RESUMO
Associating human genetic makeup with the faculty of language has long been a goal for biolinguistics. This stimulated theidea that language is attributed to genes and language disabilities are caused by genetic mutations. However, application ofgenetic knowledge on language intervention is still a gap in the existing literature. In an effort to bridge this gap, this articlepresents an account of genetic and neural associations of language and synthesizes the genetic, neural, epigenetic andenvironmental facets involved in language. In addition to describing the association of genes with language, the neural andepigenetic aspects of language are also explored. Further, the environmental aspects of language such as language input,emotion and cognition are also traced back to gene expressions. Therefore, effective language intervention for languagelearning difficulties must offer genetics-informed solutions, both linguistic and medical.
RESUMO
Smoking leads to nicotine addiction and serious health problems and smoking cessation can reduce the risk of developing smoking-related diseases and premature death. Smoking is a chronic disease that requires repeated interventions, including counseling and pharmacotherapy. These are both effective for smoking cessation, but combined intervention is more effective than using either alone. Several first-line medications are effective and recommended for use, such as nicotine-replacement therapy (patch, gum, inhaler, lozenge, and nasal spray), bupropion SR, and varenicline. Special populations such as adolescent smokers, pregnant women, and smokers with mental illness can be treated with both counselling and medication. Physicians should recommend effective counselling and pharmacotherapy strategies to all smokers at every clinic visit. Insurance coverage for counselling and medications for quitting smoking are essential to reduce the smoking rate, especially in a primary care setting.