Enfermedades emergentes, pobreza y hambre / Emerging diseases, poverty and hunger

La pobreza y el hambre son elementos significativos para la prevalencia de las enfermedades emergentes, además de la ignorancia, la indigencia, las falencias sanitarias y los cambios ambientales debidos al calentamiento global. La desnutrición es consecuencia de la pobreza y ésta es causa de desnutrición. Los niños que viven en condiciones de mayor vulnerabilidad tienen un riesgo alto de morir por diarrea, neumonía y enfermedades emergentes. La mayoría son desnutridos. Su futuro en la adultez guarda relación con la desnutrición en la infancia. En el mundo 820 millones de niños padecen hambre y mueren anualmente 3 millones de menores de 5 años, según datos del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia. En Argentina, según datos del segundo semestre de 2022, un 39,2% de la población es pobre (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos). El 15,5% de niños y adolescentes padecen inseguridad alimentaria y 2 millones de niños padecen hambre (Médicos sin Fronteras). La tasa de mortalidad infantil en menores de 5 años tiene una prevalencia del 0,4%. Los cambios climáticos ejercen influencia sobre la salud, produciendo cambios en la epidemiologia de las enfermedades emergentes, mientras que la insuficiente alimentación ocasiona efectos negativos sobre la salud. El calentamiento global aumenta las inundaciones y las sequías, incidiendo en la escasez de alimentos e incrementando las enfermedades emergentes. La situación debe ser revertida mediante el desarrollo sostenido de la educación, el bienestar social y los proyectos sanitarios. (AU)

Poverty and hunger are significant elements for the prevalence of emerging diseases, in addition to ignorance, indigence, sanitary deficiencies and environmental changes due to global warming. Malnutrition is a consequence of poverty and poverty is a cause of malnutrition. Children living in more vulnerable conditions are at greater risk of dying from diarrhea, pneumonia and emerging diseases. Most are malnourished. Their future in adulthood is related to malnutrition in childhood. Worldwide, 820 million children suffer from hunger and 3 million children under 5 die annually (United Nations Children's Fund). In Argentina, according to data from the second half of 2022, 39.2% of the population is poor (Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos). 15.5% of children and adolescents are food insecure and 2 million children are hungry (Médecins Sans Frontières). The infant mortality rate in children under 5 years of age has a prevalence of 0.4%. Climate change influences health, producing changes in the epidemiology of emerging diseases, while insufficient food has negative effects on health. Global warming increases floods and droughts, leading to food shortages and increasing emerging diseases. The situation must be reversed through sustained development of education, social welfare and health projects. (AU)

Triquinosis: el impacto sanitario de una patología emergente / Trichinosis: the health impact of an emerging pathology

La triquinosis es una zoonosis que afecta a los animales y al hombre, y es ocasionada por la ingestión de la larva Trichinella spiralis que habita en el músculo de los animales hospedadores y, tras ser ingerida por el hombre, pasa a la pared intestinal de éste donde se multiplica y sus embriones emigran a los músculos. De 1990 a 1999 se reportaron 5.217 casos y en otro posterior de 2014 a 2018 fueron 5.211 casos. Con un promedio anual de 579 casos y de 1302 casos. Como resultado del cambio climático, la triquinosis se traslada de climas fríos a templados, lo que la torna una enfermedad emergente. El cuadro clínico puede presentarse en forma benigna o aguda, y su evolución abarca un período de un año; en ocasiones provoca la muerte por complicaciones. El hombre es responsable de la crianza, la alimentación y el control sanitario del cerdo y de sus productos para consumo. Consideramos a esta zoonosis, un indicador del desarrollo de los pueblos. Con educación, cambios de conducta y cumplimiento de las normas sanitarias, se actuará en beneficio de la salud y el bienestar de la población. (AU)

