Creencias Irracionales y Sintomatología Depresiva en Estudiantes Universitarios de Psicología en Honduras

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre creencias irracionales y sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes universitarios de Psicología en Honduras. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, un alcance descriptivo-correlacional y un diseño no experimental transversal correlacional. La muestra fue de 257 estudiantes universitarios de Psicología de dos universidades hondureñas. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó el Test de Creencias Irracionales y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II. Las principales creencias irracionales manifiestas por los estudiantes son culpabilización, altas autoexpectativas, influencia del pasado y evitación de problemas, y alrededor de un tercio sufre sintomatología depresiva de moderada a severa. Los estudiantes varones, menores de 31 años, pertenecientes a una universidad privada y que se encuentran solteros son los que tienen más altas creencias irracionales y mayores niveles de depresión, pero solo hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo etario y la sintomatología depresiva. Además, existe relación significativa entre creencias irracionales y cuatro de sus dimensiones (necesidad de aprobación, altas autoexpectativas, culpabilización e influencia del pasado) con sintomatología depresiva. Es urgente que las autoridades universitarias elaboren programas y servicios institucionales que prevengan y promuevan la salud mental, para disminuir los procesos mentales patológicos que pueden desencadenar problemas como el suicidio.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between irrational beliefs and depressive symptoms in university students of Psychology in Honduras. A quantitative approach, a descriptive-correlational scope and a non-experimental correlational cross-sectional design was used. The sample was 257 university students of Psychology from two Honduran universities. For the collection of data, the Irrational Beliefs Test and the Beck-II Depression Inventory were applied. The main irrational beliefs manifested by the students are guilt, high self-expectations, influence of the past and avoidance of problems, and about a third of the students suffer from moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Male students, under 31 years, attending a private university and who are single are those who have the highest irrational beliefs and higher levels of depression, but there is only a statistically significant difference between the age group and depressive symptomatology. In addition, there is a statistically significant relationship between irrational beliefs and four of its dimensions (need for approval, high self-expectations, guilt and influence of the past) with depressive symptoms. It is urgent that university authorities develop programs and institutional services that prevent and promote mental health, to reduce pathological mental processes that can trigger problems such as suicide.

Depresión, desregulación emocional y estrategias de afrontamiento en adolescentes con conductas de autolesión / Depression, emotional dysregulation and coping strategies in adolescents with self-injurious behaviors

Resumen En México, el estudio de la autolesión cuenta con pocas investigaciones, y menos si se trata de estudios que conformen posibles modelos explicativos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en el presente trabajo se planteó como objetivo conocer la relación de la autolesión con la depresión, la desregulación emocional y los estilos de afrontamiento, con el fin de generar un modelo explicativo de la problemática. El estudio se realizó a partir de un diseño cuantitativo, transversal y con alcance explicativo, y se contó con una muestra de 5835 adolescentes (M edad = 11-15 años) inscritos en 62 secundarias públicas del estado de Sonora. Se realizaron regresiones logísticas para el análisis de los datos, y como resultado se encontró que, para los estudiantes con autolesión severa (3.54 %), el modelo explica el 61 % de la varianza en los datos (R1 de Nagelkerke = .61) y clasifica correctamente al 84.1 % de los participantes; mientras que, en la autolesión leve (5.29 %), el modelo explica el 72 % de la varianza en los datos (R2 de Nagelkerke = .72) y clasifica correctamente al 88.2 % de los estudiantes. Asimismo, las dimensiones de depresión mostraron el mayor nivel explicativo (cognitiva-afectiva, somática) y correlaciones positivas con la desregulación emocional y el estilo de afrontamiento de evitación, así como correlaciones negativas con el estilo de afrontamiento de aproximación. Al final se discute respecto a la importancia de las variables independientes para futuras investigaciones, y sobre los resultados anómalos y otros datos de interés.

Abstract In Mexico, there is little research on the study of self-injury and even less on possible explanatory models. With this in mind, this study aimed to determine the relationship between self-injury and depression, emotional dysregulation, and coping styles, to generate an explanatory model of the problem. The study was carried out using a quantitative, cross-sectional, explanatory scope, design and a sample of 5835 adolescents (Mage = 11-15 years) enrolled in 62 public high schools in the state of Sonora. Logistic regressions were performed for data analysis, and as a result it was found that, for students with severe self-injury (3.54 %), the model explains 61 % of the variance in the data (Nagelkerke's R2 = .61) and correctly classifies 84.1 % of the participants; whereas, in mild self-injury (5.29 %), the model explains 72 % of the variance in the data (Nagelkerke's R2 = .72) and correctly classifies 88.2 % of the students. Likewise, the depression dimensions showed the highest explanatory level (cognitive-affective, somatic) and positive correlations with emotional dysregulation and avoidance coping style, as well as negative correlations with approach coping style. At the end, the importance of the independent variables for future research is discussed, as well as anomalous results and other data of interest.

