¡Ey parce! Estoy buscando camello: Cómo las redes de los contactos sociales definen la situación laboral de jóvenes en sectores populares y marginados de Cali

La búsqueda de empleo usando los contactos sociales a pesar de ser una práctica común, en ocasiones no genera los resultados esperados. Con el objetivo de comprobar lo anterior; en este documento se configuran las redes de contactos sociales de un grupo de jóvenes que viven en contextos de marginalidad y violencia de las comunas 1, 14, 16, 18 y 20 de Cali que participaron en el programa denominado Tratamiento Integral a Pandillas - Jóvenes Sin Fronteras (TIP-JSF), un proceso de intervención psicosocial desde una perspectiva integral que promovía la inclusión social. Las redes de contactos sociales halladas a través de una encuesta se caracterizan por ser pequeñas y cerradas, aumentando la probabilidad de que quienes las conforman, presenten el mismo estado laboral: desempleo o informalidad laboral. Es clave, entonces, que las/os jóvenes amplíen sus contactos para que los vinculen con otros que les puedan brindar información de mejores vacantes laborales.

The search for employment using social contacts, despite being a common practice, sometimes does not generate the expected results. In order to verify the above, this paper describes the social contact networks of a group of young people living in contexts of marginality and violence in Cali's communes 1, 14, 16, 18 and 20 who participated in the program called Integral Treatment for Gangs - Youth Without Borders (TIP-JSF), a process of psychosocial intervention from an integral perspective that promoted social inclusion. The social networks found through a survey are characterized by being small and closed, increasing the likelihood that those who make up these networks have the same employment status: unemployment or informal employment. It is essential for young people to expand their contacts and link them with other contacts that can provide them with information on better job vacancies.

A busca de emprego usando contatos sociais, apesar de ser uma prática comum, às vezes não gera os resultados esperados. Para verificar isso, este artigo descreve as redes de contatos sociais de um grupo de jovens que vivem em contextos de marginalidade e violência nas comunas 1, 14, 16, 18 e 20 de Cali e que participaram do programa chamado Tratamento Integral para Gangues - Jovens Sem Fronteiras (TIP-JSF), um processo de intervenção psicossocial de uma perspectiva holística que promoveu a inclusão social. As redes sociais encontradas por meio de uma pesquisa são caracterizadas por serem pequenas e fechadas, aumentando a probabilidade de que aqueles que as formam tenham a mesma situação de emprego: desemprego ou emprego informal. É fundamental, portanto, que os jovens ampliem seus contatos para conectá-los a outras pessoas que possam lhes fornecer informações sobre melhores vagas de emprego.

Descripción de las medidas laborales adoptadas ante la pandemia Covid-19 en Colombia: características y alcance

Con la declaratoria de la emergencia sanitaria ante la pandemia mundial por Covid-19, el gobierno empezó a implementar una serie de medidas para mitigar el riesgo de contagio, con grandes consecuencias en el sector económico, especialmente en materia laboral. Este artículo describe la normatividad laboral expedida durante el año 2020, realizando una caracterización frente a su alcance y actores afectados. Para ello, se utilizó una metodología cualitativa mediante análisis documental, con la normatividad nacional como unidad de análisis principal, e investigaciones sobre medidas laborales a nivel internacional como fuentes comparativas. Los resultados del análisis permiten llegar a un mapa conceptual representado por la normatividad en las categorías de protección laboral y fiscal, de la que se derivan clasificación por actores/beneficiarios y un comparativo con las principales medidas en las principales regiones del mundo, identificando que las medidas no alcanzaron la efectividad esperada dadas las altas tasas de desempleo e informalidad que se mantienen desde el año 2020 a la fecha.

With the declaration of a health emergency in the face of the global Covid-19 pandemic, the government began to implement a series of measures to mitigate the risk of contagion, with significant consequences in the economic sector especially in labor matters. This article describes the labor regulations issued during the year 2020, characterizing their scope and affected actors. For this, a qualitative methodology was used through documentary analysis, with national regulations as the main unit of analysis, and research on labor measures at the international level as comparative sources. The results of the analysis allow us to arrive at a conceptual map represented by the regulations in the categories of labor and fiscal protection, from which classification by actors/beneficiaries and a comparison with the main measures in the central regions of the world are derived, identifying that the measures did not reach the expected effectiveness given the high rates of unemployment and informality that have been maintained since 2020 to date.

