O racismo enraizado nas famílias inter-raciais de São Paulo / Deep-rooted racism in interracial families from São Paulo / Racismo arraigado en las familias interraciales de São Paulo

O racismo estrutural é uma realidade na sociedade brasileira e pode ser manifestado no interior de famílias inter-raciais. As crianças e as pessoas adultas que experienciam sentimentos de aceitação ou de rejeição nas dinâmicas familiares desenvolvem diferentes formas de ver a si mesmas, os outros e o mundo ao redor. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as percepções de suporte emocional, rejeição parental na infância e discriminação cotidiana entre pessoas brancas, pardas e pretas. Participaram 175 pessoas, 80% do gênero feminino, com idade da amostra total variando de 18-39 anos (M = 24; DP = 5,11). Cento e três participantes se identificaram como branca/o, 42, como preta/o e 30, como parda/o. Todos responderam um formulário online composto pela Escala de Lembranças de Práticas Parentais, Escala de Discriminação Cotidiana e questões sociodemográficas. O resultado do teste Manova indicou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as pessoas brancas, pardas e pretas em relação ao suporte emocional e à rejeição parental. Quanto à percepção de discriminação, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas subescalas de Tratamento Injusto [X²(2) = 17,360; p < 0,001] e Rejeição Pessoal [X²(2) = 27,970; p < 0,001], pessoas pretas apresentaram maiores médias que pardas e brancas, respectivamente. Discute-se a importância de falar sobre racismo nas relações familiares. Espera-se percepções de rejeição parental menor para pessoas brancas e de discriminação cotidiana maior para pardas e pretas.(AU)

Structural racism is a reality in Brazilian society and it can manifest within interracial families. Children and adults who experience feelings of acceptance or rejection in family dynamics develop different forms of seeing themselves, others, and the world around them. This study aimed to analyze perceptions of emotional support, parental rejection in childhood, and everyday discrimination between white, mixed, and black people. The participants were 175 people, 80% women, aged between 18 to 39 years (M = 24; DP = 5.11). A hundred and three participants identified themselves as white, 42 as black, and 30 as mixed. All answered an online form with the Memories on Parenting Practices, Everyday Discrimination Scale, and sociodemographic questions. Results show that the MANOVA test indicated no statistically significant difference between white, black, and mixed people regarding emotional support and parental rejection. Concerning the perception of discrimination, there was a statistically significant difference in the Unfair Treatment [X2(2) = 17.360; p < 0.001] and Personal Rejection [X2(2) = 27.970; p < 0.001] subscales, black people presented higher averages than mixed and white groups, respectively. This study discusses the importance of discussing racism in family relationships. Perceptions of lower parental rejection for white people and higher everyday discrimination for mixed and blacks are expected.(AU)

El racismo estructural es una realidad en la sociedad brasileña y puede manifestarse en familias interraciales. Los niños y los adultos que experimentan sentimientos de aceptación o rechazo en la dinámica familiar desarrollan diferentes formas de verse a sí mismos, a los demás y al mundo que los rodea. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las percepciones de apoyo emocional, rechazo de los padres en la infancia y discriminación cotidiana entre personas blancas, mestizas y negras. Participaron 175 personas, 80% mujeres, con una edad de la muestra total de entre 18 y 39 años (M = 24; DE = 5,11). Ciento tres participantes se identificaron como blancos; 42 como negros y 30 como pardos. Todos respondieron un formulario en línea que consta de la Escala de Recuerdo de Prácticas de Crianza, la Escala Discriminación en la Vida Cotidiana y de preguntas sociodemográficas. El resultado de la prueba Manova indicó que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las personas con respecto al apoyo emocional y el rechazo de los padres. En cuanto a la percepción de discriminación, hubo uma diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las subescalas de trato injusto [X2(2) = 17,360; p < 0,001] y rechazo personal [X2(2) = 27,970; p < 0,001], los negros tenían promedios más altos que los pardos y los blancos, respectivamente. Se discute la importancia de hablar de racismo en las relaciones familiares. Se esperan percepciones de menor rechazo de los padres hacia las personas blancas y mayor discriminación diaria hacia los pardos y negros.(AU)

Support interventions for nurses working in acute psychiatric units: A systematic review