Trichinosis is a zoonosis that affects animals and humans. It is caused by the ingestion of a larva called Trichinella spiralis which lives in the muscle of host animals. After being ingested by humans, the larva passes to the intestinal wall where it multiplies, and its embryos migrate to the muscles. From 1990 to 1999, 5.217 cases were reported, and in a later period from 2014 to 2018, there were 5.211 cases. With an annual average of 579 cases and 1.302 cases, respectively. As a result of climate change, trichinosis moves from cold to temperate climates making it an emerging disease. The clinical presentation can range from benign to acute, with an evolution period of 1 year; and sometimes it causes death due to complications. Humans are responsible for raising, feeding, and ensuring sanitary control of pigs and their products for consumption. We consider this zoonosis an indicator of the development of communities. Through education, behavioral changes, and compliance with sanitary regulations, actions can be taken to promote the health and welfare of the population. (AU)

THE EVOLUTION OF CYBERSECURITY: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE FACE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TRANSNATIONAL CYBER ATTACKS

This research article aims to examine the impact of emerging technologies on cybersecurity and evaluate the effectiveness of legal frameworks in addressing transnational cyber-attacks. With the rapid advancement of technology, cyber threats have become more sophisticated and interconnected, requiring robust legal measures to combat them. With the emergence of new technologies, the threat landscape for cyber security has also evolved. The continuous development of new technologies like (A.I) artificial intelligence, (I.O.T) Internet of Things & cloud computing has led to a rapid increase in cyber-attacks and has made it even more challenging for organizations to protect their assets. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative aspect involves an analysis of existing literature, case studies, and legal frameworks, while the quantitative component includes surveys and interviews with cybersecurity professionals and legal experts. By integrating these methods, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of current legal measures in mitigating transnational cyber-attacks and propose strategies to enhance cybersecurity in the face of emerging technologies.

The need and challenges for development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases

Abstract Objective: To identify and describe learnings from past pandemics and to suggest a framework for vaccine development as part of epi/pandemic readiness. Source of data: Articles/ reviews/letters on pandemic preparedness/ vaccines published between 2005 and 2022 in PubMed, MEDLINE, MedRxiv, BioRxiv, Research Square, Gates Open Research; who. int, cepi.net, visualcapitalist.com, airfinity.com, ted.com websites; press releases. Summary of findings: Disease pandemics caused by emerging pathogens impacted the social development, health and wealth of most societies in human history. In an outbreak, the first months determine its course. To block an exponential spread and the development of an epi/ pandemic early, vaccine availability in sufficient quantities is of paramount importance. It is inevitable that new human viruses will emerge. Any future pandemic will come likely from RNA viruses through zoonotic or vector transmission, but we cannot predict when or where "Disease X" will strike. Public health, scientific and societal readiness plans need to include: continuous identification of new viruses in common mammalian reservoir hosts; continuous epidemiological surveillance, including wastewater sampling; establishment of prototype vaccine libraries against various virus families sharing functional and structural properties; testing of various and innovative vaccine platforms including mRNA, vector, nasal or oral vaccines for suitability by virus family; functional clinical trial sites and laboratory networks in various geographies; more efficient phasing of preclinical and clinical activities; global harmonization and streamlining of regulatory requirements including pre-established protocols; and societal preparedness including combating any pandemic of misinformation. Conclusions: "Outbreaks are unavoidable, pandemics are optional".

Advances in the Clinical Application of Trendelenburg Position / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

The Trendelenburg position and reverse Trendelenburg position are frequently employed during lower abdominal surgery to achieve optimal surgical field visualization and complete exposure of the operative site, particularly under pneumoperitoneum conditions. However, these positions can have significant impacts on the patient's physiological functions. This article overviews the historical background of Trendelenburg position and reverse Trendelenbury position, their effects on various physiological functions, recent advancements in their clinical applications, and strategies for preventing and managing associated complications.