Com a declaração de emergência sanitária face à pandemia global por Covid-19, o Governo passou a implementar um conjunto de medidas para mitigar o risco de contágio, com grandes consequências no setor económico, sobretudo em matéria laboral. Este artigo descreve os regulamentos trabalhistas emitidos durante o ano de 2020, fazendo uma caracterização quanto ao seu alcance e atores afetados. Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa por meio da análise documental, tendo como principal unidade de análise as normativas nacionais, e a pesquisa sobre medidas trabalhistas em nível internacional como fontes comparativas. Os resultados da análise permitem chegar a um mapa conceitual representado pelas regulamentações nas categorias de proteção trabalhista e fiscal, do qual deriva a classificação por atores/beneficiários e uma comparação com as principais medidas nas principais regiões do mundo, identificando que as medidas não atingiram a efetividade esperada dados os altos índices de desemprego e informalidade que se mantêm desde 2020 até o momento.

Condicionantes para la participación laboral de las personas con discapacidad por lesión medular atendidas en un instituto especializado de rehabilitación

Objetivo : Determinar los factores condicionantes para la participación laboral de las personas con discapacidad por lesión medular de un instituto especializado de rehabilitación. Material y métodos : Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y relacional; se incluyeron 224 pacientes con lesión medular del Departamento de Investigación, Docencia, y Atención en Ayuda al Tratamiento del Servicio de Rehabilitación Profesional que fueron atendidos en el periodo 2016 al 2019. Se recolectaron variables clínicas, sociodemográficas y contextuales; y la actividad económica antes y después de la lesión. Resultados : El 65 % de pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, de edad media de 38,61 ± 13,33; según el nivel de lesión medular el 85,3% de pacientes tenía paraplejia, el 62,5% con grado de lesión en la escala ASIA A; el tiempo de evolución fue de más de 1 año 30,4%, estado civil soltero 52,2%, de procedencia Lima y provincias el 51,3%, con grado de instrucción de secundaria 50,9%, nivel socioeconómico de pobreza extrema en 61%. Se encontró diferencia significativa entre la participación laboral antes de la LM y el sexo (p<0,01) y la condición laboral (p<0,0069). La participación laboral después de la LM tuvo una diferencia significativa con el nivel socioeconómico (p<0.005) y el grado de lesión en la escala ASIA (p<0,014). El análisis de regresión logística mostró que el único factor asociado con la participación laboral fue el tiempo transcurrido de la lesión medular (p=0,039; OR=19,9). Conclusiones : Los pacientes con LM con menores ingresos económicos ubicados en grupos de pobreza pobre extremo y no extremo tuvieron mayor participación laboral; así como los que tuvieron un mayor grado de lesión en la escala ASIA. Asimismo, el único factor predictor de la participación laboral fue el tiempo transcurrido desde la lesión.

SUMMARY Objective : To determine the conditioning factors for labor participation in persons with disability due to spine lesions attended at a specialized rehabilitation center. Methods : A retrospective observational study was carried out at the Departamento de Investigación, Docencia, y Atención en Ayuda al Tratamiento del Servicio de Rehabilitación Profesional from 2016 to 2019, 224 patients were evaluated. Clinical, sociodemographic and contextual variables were collected as well as economic activity before and after the trauma. Results : 65% of patients were males; mean age was 38.61 ± 13.33; 85.3% had paraplegia and 63.5% had a lesion grade A on the ASIA scale; duration of illness was higher than one year in 30.4%; 52.2% were single; 51.3% come from provinces of Peru; 50.9% had secondary school level and 61% lived in extreme poverty. A significative difference for labor participation was found between sex (p<0.01) and labor condition (p<0.014) before the spinal lesion. Labor participation after the spinal lesion correlated with socioeconomic level (p<0.005) and the degree of the lesion based on the ASIA scale (p<0.014). The logistic regression analysis found that only duration of illness correlated with labor participation (p=0.039; OR=19.9). Conclusions : Patients with spinal lesions who lived in extreme poverty had higher labor participation as well as those with higher scores in the ASIA scale. The only predicting factor for labor participation was duration of illness.