Diverse support interventions have been implemented to provide support for nurses working in acute psychiatric settings. These interventions aimed at modifying the psychological and social factors, as they either prevent stress responses or reduce its effects to improve the psychological well-being of staff. This study aimed to examine effective stress reduction interventions for nurses and to identify key elements of these successful interventions. Studies included in this review were conducted in acute psychiatric settings. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted for support intervention studies between 2010 and 2021. The search yielded 315 studies that were reduced to seven studies after being reviewed by two independent reviewers. The studies were coded, and key elements were identified. Seven studies that were included consisted of a randomised controlled trial, quasi-experimental design and single-group design. Interventions included mindfulness-based stress reduction, burnout prevention programmes, communication skills, educational programme, group intervention, resilience training programme and stress management. Four key elements emerged from these interventions, namely, educational support, interpersonal skills, psychological support and adaptive coping. The findings highlighted the diverse interventions in supporting psychiatric nurses to cope with stress. However, there is a dearth of studies in acute psychiatric settings that were mostly done in emergency settings. Knowledge gained from this review may assist with practice improvement as managers can implement the identified interventions.

Acompañamiento emocional en adultos mayores ante la covid-19: una necesidad impostergable / Emotional support in elder people toward COVID-19: an urgent need

RESUMEN Los adultos mayores representan un grupo de importante vulnerabilidad ante la enfermedad, asociada muchas veces a pronósticos desfavorables. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamentar las posiciones teóricas que sustentan la importancia del acompañamiento emocional en adultos mayores ante la covid-19. Durante el proceso de investigación se buscaron los antecedentes históricos e investigativos sobre el tema, y se abordaron los principales preceptos relacionados con el mismo, así como estudios que demuestran su importancia. Se proponen herramientas teóricas para el apoyo social, que ofrecen la posibilidad de que los adultos mayores minimicen la presencia de estados emocionales negativos que se vivencian ante el virus SARS-CoV-2 en Cuba (AU).

ABSTRACT Elder people represent a group of significant vulnerability to the disease, often associated to unfavorable prognoses. The aim of the current work is substantiating the theoretical positions underpinning the importance of the emotional support in elder people toward COVID-19. The historical and research antecedents of the theme were looked for during the research and the main related precepts were approached, and also studies showing its importance. Theoretical tools for the social support are proposed; they offer the possibility for elder people to minimize the presence of negative emotional conditions that are experienced in Cuba with COVID-19 (AU).

Exploring the lived experiences of first-time mothers and their partners affected by post-natal depression in rural Sanyati district, Zimbabwe

Background: First time mothers and their partners are faced with a number of challenges including learning new skills and changing roles to meet the baby’s needs. support the new baby. Although an exciting time, the early days of first-time parents is filled with excitement as well as challenges in adapting their lifestyle resulting in pressure and anxiety to look after the baby. The objective of this study was to explore the lived experiences of first-time mothers and their partners affected by post-natal depression (PND) among rural communities.Methods: A collaborative exploratory qualitative approach underpinned by interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on ten (10) first time mothers and their partners who came for six-week post-natal care and for growth monitoring up to 6 months post-delivery at Sanyati Baptist hospital. Data were analysed using a thematic approach and guided by the four stages of data analysis in interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). N-vivo was used to organize the data to enhance management during analysis.Results: The study showed that first time parents from rural communities felt trapped with childbirth, overwhelmed by changes, resultant disruptive relationships, lack of support and bouts of depression.Conclusions: There is need to improve maternal support for first time mothers in rural communities. First time fathers need to learn new skills and adapt in supporting the baby and mother to prevent depression and marital breakdown.

Emotional and instrumental support influencing male caregivers for people with dementia living at home / Journal of Rural Medicine

<p><b>Object:</b> To clarify the emotional and instrumental support influencing male caregivers for people with dementia living at home.</p><p><b>Patients/Materials and Methods:</b> The subjects were 298 male caregivers. Nursing care burden was assessed using the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale. Ability to cope with care problems was assessed using the Nursing Care Problems Coping Scale for Male Caregivers for People with Dementia Living at Home (NCSM). Emotional support was assessed using the Emotional Support Network Scale. Instrumental support was assessed using the question “Do you have someone to help when you have a problem with nursing care?”.</p><p><b>Results:</b> There was a significant correlation (P < 0.04) between the point (index) of NCSM and Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale. A positive significant correlation was found in three coping styles. A negative significant correlation was found in one coping style, and no significant correlation in one coping style. The ‘Solve the problem’ coping style was linked to support from both within and beyond the family. Both ‘Emotional avoidance’ and ‘Cognitive transformation’ coping styles were linked to support from within the family, and “Request assistance” style only to external support. There were no correlations between the source of support and the “Careful supervision and waiting” coping style.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Emotional and instrumental support for male caregivers was more than three times more likely to be obtained from within the family than outside it. With families becoming smaller, it is becoming more important for communities and society in general to provide emotional and instrumental support for male caregivers. Male caregivers need support from someone with whom they feel comfortable. It is particularly necessary to consider how to support male caregivers who use the “Emotional avoidance” coping style.</p>