Discussion on the establishment of the discipline of "organ donation" / 器官移植

Vivid and abundant social practice constantly creates new understanding, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of new disciplines. Organ donation discipline is involved with multiple disciplines, such as ethics, law, medicine, sociology and psychology, etc. After entering a new stage of high-quality development, whether it is necessary to establish the discipline of "organ donation" is worthy of discussion. According to the basic standards for establishing a new discipline, groundbreaking achievements in organ donation could lay a solid foundation for the establishment of "organ donation" discipline. However, current conditions for the establishment of "organ donation" are not fully mature, and the process of discipline establishment will absolutely encounter resistance. In the future, the scope and orientation of organ donation should be further elucidated, and a series of measures should be taken, such as establishing independent academic organizations, offering organ donation courses, carrying out special research and innovation, and strengthening international cooperation and exchanges, aiming to promote the establishment of organ donation discipline. The cooperation between academic community and governments is the key to promote the establishment of the discipline of organ donation. Governments will make final decisions by comprehensively considering the investment of resources, development needs of the discipline and the relationship among existing disciplines.

Construction of a social loss indicator system based on the perspective of epidemic prevention and control against the background of emerging major infectious diseases / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To construct a social loss indicator system based on the perspective of epidemic prevention and control against background of emerging major infectious diseases at the national, hospital, and individual levels, and to provide decision-making basis for public general hospitals to formulate prevention and control strategies for emerging major infectious diseases.Methods:Literatures published before December 23, 2020 were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, Google Scholar with such keywords as " infectious diseases" " public health emergencies" " social losses" " COVID-19" " evaluation". Then a preliminary social loss indicator system of public general hospitals for emerging major infectious diseases was constructed from such dimensions as country, hospital, and individual, by implementing literature analysis and expert consultation. Based on such a preliminary system, three questionnaires were designed for the country, hospitals, and individuals and the corresponding data were collected from December 25, 2021 to May 20, 2022. In the end, a factor analysis was made on the questionnaire data to optimize the social loss indicator system and determine the weights of each indicator.Results:The social loss indicator system consists of 14 level-1 indicators and 60 level-2 indicators. Level-1 indicators at country aspect consisted of government governance capacity, direct economic losses, social security, online public opinion, indirect economic losses, and international cooperation; indicators at hospital aspect consisted of hospital manpower, material resources, and information resources, hospital services, and hospital operations; indicators at the individual aspect consisted of physical health, psychological and social health, and external environment. Level-1 indicators of the highest weight at all aspects were social security, manpower, material and information resources, as well as physiological health. And the level-2 indicators of the highest weight were high medical expenses, overwork for staff other than doctors and nurses and medical insurance.Conclusions:The social loss indicator system for emerging major infectious diseases constructed in this study proves scientific and reasonable, helpful for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of public general hospitals.

Reliability and validity of the individuation test for emerging adults short version in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of individuation test for emerging adults short version (ITEAS) among college students.Methods:A total of 1 778 college students were investigated with the Chinese version of the ITEAS, the separation-individuation test of adolescence subscales, including the separation anxiety subscale and dependency denial subscale, and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale from August to October 2021.Ninety of these college students were retested with the Chinese version of the ITEAS after a 4-week interval.And data were analyzed by SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 21.0.Results:Exploratory factor analysis found that both the revised ITEAS for fathers (ITEAS-F) and ITEAS for mothers (ITEAS-M) had 21 items in five dimensions, including seeking support, connection, invasion, self-reliance and fear of disappointing the parents.Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the five-factor models for both the ITEAS-F and ITEAS-M scales fit well ( χ2/ df=2.27, CFI=0.92, TLI=0.90, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.07; χ2/ df=2.38, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.93, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR=0.07). The criterion-related validation showed that the dimensions of seeking support, connection, and self-reliance in both the ITEAS-F and ITEAS-M were significantly negatively correlated with separation anxiety and rejection of reliance, and were significantly positively correlated with self-esteem.Moreover, the dimensions of invasion and fear of disappointing the parents were significantly positively correlated with separation anxiety and rejection of reliance, and were significantly negatively correlated with self-esteem.Furthermore, the Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.79 to 0.90 ( P<0.01) and 0.82 to 0.92 ( P<0.01), respectively.And the retest reliability ranged from 0.73 to 0.86 ( P<0.01) and 0.78 to 0.86 ( P<0.01), respectively. Conclusion:The Chinese version of ITEAS meets the requirements for psychometric assessments and is a valid and reliable instrument.