Sentidos y significados atribuidos al autoempleo por cuatro profesionistas de la psicología en el contexto mexicano

La flexibilización y precarización estructural del trabajo han llevado, entre otros trabajadores, a un grupo de profesionistas de la psicología a identificar en el autoempleo una forma viable para desempeñarse en la actualidad. Esta experiencia ha representado para ellos una actividad performática que los reta a reinventarse continuamente para adaptarse a los cambios del mercado laboral y que trasforma los sentidos y significados que atribuyen al autoempleo. Con el objetivo de conocer y comprender esos sentidos y significados atribuidos al autoempleo, por medio de un estudio cualitativo de las narrativas y asociaciones de tres psicólogas y un psicólogo autoempleados en México se realizó este estudio. Los resultados develan las experiencias de autoempleo como articulación entre nuevas libertades y dependencias, que significan el trabajo para las y los participantes y desmitifican algunas retóricas del autoempleo. Concluimos que es urgente que las políticas laborales y educativas correspondan a estas realidades actuales del ejercicio libre de las profesiones, no sólo de la psicología.

The flexibilization and structural precariousness of work have led, among other workers, a group of psychology professionals to identify self-employment as a viable way of working in today's world. This experience has represented for them a performative activity, challenging them to reinvent continually themselves in order to adapt to changes in the labor market and transforming the sense and meanings they attribute to self-employment. With the objective to know and understand the sense and meaning attributed to work, the narratives and associations of four self-employed psychologists in Mexico were analyzed through a qualitative study. The results disclose the experiences of self-employment as an articulation between new freedoms and dependencies, which signify work for the participants and demystify some self-employment rhetoric. There is an urgent need for labor and educational policies to adjust to the actual realities of free professionals' practice, not only in the field of psychology.

A flexibilidade e a precariedade estrutural do trabalho levaram, entre outros trabalhadores, um grupo de profissionais da psicologia a identificar no trabalho autônomo uma forma viável de atuar na atualidade. Esta experiência tem representado para eles uma atividade de desempenho que os desafia a reinventar-se continuamente para se adaptar às mudanças do mercado de trabalho e que transforma os sentidos e significados que atribuem ao trabalho por conta própria. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de conhecer e compreender esses sentidos e significados atribuídos ao trabalho autônomo, através de um estudo qualitativo das narrativas e associações de três psicólogos e psicólogos autônomos no México. Os resultados revelam as vivências do trabalho autônomo como articulação entre novas liberdades e dependências, que significam trabalho para os participantes e desmistificam algumas retóricas do trabalho autônomo. Concluímos que é urgente que as políticas laborais e educativas correspondam a estas realidades atuais do livre exercício das profissões, não só da psicologia.

Representações e Práticas Sociais em Disputa: O Trabalho Doméstico Remunerado Segundo Relatos em Rede Social / Representations and Social Practices in Dispute: Paid Domestic Work According to Social Network Reports / Representaciones y Prácticas Sociales en Disputa: Trabajo Doméstico Remunerado Según Relatos en Red Social

Este estudo documental objetivou analisar as representações sociais sobre o trabalho doméstico remunerado compartilhadas na página do Facebook "Eu, Empregada Doméstica" e as práticas sociais delas decorrentes. Para tanto, foram coletados 276 relatos, que compuseram o corpus submetido a uma Classificação Hierárquica Descendente no software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaire (IRaMuTeQ). Os resultados indicaram a existência de cinco classes, denominadas: "Perspectivas", "Trajetórias", "Regras da Cozinha", "Relações de Trabalho" e "Tarefas". As análises demonstraram haver um dissenso representacional, caracterizado pelo confronto de uma perspectiva negativa sobre a profissão, em que as regras, as tarefas e as relações interpessoais estabelecidas eram marcadas por práticas de violência, e outra de caráter positivo, que consistia na afirmação identitária e na busca de uma realidade distinta da vivenciada enquanto trabalhadora doméstica. Concluiu-se, então, que os relatos divulgados retratam a disputa entre representações sociais hegemônicas, associadas ao cotidiano de trabalho, e representações sociais de oposição, manifestadas nas denúncias expostas pelas profissionais na rede social, sinalizando a presença de um movimento, em espaço digital, que visa transformar a realidade ainda negativa da profissão.

This documentary study aimed to analyse the social representations about paid domestic work shared on Facebook page "Eu, Empregada Doméstica" and the social practices arising from them. For this purpose, 276 reports were collected, which comprised the corpus submitted to a Descending Hierarchical Classification in the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaire (IRaMuTeQ). The results indicated the existence of five classes, named: "Perspectives", "Trajectories", "Kitchen Rules", "Labor Relations" and "Tasks". The analysis demonstrated that there was a representational dissent, characterized by the confrontation of a negative perspective about the profession, in which the rules, tasks and interpersonal relationships established were marked by practices of violence, and another of a positive character, which consisted of the identity affirmation and in search of a different reality from that experienced as a domestic worker. It was concluded that the reports published portray the dispute between hegemonic social representations, associated with daily work, and opposition social representations, manifested in the denunciations exposed by professionals on social network, signalling the presence of a movement, in digital space, which aims to transform the still negative reality of the profession.

