main bases of national publications in the field of dentistry: Bireme and Scielo. To start the research, it was used the articles theme/subject. In the search, it was used the keywords 'oral health education', 'programs and oral health and dentistry', 'programs and oral health and education'. Results: A total of 20 publications were selected. From these, seven (35%) had the aim to evaluate educational methods used in OHP, 12 (60%) evaluated the effectiveness of the OHP itself developed in the school and one (5%) reported the experience of OHP. Only two publications did not get positive results and the other eighteen obtained advantageous results. Conclusion: In the national scientific literature, there are few publications about the subject in question, suggesting that the successful experiences about OHP in schools must be published to be replicated in other parts of Brazil.

O trabalho como princípio educativo: algumas reflexões / Work as educational principle: some reflections

Após algumas reflexões sobre o conceito de trabalho e formação, este artigo aborda algumas orientações, ou princípios, que podem contribuir para a organização de programas de formação de adultos. Ao trabalhar em programas de formação dessa natureza, devemos ter em mente que trabalhamos com indivíduos que já possuem conhecimentos elaborados, experiências práticas e vivências que devem ser consideradas como ponto de partida. Assim, devemos considerar que a aprendizagem acontece ao longo da vida, e que um curso é apenas parte do percurso de aprendizagem. Outro aspecto importante é que programas de formação para adultos, especialmente aqueles desenvolvidos em situação de trabalho, devem ter sentido para aqueles que irão participar. Os participantes devem, portanto, aderir voluntariamente à proposta; caso contrário, ela poderá ser entendida apenas como algo imposto, e não como um ganho profissional efetivo. Nas situações de formação em situações de trabalho, é também fundamental que os programas sejam elaborados a partir de um apurado conhecimento da realidade daqueles que irão participar. Avaliar e preservar a memória do que foi realizado evita que ocorram eternos recomeços. Por fim, é fundamental que os programas de formação contem também com um programa de apoio aos participantes, de tal forma que eles se sintam mais seguros no trilhar os caminhos das mudanças, quando retornarem aos seus respectivos espaços de trabalho.