Construction of the index system of nurses′ability to cope with new infectious diseases based on ability-based education theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct a scientific and feasible index system for nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases based on ability-based education theory, so as to provide reference for the training of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases.Methods:After consulting domestic and foreign literaturesuch as China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, etc. from the establishment of the database to October 2020, based on the theory of "ability-based education", taking the action framework of the theory of "life cycle of emergency" and "sudden infectious disease events proposed" by WHO as the structural framework, the index items were preliminarily constructed, and the Delphi expert consultation method was used to conduct two rounds of expert consultation for 15 experts, so as to finally establish the index system of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases.Results:The effective recovery rate of the two rounds of expert consultation questionnaires was 100.00%, and the authority coefficient was 0.930. Kendall′s concordance coefficients of two rounds of consultation experts in the tertiary indicators were 0.363, 0.304 and 0.269, respectively, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.01), and the coefficient of variation of each index was 0.000-0.167. The index system of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases included 3 primary indicators, 12 secondary indicators and 44 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The index system of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases based on ability-based education theory is scientific, reliable and practical, which can provide reference for the training and assessment of new infectious diseases coping ability of nurses.

Design and practice of the course of "Biochemical Engineering Experiment" under the context of "Emerging Engineering Education" / 生物工程学报

"Biochemical Engineering Experiment" is a compulsory curriculum for the concentrated practical teaching of biotechnology majors in Hunan University of Science and Engineering. It is also an experimental curriculum for improving the overall quality of bioengineering students under the context of "Emerging Engineering Education". The course includes comprehensive experiments and designable experiments, and the contents of which are designed by combining the local characteristic resources of Yongzhou, the research platform and the characteristics of the talents with engineering background. In the teaching practice, methods such as heuristic teaching, research cases-embedded teaching and interactive teaching are comprehensively used to boost students' interest in learning and stimulate their innovative thinking and application capability. Through curriculum examination and post-class investigation, it was found that the students' abilities of knowledge transfer and application were significantly improved, and they achieved excellent performances in discipline competitions and approved project proposals. The practice and continuous improvement of this course may facilitate fostering high-level innovative and application-oriented talents of biotechnology majors.

Non-targeted screening of emerging contaminants in drinking water based on high-resolution mass spectrometry / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo establish a non-targeted screening method for emerging contaminants in drinking water based on high-resolution mass spectrometry and apply it to actual water samples. MethodsA total of 9 drinking water samples collected from 3 reservoirs in Shanghai were purified and concentrated by HLB solid phase extraction column， then separated and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometer and gas chromatography high⁃resolution mass spectrometer. The acquired data were analyzed by Thermo Tracefinder， Excel and other software combined with mzCloud and NIST databases. The methodology was verified with representative compound standards. Pesticide and perfluorinated compounds were taken as examples to analyze their pollution status. ResultsA non-targeted analysis strategy based on liquid chromatography and gas chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry was established. The pollution level of 20 kinds of pesticides and 4 kinds of perfluorinated compounds identified in 9 drinking water samples were higher in the Huangpu River than in the Yangtze River estuary. ConclusionThe established non-targeted screening method by high-resolution mass spectrometry can detect potential emerging contaminants in drinking water without relying on the standards， which provides a powerful technical means for water quality monitoring and risk assessment.