El presente estudio documental tuvo como objetivo analizar las representaciones sociales acerca del trabajo doméstico remunerado, compartidas en la página del Facebook: "Eu, Empregada Doméstica" y sus prácticas sociales decurrentes. Fueron colectados 276 relatos, que compusieron el corpus sometido a una Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente en el software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaire (IRaMuTeQ). Los resultados indicaron la existencia de cinco clases: "Perspectivas", "Trayectorias", "Reglas de la cocina", "Relaciones de Trabajo" y "Tareas". Los análisis demostraron haber un disenso representacional, caracterizado por el confronto de una perspectiva negativa sobre la profesión, en que las reglas, las tareas y las relaciones interpersonales establecidas eran marcadas por prácticas de violencia; y otra de carácter positivo, que consistía en la afirmación identitaria y la búsqueda de una realidad distinta vivida mientras trabajadoras domésticas. Se concluye, entonces, que los relatos divulgados retratan la disputa entre las representaciones sociales hegemónicas, asociadas al cotidiano de trabajo; y representaciones sociales de oposición, manifestadas en las denuncias expuestas por las profesionales en la red social, apuntando la presencia de un movimiento, en espacio digital, que objetiva transformar la realidad aún negativa de la profesión.

A complexidade do trabalho precário na Atenção Psicossocial Territorial: reflexão crítica sobre o contexto brasileiro / The complexity of precarious work in Territorial Psychosocial Care: critical reflection on the Brazilian context

RESUMO Este artigo propõe compreender, na perspectiva da Teoria da Complexidade, e por meio da reflexão teórica crítica, a precarização do trabalho enquanto realidade no mercado brasileiro do trabalho público da saúde e sua influência nos resultados de uma política pública baseada no paradigma teórico/ prático da Atenção Psicossocial Territorial. Traça uma possibilidade de problematização sobre o tema central, por meio dos princípios: sistêmico, hologramático, círculo retroativo, recursivo, autonomia/ independência, dialógico e o da reintrodução do conhecimento em todo conhecimento, propostos por Edgar Morin, diante das discussões e dos estudos realizados pelo Grupo de Pesquisa Vida e Trabalho sobre a precarização do trabalho e a saúde mental em campo concreto. Essa reflexão propõe-se a ser fonte de reconhecimento para os atores, sobre as causas reais da precarização, que derivam do modo de exploração do trabalho em saúde em estreitamente próprio da aplicação do receituário neoliberal em estados burocráticos autoritários situados na periferia do capitalismo dependente. A reflexão permitiu a compreensão do todo e das partes que constituem o problema, reconhecendo as causas reais da precarização, ao contrário da culpabilização dos trabalhadores da saúde mental, diante das condições insalubres, da jornada de trabalho e da insegurança sobre os direitos sociais e direitos trabalhistas.

ABSTRACT This article proposes to understand, from the perspective of Complexity Theory, and through critical theoretical reflection, the precarization of work as a reality in the Brazilian public health work market, and its influence on the results of a public policy based on the theoretical/practical paradigm of Territorial Psychosocial Care. It outlines a possibility of problematizing the central theme, through the principles: systemic, hologrammatic, retroactive circle, recursive, autonomy/independence, dialogic, and the reintroduction of knowledge in all knowledge, proposed by Edgar Morin, in view of the discussions and studies carried out by the Life and Work Research Group on the precariousness of work and mental health in a concrete field. This reflection is intended to be a source of recognition for actors on the real causes of precariousness, which derive from the way in which health work is exploited, which is closely related to the application of neoliberal prescriptions in authoritarian bureaucratic states located on the periphery of dependent capitalism. The reflection allowed the understanding of the whole and the parts that constitute the problem, recognizing the real causes of precariousness, which blame mental health workers, in the face of unhealthy conditions, working hours, and insecurity about social rights and labor rights.