Dolor osteomuscular y apoyo social en una muestra de gerontes de Bucaramanga / Musculoskeletal Pain and Social Support in Older Adults of a Sample in Bucaramanga / Dor osteomuscular e apoio social numa amostra de idosos de Bucaramanga

Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre las características clínicas del dolor osteomuscular y el apoyo social. Método. Se utilizó un método no experimental, con enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal y alcance correlacional, en una muestra de 70 adultos mayores de ambos sexos, partícipes de grupos de autoayuda de la ciudad de Bucaramanga, a quienes se les aplicó la versión abreviada del cuestionario del dolor de McGill y el cuestionario de apoyo social. Resultados. Se encontró que el 59% de los participantes describe su dolor como incómodo y el 57% como interno; en tanto, el 33% percibe apoyo emocional y el 39%, apoyo práctico, ambos de manera moderada. No se encontró correlación entre el apoyo emocional general y el índice de intensidad de dolor. Conclusión. Se encuentra que no existe correlación significativa entre las variable, sin embargo, es preciso tener en cuenta que este tipo de estudios ayudará a consolidar la comprensión de la percepción del dolor y las variables que deberían tener en cuenta para su apropiado manejo clínico.

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between clinical characteristics of musculoskeletal pain and the social support. Method. A non experimental method was used, with a quantitative approach, cross-sectional and correlational scope, in a sample with 70 or older adults -women and men- who participate of selfhelp groups in Bucaramanga, sample which was applied with the abbreviated version McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Social Support Questionnaire. Results. It was found that 59% of the participants describe the pain as uncomfortable, and the 57% as internal, whereas, 33% perceive emotional support and the 39% a practical support in a moderate manner. No correlation was found between the general emotional support and pain intensity index. Conclusion. It is found that there is no significant correlation between variables, however, it is necessary to note that these kind of studies will help strengthen the understanding of the perception of pain and the variables that should be taken into account for its proper clinical management.

Escopo. O escopo do presente estudo foi determinar a relação entre as características clínicas da dor osteomuscular e o apoio social. Metodologia. Foi usado um método não experimental, com enfoque quantitativo, de corte transversal e alcance correlacional, numa amostra de 70 idosos de ambos sexos, participantes de grupos de autoajuda da cidade de Bucaramanga, aos quais foi aplicada a versão breve do Questionário da Dor de McGill e o Questionário de Apoio Social. Resultados. Foi achado que o 59% dos participantes descrevem sua dor como incómodo e o 57% como interno, e o 33% percebem opio emocional e o 39% apoio prático de forma moderada. Não foi achada correlação entre o apoio emocional geral e o índice de intensidade da dor. Conclusão. Foi achado que não existe correlação significativa entre as variáveis, no entanto é necessário levar em conta que este tipo de estudos vai ajudar a consolidar a compreensão da percepção da dor e as variáveis que teriam que levar em conta para sua própria direção clínica.

Survey on emotional support and quality of life of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the emotional support and quality of life of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Method Ninty six patients with maintenance hemodialysis patients involved the investigation of emotional support and quality of life using the Family Care Index and Life Scale.Results The total score of the patients on emotional support was(5.80±3.80).Among them, 27 of the cases(28.13%)were scored higher,45 of the cases(46.88%)were at medium level and 24 of the cases(25.00%)were at lower level. The score on quality of life of all the patients was(176.41±18.26),with all the factors ranked from high to low score: health and function, life satisfaction degree,self concept and social and economic conditions.Conclusions Emotional support and quality of life in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis needs improvement.Higher emotional support is good for the improved quality of life.