Estudo descritivo de casos notificados de febre maculosa em São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais entre 2007 e 2016 / Descriptive study of reported cases of spotted fever in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016

Resumo Introdução A febre maculosa é uma doença infecciosa aguda causada por bactérias do gênero Rickettsia e transmitida por carrapatos que pode levar à hospitalização e, eventualmente, a óbito por causa de quadros mais graves. Objetivo O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o cenário epidemiológico da doença nas três unidades federativas de maior número de notificações e óbitos pela doença no Brasil entre 2007 e 2016. Método Estudo epidemiológico descritivo com base nos dados das fichas de investigação para a doença, sendo analisados dados demográficos, geográficos, ambientais e de hospitalização, diagnóstico e desfecho dos casos na área de estudo. Resultados Foram confirmados 953 casos da doença, em sua maioria por critérios laboratoriais, sendo observada maior prevalência entre homens com idade média de 35 anos, pouco relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho, mas amplamente relacionados ao meio urbano. Do total de casos confirmados, 64% pacientes afirmaram ter tido algum contato com carrapato, assim como com cães (36%), capivaras (20%) e equinos (19%). Conclusão Existem questionamentos a respeito da doença que não foram elucidados neste artigo, entretanto abordagens criativas, validadas e ancoradas na associação de áreas de conhecimento distintas poderão dar bons resultados se objetivamente aplicadas em ações estratégicas da gestão da saúde.

Abstract Background Spotted fever is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and transmitted by ticks, which can lead to hospitalization and, eventually, death due to more severe conditions. Objective The purpose of this article was to describe the epidemiological scenario of the disease in the three federal states with the highest number of notifications and deaths due to the disease in Brazil between 2007 and 2016. Method A descriptive epidemiological study was carried out based on data from the investigation forms for the disease, with data being analyzed on demographic, geographic, environmental, and hospitalization, diagnosis, and outcome of cases in the study area. Results 953 cases of the disease were confirmed, mostly by laboratory criteria, with a higher prevalence being observed among men with an average age of 35 years, little related to the work environment, but largely related to the urban environment. Of the total confirmed cases, 64% of patients said that they had had some contact with ticks, as well as with dogs (36%), capybaras (20%), and horses (19%). Conclusion We believe that there are questions about the disease that were not elucidated in this article, however, creative approaches, validated and anchored in the association of different areas of knowledge can give good results if objectively applied in strategic health management actions.

In vitro evaluation for estrogenic mechanisms of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride as an emerging contaminant

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the possible mechanisms underlying the estrogenic potential of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as a disinfectant emerging contaminant. Effects of BAC at the environmentally-relevant concentrations on estrogen synthesis and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling were assessed using the H295R steroidogenesis assay and the MCF-7 proliferation assay, respectively. Results showed that exposure to BAC at concentrations of 1.0-1.5 mg/L for 48 h significantly increased estradiol production of H295R cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcription of steroidogenic genes 3β‐HSD2, 17β‐HSD1, 17β‐HSD4, and CYP19A were significantly enhanced by BAC. In ER-positive MCF-7 cells, exposure to 0.5-1.5 mg/L BAC for 48 h significantly promoted cell proliferation and increased the expressions of ERα and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 0.5-1.5 mg/L BAC significantly decreased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, increased the percentage in S phase, and BAC at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L increased the G2/M phase cells. Findings of the study suggested that BAC at environmentally-relevant concentrations might act as a xenoestrogen through its inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis and ER-mediated mechanism.

Psychometric properties of the BALCI Turkish version

The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Beliefs About Losing Control Inventory (BALCI) in the non-clinical Turkish emerging adults sample. The study group consisted of 549 participants from three study phases and aged between 18 and 28 years and mainly women. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the BALCI Turkish Version (BALCI-TV) confirmed 21 items in three factors. The network analysis findings showed that the items including the factors were together. The results indicated that configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance across the gender. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω of the total BALCI-TV were .90. Test-retest correlation result was .89. All results indicated that the BALCI-TV had good psychometric properties. The BALCI-TV can be provided to measure control and beliefs related to control within obsessive-compulsive disorder for Turkish academics and mental health practitioners.