Análise da empregabilidade de enfermeiros formados em uma instituição de ensino superior pública do interior / Analysis of the employability of nurses who graduated in a public higher education institution in the countryside / Análisis de la empleabilidad de enfermeras formadas en una institución pública de educación superior en el interior

Objetivo: Analisar a empregabilidade de enfermeiros formados em um campus do interior do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com 144 egressos de quatro turmas de um curso de enfermagem, na cidade de Floriano, Piauí. A coleta de dados foi realizada no segundo semestre de 2016, via Google Forms. Foram investigadas variáveis socioeconômicas, relacionadas à empregabilidade e ao grau de satisfação com a profissão. Resultados: 61 pessoas participaram do estudo e taxa de empregabilidade em torno dos 75%. O principal campo de atuação profissional foi na atenção hospitalar. Dentre os motivos para o desemprego, prevaleceu a falta de concursos públicos (33%) e a pouca oferta de emprego na região (25%). Conclusão: Os achados permitiram compreender as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos egressos no que diz respeito a inserção no mercado de trabalho, destacando a importância da qualificação profissional e o estímulo na ampliação de habilidades e competências na área de enfermagem. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the employability of nurses trained on campus in the interior of Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 144 graduates from four classes of a nursing course in the city of Floriano, Piauí. Data collection was carried out in the second half of 2016, via Google Forms. Socioeconomic variables related to employability and the degree of satisfaction with the profession were investigated. Results: 61 people participated in the study and the employability rate around 75%. The main field of professional activity was in hospital care. Among the reasons for unemployment, the lack of public examinations (33%) and the low job offer in the region (25%) prevailed. Conclusion: The findings allowed us to understand the difficulties faced by graduates about insertion in the labor market, highlighting the importance of professional qualification and the encouragement to expand skills and competencies in the field of nursing. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la empleabilidad de enfermeras formadas en un campus del interior de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 144 egresados de cuatro clases de un curso de enfermería en la ciudad de Floriano, Piauí. La recolección de datos se realizó en el segundo semestre de 2016, a través de Google Forms. Se investigaron variables socioeconómicas relacionadas con la empleabilidad y el grado de satisfacción con la profesión. Resultados: 61 personas participaron en el estudio y la tasa de empleabilidad ronda el 75%. El principal campo de actividad profesional fue la atención hospitalaria. Entre los motivos del desempleo, predominaron la falta de exámenes públicos (33%) y la baja oferta laboral en la región (25%). Conclusion: Los hallazgos permitieron comprender las dificultades que enfrentan los egresados con respecto a la inserción en el mercado laboral, destacando la importancia de la calificación profesional y el estímulo para expandir habilidades y competencias en el campo de la enfermería. (AU)

A Educação Física como força de trabalho do SUS: análise dos tipos de vínculos profissionais / Physical Education as a workforce of the Brazilian Unified Health System: an analysis of the types of professional bonds / La Educación Física como fuerza de trabajo del Sistema Único de Salud: análisis de los tipos de vínculos de los profesionales

Resumo Considerando a inserção de Profissionais de Educação Física como força de trabalho no Sistema Único de Saúde, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os tipos de vínculos e a carga horária de trabalho desses profissionais nos diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde e regiões do Brasil entre 2007 e 2021. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa com base em pesquisa no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Foi observado que a atenção primária à saúde constitui o principal nível de atuação, seguida da atenção secundária e terciária. Na atenção primária, o número de cadastros de Profissionais de Educação Física com vínculo de trabalho precário é maior do que os com vínculo protegido, mas o inverso ocorre na atenção secundária e terciária. Nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, foi revelado maior número de cadastro desses profissionais com vínculo de trabalho protegido, e nas demais regiões prevaleceu o vínculo de trabalho precário. Foi identificado que 44,7% dos cadastros de Profissionais de Educação Física possuem carga horária maior ou igual a 40 horas por semana. Em conclusão, a atenção à saúde pode ser prejudicada pelo tipo de vínculo de trabalho do profissional por causar rotatividade e dificuldade na continuidade do cuidado.

Abstract Considering the insertion of Physical Education Professionals as a workforce in the Unified Health System, this study aimed to analyze the types of ties and the workload of these professionals in the different levels of health care and regions of Brazil between 2007 and 2021. This is a descriptive study of quantitative approach based on research in the National Register of Health Facilities. It was demonstrated that primary health care is the main level of action, followed by secondary and tertiary care. In primary care, the number of registrations of Physical Education Professionals with precarious employment is higher than those with protected employment, but the reverse occurs in secondary and tertiary care. In the South and Southeast regions, a greater number of records of these professionals with a protected work relationship was revealed, and in the other regions the precarious work relationship prevailed. It was identified that 44.7% of the registrations of Physical Education Professionals have workload greater than or equal to 40 hours per week. In conclusion, attention to health can be impaired by the type of the professional's work relationship by causing turnover and difficulty in the continuity of care.