La experiencia de Peralillo: una intervención psicológica para el estado de emergencia / The experience in Peralillo: a psychological intervention for emergency situations

El trabajo presenta una intervención en Salud Mental destinada al apoyo emocional de los habitantes de Peralillo y sus alrededores, luego del terremoto que afectó a Chile en Febrero de 2010. Los objetivos fueron realizar actividades de prevención y contención emocional, asentado en las redes intersectoriales de la zona. El diseño de la Intervención contó con 24 voluntarios egresados, practicantes, académicos y profesionales afiliados a la Escuela de Psicología de la Usach, quienes realizaron un total de 14 visitas a la localidad. El alcance de la experiencia fue radial y con efecto dominó. Se realizaron atenciones individuales a 201 personas y 21 talleres de apoyo emocional grupal en espacios comunitarios (alcanzando a 332 personas), además de otras actividades específicas con funcionarios de Salud, prevención y psicoeducación en la Radio local, espacios públicos, salas de espera e intervenciones "puerta a puerta" en 36 hogares. Luego de un cierre de actividades, se evalúa la experiencia como exitosa en la implementación de un trabajo radial en coordinación con las redes de Salud Pública para hacer frente a la emergencia. Sin embargo, también surge la necesidad de abordar la prolongación del desastre en la medida que fuertes réplicas continúan. Se plantea como desafío para la disciplina clínica abordar las necesidades formativas que permitan hacer frente a nuevos desastres naturales, en función de esta experiencia.

This work presents a mental health intervention aiming at providing emotional support of the population of Peralillo and its surroundings, due to the earthquake that occurred in Chile on February, 2010. The goals were to implement prevention and emotional contention based on the contact with the local community network. The design included 24 volunteers affiliated to the School of Psychology (Usach), which participated in 14 visits to the area. The realm of the experience was radial and with a domino effect. 201 people were attended individually, 21 groups of emotional support were implemented (reaching 332 persons), in addition to other activities with health workers, prevention and education through the local radio, public spaces, waiting rooms, and door to door interventions in 36 homes. After concluding the intervention, the experience is regarded successful in terms of the radial coordination with the Public Health networks to face the emergency. Nevertheless, it is also necessary to consider the continuity of the disaster since strong aftershocks are still affecting the area. A new challenge to the clinical discipline will be to attend formative needs in the curricula to face future natural disasters based on this experience.

Carta a uma jovem psicoterapeuta / Carta a una joven terapeuta / Letter to a young psychotherapist

O início da prática clínica na psicologia é vivido pela jovem terapeuta como um grande desafio. Envolve sentimentos de esperança, de medo, de incerteza, dentre outros. Esses sentimentos advêm da difícil tarefa de não pular etapas nesse processo, de ter paciência para obter formação teórica, metodológica e pessoal, e, ainda, de ir além da teoria estudada, em um espaço em que as respostas não são tão óbvias. Tornar-se terapeuta é um caminho solitário em que é preciso, também, buscar respostas em si mesma, tanto nos questionamentos que surgem em sua vida pessoal quanto nos relativos à profissão. A pessoa que escolhe ser terapeuta precisa entender que terapia é uma expressão que significa cuidado, tratamento e cura. Cuidar implica consideração, interesse, atenção, solicitude, zelo, preocupação, atitudes comuns nas terapeutas iniciantes em sua relação com os clientes, mas raras quando se referem a elas mesmas. Para tanto, a jovem terapeuta precisa estar disponível para o encontro, o contato, condição que se faz imprescindível na relação terapêutica e, ao mesmo tempo, ela deve cuidar de si própria. O objetivo dessa carta é, de alguma maneira, mostrar que a pessoa precisa começar a realizar atendimentos, mesmo que ainda não se sinta totalmente pronta para tal empreitada. A vontade e a disposição para atender, além de toda a teoria estudada, com certeza, a capacitará para iniciar essa atividade...

The onset of clinical practice in psychology is experienced by young therapist as a major challenge. It involves feelings of hope, fear and uncertainty, among others. These feelings stem from the difficult task of not skipping steps in the process, having patience for theoretical, methodological and personal, and also going beyond the theory studied in an area where answers are not so obvious. Becoming a therapist is a lonely path in which we must also seek answers in ourselves for the questions that arise in our personal lives and also in governing the profession. The person who chooses to be a therapist needs to understand that therapy is an expression that means care, treatment and cure. Caring involves consideration, interest, attention, and concern, common attitudes among therapists in their relationship with patients, but rare when referring to themselves. For this reason the young therapist must be available for the meeting and the contact, a condition which is indispensable in the therapeutic relationship and, at the same time, she should take care of herself. The purpose of this letter is, in some way, to show that one must begin to make calls even if it does not feel quite ready for such an undertaking. The desire and willingness to serve, along with all the theory previously studied, will certainly enable her to initiate this activity...