Overview of Q fever in Brazil: an underestimated zoonosis

ABSTRACT This review aims to provide current information about Q fever, elucidating the etiological, epidemiological, pathogenic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic aspects of the disease for the medical community. We discuss the main forms of presentation of the agent, its ability to persist in the body, the infinite possibilities of susceptible hosts, the main known forms of transmission, its importance in populations at occupational risk, and the role of arthropods in the natural history of the disease. Focusing on Brazil, we present the cases already described and studies developed since its first report, and how there is still much to unravel. We are aware of the possibilities of the persistence of the agent and the development of severe clinical pictures and the specific treatments currently instituted. We also wish to raise awareness about the future, the new genotypes that are emerging, the need to study the effects of vaccines, and the impact of Q fever on the population. Q fever is a poorly understood disease in Latin America, and recent studies, especially in Brazil, have revealed the importance of developing new studies.

Presencia de Oligoryzomys microtis (Rodentia) en hábitats silvestres en Bolivia / Presence of Oligoryzomys microtis (Rodentia) in wild habitats in Bolivia

Rodents are very important organisms within ecosystems; however, some species are considered pests because they consume and damage crops and because they are vectors, hosts, or reservoirs in the transmission of emerging infectious diseases. Rodents in Bolivia are represented by 148 species, Oligoryzomys microtis (Allen, 1916) being a species of public health importance because it is considered a potential natural reservoir of the Chapare virus, which causes Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever, and it is a deadly disease for humans. Its impact on public health is still unknown. The present study consisted of recording the presence of the species O. microtis through the use of Sherman-type live capture traps for small mammals arranged in linear transects in the wild and intervened habitats of the Samuzabety community, where the Chapare virus was detected for the first time, this community is located in the Chapare Province of the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia. The species recorded were the rodents Oligoryzomys microtis (morphotype matogrossae), Proechimys brevicauda, Neacomys vargasllosai, Hylaeamys perenensis, and the marsupial Metachiurus nudicaudatus. The presence of the species O. microtis (morphotype matogrossae) in the community of Samuzabety is confirmed. This species is associated with forest habitats with nearby and surrounding crops. The species O. microtis has epidemiological relevance as it is the natural reservoir of the Río Mamoré Hantavirus and is currently considered a potential reservoir of the Chapare virus and other Arenaviruses.

Los roedores son organismos muy importantes dentro de los ecosistemas; sin embargo, algunas especies son consideradas como plagas porque consumen y dañan cultivos y porque son vectores, hospederos o reservorios en la trasmisión de enfermedades infecciosas emergentes. Los roedores en Bolivia están representados por 148 especies, entre las cuales Oligoryzomys microtis (Allen, 1916) es una especie de importancia en salud pública, debido a que es considerada como potencial reservorio natural del virus Chapare, el cual produce la fiebre hemorrágica Chapare, enfermedad mortal para el ser humano y con un impacto en la salud pública aún desconocido. En este estudio se registró la presencia de la especie O. microtis?/i>, mediante el uso de trampas de captura viva tipo Sherman para pequeños mamíferos dispuestas en transectos lineales, en los hábitats silvestres e intervenidos de la comunidad de Samuzabety, sitio en el que se detectó por primera vez el virus Chapare. Esta comunidad se encuentra ubicada en la Provincia Chapare del departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Las especies registradas fueron los roedores Oligoryzomys microtis (morfotipo matogrossae), Proechimys brevicauda, Neacomys vargasllosai, Hylaeamys perenensis y el marsupial Metachiurus nudicaudatus. Se confirma la presencia de la especie O. microtis (morfotipo matogrossae) en la comunidad de Samuzabety, la cual se encuentra asociada con hábitats de bosques, con cultivos cercanos y a su alrededor. La especie O. microtis tiene relevancia epidemiológica al ser el reservorio natural del hantavirus Río Mamoré y al ser considerado actualmente como potencial reservorio del virus Chapare y de otros arenavirus.

Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and alternative protocols for lower cost, large-scale COVID-19 testing: lessons from an emerging economy / Amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle de transcripción inversa y protocolos alternativos para pruebas COVID-19 a gran escala y de bajo costo: lecciones de una economía emergente

Abstract Introduction: Most successful cases of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation and handling have relied on extensive reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, many emerging economies have struggled with current molecular testing demands due to economic, technical and technological constraints. Objective: To define a potential diagnostic protocol to increase testing capacity in current and post-pandemic conditions. Methods: We reviewed the literature, patents and commercial applications, for alternatives. Results: We found a good potential in saliva samples, viral inactivation and quick RNA extraction by heating; the use of an isothermal technology such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and naked eye test-result visualization by in-tube colorimetry or turbidity. Conclusions: Saliva samples with quick RNA extraction by heating and colorimetric LAMP are promising options for countries with economic and infrastructure limitations.

Resumen Introducción: La mayoría de los casos exitosos de mitigación y manejo de la pandemia de COVID-19 se han dado mediante pruebas basadas en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, muchas economías emergentes han tenido problemas con las demandas actuales de pruebas moleculares debido a limitaciones económicas, técnicas y tecnológicas. Objetivo: Definir un protocolo de diagnóstico potencial para aumentar la capacidad de prueba en las condiciones actuales y posteriores a la pandemia. Métodos: Revisamos la literatura, las patentes y las aplicaciones comerciales, en busca de alternativas. Resultados: Encontramos un buen potencial en muestras de saliva, inactivación viral y extracción rápida de ARN por calentamiento; el uso de una tecnología isotérmica como la amplificación isotérmica mediada por horquillas (LAMP, por sus siglas en inglés) y la visualización del resultado de la prueba a simple vista mediante colorimetría o turbidez en el tubo. Conclusiones: Las muestras de saliva con extracción rápida de ARN por calentamiento y LAMP colorimétrico son opciones prometedoras para países con limitaciones económicas y de infraestructura.

PAIN MANAGEMENT OF COVID–19 INFECTED PATIENTS AFTER THE VACCINATION: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Background: COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease (SID) claimed that >180,000 lives are infected millions in the elderly population globally. Emerging evidences we observed that virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses impact in all the organs, including lungs, kidneys, eye , the brain, and extremities as well as. We had Material and Methods: performed with prospectively of >1,500 articles and included 525 references from our online databases, including with the Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and the wave of Sciences. COVID-19 patients are also going through the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm (CS), acute hypercoagulable state (AHCS), and the autonomic dysfunction (ADF) managed by the multidisciplinary team approach. This is including with Physical medicine rehabilitation, medicine, nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation and the other important radiological ?ndings. A total no of 30 vaccines under the developmental process (DP), Results: and now newly developed with their guidelines for the better treatment strategies and newly developed protocols are being well implemented. The majority of 80-95% of elderly population those are suffering from neurological diseases (ND-90-95%), Alzheimer's disease (AD-85%, Parkinsonism Diseases (PD-95%) and dementia (D-80%) related illnesses noticed that they are at higher risk during COVID-19 pandemic. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with all the emerging prophylaxis is also more helpful. The pain CONCLUSION: management in the neurological disorders (ND) including with all the mental health with several illness aspects of the COVID-19 is the most important side effects of during the pandemic. Hence the national level and International level plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment for SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', society's neurological disorders (ND), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinsonism Diseases (PD), Dementia Diseases (DD), and the other mental health patients at larger in population. Now growing evidence of re-infection in some neurological disorders (ND) patients is to provide a comprehensive knowledge of SARS-CoV-2-induced with neurological diseases (NDs) and their mechanism of infection (MOI), diagnostics, therapeutics, and their new treatment strategies, focusing with less attended aspects including with the nutritional support, psychological, and physical medicine and rehabilitation and its management are essential for elders, youth, and children.