Las alteraciones emocionales de Martin Heidegger: existencia y filosofía / Martin Heidegger's emotional disturbances: existence and philosophy

Resumen Martin Heidegger es uno de los filósofos más prominentes del siglo XX. Él padeció varias alteraciones emocionales a través de su excepcional vida productiva y se postula que su creatividad quizás aumentó o a lo menos se facilitó en relación con estos trastornos. El hombre público, la figura privada, su círculo generaron controversias y rechazo que ahora se entienden mejor gracias a material hasta hace poco inédito. Sus rasgos asténicos y esténicos probablemente fueron decisivos en el desencadenamiento de sus crisis unidos a medios estresantes y hostiles.

Martin Heidegger is one of the most outstanding philosophers of the XX century. He suffered from various emotional disturbances through his exceedingly productive life, and it is postulated that his creativeness perhaps was enhaced or at the very least facilitated in connection to his disorders. The public man, the private figure, his circle generated controversies and rejection that are now more comprehensible thanks to hitherto unpublished material. His asthenics and esthenics traits were probably decisive to trigger off his bouts linked to stressful and hostile environments.

Satisfacción con la atención en urgencias pediátricas: influencia del funcionamiento familiar y la alteración emocional / Satisfaction with care received in pediatric emergency services: impact of family interaction and emotional disturbance

Resumen Este estudio aborda la relación entre dos elementos clave en la satisfacción con los servicios sanitarios de urgencias pediátricas: la afectación emocional y el funcionamiento familiar. El objetivo general es determinar si la cohesión, la adaptabilidad familiar y la ira pueden asociarse a niveles diferenciales de satisfacción en progenitores cuyos hijos eran atendidos en urgencias pediátricas. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal para el que se trabajó con una muestra de 711 progenitores que habían sido atendidos en 6 servicios de urgencias pediátricas. Se utilizaron respectivamente las versiones españolas del Inventado de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo-2 (STAXI-2), la Escala de Satisfacción con los Servicios Sanitarios y la Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y Adaptabilidad Familiar (Faces). El análisis de datos incluyó un análisis de correlaciones bivariadas de Spearman, pruebas de Kruskal Wallis, pruebas de Mann-Whitney y un path-analysis mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados soportan la idea de que mayores niveles de cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar así como menores niveles de ira, se asocian a mayores niveles de satisfacción en los padres. Nuestros datos no reflejan diferencias significativas en ira entre padres y madres.

Abstract This study addresses the relationship between two key elements in satisfaction with pediatric emergency services, namely emotional disturbance and family interaction. The main goal is to determine whether family cohesion and adaptability and anger may be associated with differential levels of satisfaction among parents whose children were attended in pediatric emergency units. It is a descriptive study for which a sample of 711 parents whose children were attended in 6 pediatric emergency services was studied. The Spanish version of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Staxi-2), the Satisfaction with Healthcare Services Scale and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (Faces) were used respectively. Data analysis included a Spearman bivariate correlations analysis, Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney test and path-analysis using a structural equations model. The results support the hypothesis that higher levels of family cohesion and adaptability as well as lower levels of anger are associated with higher levels of satisfaction among parents.

La homeopatía en los trastornos de ansiedad / Homeopathy for anxiety disorders

Los seres humanos somos biopsicosociales, lo que significa que nos enfrentamos a sistemas que integran el funcionamiento biológico y nuestro entorno social, culturaly familiar. Es por esta razón que la conducta humana produce cambios en nuestra fisiología. Dentro de la consulta nos encontramos con el paciente psiquiátrico, que comúnmente ignora su diagnostico y puede confundir su sintomatología con la de cualquier otra área médica. Los trastornos de ansiedad son un padecimiento constante dentro de la población general, y uno de los de mayor prevalencia. Comúnmente, la ansiedad se confunde con la angustia, de tal manera que resulta relevante tratar de establecer las diferencias existentes entre ambas entidades y, a partir de ello, ofrecer un diagnóstico certero que se base en una historia clínica completa. Este trabajo incluye, asimismo, la descripción de los medicamentos homeopáticos que se utilizan con mayor frecuencia en este tipo de alteraciones, un análisis que proviene de la revisión de muchas de las materias médicas escritas por médicos homeópatas de gran prestigio internacional.