El inicio de la práctica clínica en la psicología es vivido por la joven terapeuta como un gran desafío. Envuelve sentimientos de esperanza, de miedo, de incertidumbre, entre otros. Esos sentimientos vienen de la difícil tarea de no saltar etapas en ese proceso, de tener paciencia para obtener información teórica, metodológica y personal, y aún ir más allá de la teoría estudiada, en un espacio en que las respuestas no son tan obvias. Convertirse terapeuta es un camino solitario, en que es necesario también, buscar respuestas en si misma, tanto en los cuestionamientos que surgen en su vida personal como en los relativos a la profesión. La persona que escoge ser terapeuta necesita entender que terapia es una expresión que significa cuidado, tratamiento y cura. Cuidar implica consideración, interés, atención, solicitud, celo, preocupación, actitudes comunes en las terapeutas iniciantes en su relación con los clientes, pero raras cuando se refieren a ellas mismas. Por tanto la joven terapeuta necesita estar disponible para los encuentros, el contacto, condición que se hace imprescindible en la relación terapéutica y, al mismo tiempo, ella debe cuidar de si misma. El objetivo de esta carta es, de alguna forma, mostrar, que la persona necesita comenzar a realizar atendimientos, aunque no se sienta totalmente lista para tal tarea. El deseo y la disposición para atender, además de toda la teoría estudiada, con seguridad, la capacitará para iniciar esa actividad...

Apoyo emocional: conceptualización y actuación de enfermería, una mirada desde la perspectiva del alumno / Emotional support: conceptualization and performance of nursing, a look from the perspective of the learner

Durante la formación de enfermería se hace hincapié en el apoyo emocional al paciente; destacando su importancia en el cuidado integral; sin embargo se carece de definición clara sobre este concepto y en muchas ocasiones; éste no se brinda. El objetivo fue identificar la conceptualización y cuidado de apoyo emocional que brindan los alumnos de la licenciatura en Enfermería. Metodología: El estudio fue descriptivo y transversal. El universo 210 alumnos. Las categorías del instrumento: Conocimiento; identificación; planeación y evaluación de intervenciones para brindar apoyo emocional. Una minoría define apoyo emocional como "Dar confianza; empatía y dar a conocer lo que le va a realizar al paciente". Resultados: El conocimiento de la patología es prioritario (16%) las acciones que realizan están encaminadas a favorecer la conversación como medio de disminución de la respuesta emocional (44%); considera que es necesario ayudar o animar al paciente a expresar sus sentimientos (39%); considera que se debe platicar con el paciente sobre algo ajeno a su enfermedad para brindar apoyo emocional 16%; se debe brindar apoyo emocional realizando los procedimientos sin hablarle al paciente es la opinión del .55%. Es imprescindible hacer evidente la necesidad de crear una escala que facilite la valoración; y la evaluación de las intervenciones de enfermería con relación a las emociones sentidas y expresadas por los pacientes.

During the training of nursing emphasizes the emotional, stressing their importance for the patient care, however there is not clear definition of this concept and many times this support is not provided. The aim was to identify the design and care of emotional support provided by students of the Bachelorship in Nursing. Methodology: the study was descriptive and transversal. The universe was 210 students. The instrumental categories: awareness, identification, planning and evaluation of interventions to provide emotional support. A minority of the students defined emotional support as: "trust, empathy and awareness of what the patient is going to do". Results:Knowledge about pathology is a priority (16%). Actions that are undertaken to encourage the conversation as a means of reducing the emotional response (44%), percentage who believe it is necessary to assist or encourage the patient to express their feelings (39%), percentage who believed that talking with the patient about something unrelated to his illness to provide emotional support; 16% and percentage who reported that emotional support should be done by following procedures without talking to the patient .55%. There is clear need to create a scale to facilitate the assessment and evaluation of nursing interventions in relation to the emotions felt and expressed by the patients.

Life Events and Posttraumatic Stress in Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Victims

Stress induced by disaster is experienced to varying degrees by all respondents, and is known to evoke psychophysiological reactions. In this study, we investigated the relationships between earthquake-related life events and posttraumatic stress symptoms. A total of 380 adults were surveyed one year after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. The questionnaire included items concerning earthquake-related life events, emotional support and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. As a result, after controlling for demographic variables, earthquake-related life events were significantly related to the grade of posttraumatic stress and its three components: re-experience, avoidance and arousal, in both male and female subjects. Male subjects who currently had lower emotional support showed higher scores of posttraumatic stress and arousal. In conclusion, a higher experience of earthquake-related life events appears to be an important risk factor for development of poor mental health status following an earthquake disaster.