Propósito vital y su relación con las actividades extracurriculares y laborales en estudiantes universitarios

Resumen: El inicio de los estudios universitarios constituye un momento de transición y crisis. Poseer un propósito vital (PV) puede contribuir a la adaptación de los estudiantes. Las actividades extracurriculares y laborales son contextos con potencial para el desarrollo del PV. Este trabajo se propone indagar la relación entre la participación en actividades extracurriculares y laborales con el sentido de PV de estudiantes que inician sus estudios universitarios. Como objetivo secundario se realizó la validación de la Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudiantes Universitarios (EPVE). Por lo tanto, esta investigación se dividió en dos fases. En total participaron 232 estudiantes de ambos sexos (mujeres, 60.3%). En la primera fase se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la EPVE. Los resultados indican que posee una adecuada validez de contenido y factorial, y una buena consistencia interna. En la segunda fase, se seleccionaron de la muestra total a los estudiantes que iniciaban sus estudios universitarios y se encontraban en la adultez emergente (n = 160). Se comparó el sentido de PV en función de la participación en las actividades, y se analizó la relación entre el PV y el grado de vinculación percibida entre las actividades y la carrera. Los resultados indicaron que la participación en actividades laborales se asocia a una menor identificación de PV. Sin embargo, cuando se perciben vinculadas a la carrera universitaria, se asocia a una mayor identificación de PV.

Abstract: The beginning of university studies constitutes a moment of transition and crisis. Having a purpose in life (PL) can contribute to students' adaptation. Extracurricular and work activities are contexts with potential for the development of PL. This work aims to investigate the relationship between participation in extracurricular and work activities with the sense of PL in students who begin their university studies. As a secondary objective, the validation of the Purpose in Life Scale for University Students (PLSS) was carried out. Therefore, this research was divided in two stages. A total of 232 students of both sexes participated (women, 60.3%). In the first stage, the psychometric properties of the PLSS were analyzed. The results indicate that it has adequate content and factor validity, and good internal consistency. In the second stage, students who were beginning their university studies and were emerging adults (n = 160) were selected from the total sample. The sense of PL was compared based on the participation in activities, and the relationship between PL and the degree of perceived link between activities and career was analyzed. The results indicated that the participation in work activities was associated with a lower identification of PL. However, when it was perceived as linked to a university career, it was associated with a greater identification of PL.

Resumo: O início dos estudos universitários constitui um momento de transição e crise. Possuir um propósito vital (PV) pode contribuir para a adaptação dos alunos. As atividades extracurriculares e laborais são contextos com potencial para o desenvolvimento da PV. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre a participação em atividades extracurriculares e laborais com o sentido de PV de estudantes que iniciam seus estudos universitários. Como objetivo secundário, foi realizada a validação da Escala de Propósito Vital para Estudantes Universitários (EPVE). Portanto, esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. No total, participaram 232 alunos de ambos os sexos (mulheres, 60,3%). Na primeira fase, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas do EPVE. Os resultados indicam que possui validade de conteúdo e fatorial adequada e boa consistência interna. Na segunda fase, foram selecionados do total da amostra alunos que estavam iniciando seus estudos universitários e em fase adulta emergente (n = 160). Comparou-se o sentido de PV em função da participação nas atividades, e analisou-se a relação entre PV e o grau de vínculo percebido entre atividades e carreira. Os resultados indicam que a participação em atividades laborais está associada a uma menor identificação de PV. No entanto, quando percebidos como vinculados a uma carreira universitária, associa-se a uma maior identificação de PV.

Healthcare Innovation Lifecycle and Policy Ecosystem: Insights from India.

Purpose: Healthcare innovations are one of the drivers of healthcare sector growth in India. Innovation policies are challenging because of the uncertainty regarding the outcome of the innovations. Hence, there is a need to understand the interface between policies and healthcare innovations to identify gaps and propose timely recommendations. Acoordingly, this study uses the Indian healthcare startup sector as a case study to analyse the above linkages, gaps and propose recommendations. Methodology: Quantitative data from the startup India portal along with qualitative data from key informant interviews have been analysed to draw insights. Findings: Healthcare startups have made significant contributions to the economy and healthcare sector, but there are gaps and room for improvement especially in the areas of awareness, funding and mentoring. Conclusions: Based on the study findings a conceptual framework has been created for understanding the nature of gaps and their linkages in the healthcare innovation lifecycle.