We, the human beings, are biopsychosocial persons, which mean that we are faced with systems that integrate our biological performance and to the social, cultural and familiar environment. It is for this reason that human behavior generates changes in our physiology. This phenomenon can be seen upon medical consultation where we finda lot of mental symptoms which the patient does not always recognize and sometimes are very difficult to identify them, especially those related to situations of concern such as anguish and anxiety. Commonly anxiety is confused with anguish, so that it is relevant to try to establish the differences between the two entities. To distinguish one from another can be crucial to conduct proper case taking and therefore adequate repertorization. This work also includes the description of homeopathic medicines more frequently used in this type of alterations, an analysis that comes from a review of the materia medica written by homeopaths internationally renowned.

Problemas de saúde mental na adolescência: características familiares, eventos traumáticos e violência / Mental health problems in adolescence: family characteristics, traumatic events and violence

A ocorrência de situações traumáticas, exposição à violência e características das relações parentais são fatores de risco para saúde mental. Este estudo procurou identificar as situações individuais, familiares e contextuais associadas às manifestações de problemas de saúde mental em adolescentes estudantes da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, RS. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Inventário de Eventos Estressores na Adolescência, Triagem da Exposição de Crianças à Violência na Comunidade, Inventário de Estilos Parentais e o Child Behavior Checklist- versão YRF. Participaram 245 adolescentes, sendo 114 (46,5 por cento) do sexo masculino com idade média de 16,02 anos (DP=1,83). A análise dos dados realizou-se através de estatística descritiva e inferencial para estimar os determinantes do diagnóstico clínico. Situações de violência, práticas parentais negativas e eventos traumáticos associaram-se ao diagnóstico clínico. Aponta-se a necessidade de implantação de ações preventivas e de atenção em saúde mental na infância e adolescência.

The occurrence of traumatic events, exposure to violence and characteristics of parental relationship are risk factors associated to mental health. This study aimed to identify individual, family and contextual factors associated to the manifestation of mental health problems in a sample of adolescent students from the metropolitan region of the city of Porto Alegr e, RS. The instruments used were the Stressful Adolescence Events Inventory, Screening of Exposure to Community Violence, Parental Style Inventory and the Child Behavior Checklist- YRF version. Two hundred and forty five adolescents, of which 114 (46,5 percent) male, mean age 16,02 (DP=1,83) participated in the study. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics to estimate the determinants of clinical diagnostics. Violence situations, negative parenting practices and traumatic events were associated to clinical diagnosis. It is appointed the need to implement preventive actions and intervention geared to child and adolescent mental health.

High level of work stressors increase the risk of mental-emotional disturbances among airline pilots.

Civilian airline pilots have one of the most stressful occupations. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of work stressors and other factors on mental-emotional disturbances among airline pilots. A cross-sectional study was done by interviewing selected pilots of an airline using appropriate questionnaires, during their routine medical examination from May to July 1999 in Jakarta. Five aspects of work stressor were assessed: working conditions, physical conditions of working environment, career development, organization and interpersonal relationship. Mental-emotional disturbances were determined by using the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL 90) questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using relative risk by Cox regression with constant time. From 128 subjects interviewed, 109 could be analyzed. Most of the subjects were married (73.4%) and college graduates (91.7%). The number of captains and first officers were almost equal. The prevalence of mental-emotional disturbances was 39.4%. Mental-emotional disturbances were significantly related to work stressors and moderately related to household tension (P = 0.184). Compared to pilots with low levels of work stressors, those with high or very high levels of work stressors had a risk of 4.6 times of mental-emotional disturbances [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 4.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01 – 19.65]. Adequate guides to cope work stressors and household tension which related to mental-emotional disturbance is recommended.

Drug Rehabilitation of Emotion Disorders after Brain Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Agitation, aggression and depression are frequent neurobehavioral sequalae after injury of brain. These behavioural symptoms disrupted patient care and impede rehabilitation effort. In severe cases, the patient even hurts others and sometime injuries himself. This article introduces the use of antipsychotics, mood stablizing, lithium, antianxiety medication and antidepressants especially the SSRIs for the emotion disturbance after injury of brain. Meantime, paper describes the 5-HT syndrome, withdrawal 5-HT syndrome, the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The later is owing to wrong use of phenothiazines and butyrophenones. The mortality of NMS is about 25%, if case treats is not correct.