Resumen Considerando la inserción de los Profesionales de Educación Física como mano de obra en el Sistema Único de Salud, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los tipos de vínculo y la carga de trabajo de estos profesionales en los diferentes niveles de atención a la salud y regiones de Brasil entre 2007 y 2021. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo basado en la investigación en el Registro Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud. Se ha demostrado que la atención primaria de salud es el principal nivel de actuación, seguida de la atención secundaria y terciaria. En atención primaria, el número de casos de Profesionales de Educación Física con vínculo de trabajo precario es mayor que aquellos con vínculo protegido, pero ocurre lo contrario en atención secundaria y terciaria. En las regiones Sur y Sudeste, se reveló un mayor número de registros de estos profesionales con relación de trabajo protegida, y en las demás regiones prevaleció la relación de trabajo precaria. Se identificó que el 44,7% de los registros de los Profesionales de Educación Física tienen carga horaria mayor o igual a 40 horas semanales. En conclusión, la atención a la salud puede verse obstaculizada por el tipo de empleo del profesional, ya que esto provoca rotación y dificultad en la continuidad de la atención.

Estigmatização do HIV nas relações de trabalho em Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil: barreiras, perdas e silêncio / HIV stigmatization in work relations in Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil: barriers, losses, and silence

Objetivos: compreender as problemáticas decorrentes da estigmatização do HIV sobre a vida profissional de trabalhadores soropositivos. Métodos: estudo de abordagem qualitativa com realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, cujos dados foram categorizados utilizando a técnica de análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 15 participantes do grupo de adesão do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento de Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil. Os discursos foram tratados à luz da teoria do estigma proposta por Erving Goffman. Resultados: a partir da análise, emergiram três categorias: barreiras ­ "[…] porque nunca vão me querer"; perdas ­ "[…] umas me deram amizade, outros me deram preconceito"; e silêncio ­ "[…] ficar… em silêncio todo o tempo". Discussão: as barreiras interpostas aos interlocutores contribuem para uma percepção negativa da possibilidade de reinserção no mercado de trabalho. A prática de demissões discriminatórias leva os trabalhadores a manterem silêncio constante sobre a situação soropositiva, para que o estigma do HIV não os torne alvo de discriminação no ambiente de trabalho

Objectives: to understand the issues from HIV stigmatization over the professional life of seropositive workers. Methods: qualitative study with semistructured interviews, whose data were categorized by using the technique of content analysis in the thematic modality. The subjects of the research are 15 participants of the Group of Adhesion of the Testing and Counseling Center of Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. The discourses were treated in the light of the Theory of Stigma proposed by Erving Goffman. Results: from the analysis, three categories emerged: barriers ­ "[…] because they will never want me;" losses ­ "[…] some showed me friendship, some showed me prejudice;" and silence ­ "[…] keep… silent all the time." Discussion: the barriers imposed to the interlocutors contribute to a negative perception of the possibility of reinsertion in the job market. The practice of discriminatory lay-offs leads workers to keep constant silence about the seropositive situation so that the HIV stigma does not turn them into targets of discrimination at the work environment

Hábito alimentar de adultos brasileiros segundo a condição na força de trabalho / Eating behavior of Brazilian adults according to workforce position / Hábitos alimentarios de los adultos brasileños según su situación laboral

Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é avaliar o hábito alimentar da população adulta no Brasil segundo a condição na força de trabalho. Realizou-se estudo transversal com dados de 63.782 adultos (18 a 59 anos), participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2019. A condição na força de trabalho - ocupado, desocupado ou fora da força - foi relacionada com marcadores de consumo alimentar saudável e não saudável. Estimaram-se razões de chance (odds ratio) ajustadas com regressão logística multinomial. Os resultados apontam que, entre os adultos brasileiros, 71,3% estavam ocupados, 6,7% desocupados e 21,9% encontravam-se fora da força de trabalho. Os ocupados apresentaram maior frequência de consumo de frutas, hortaliças e carne vermelha, e menor de feijão. O consumo de frango, bebidas de frutas, cereais, ovos, margarina e pratos prontos/semiprontos foi mais frequente para os desocupados versus ocupados, enquanto o de peixes e tubérculos foi menos frequente. Os adultos fora da força de trabalho, comparados aos ocupados, mostraram menor frequência de consumo de refrigerantes, embutidos, pães de pacote, oleaginosas, assim como do costume de substituir o almoço por lanches. Observaram-se discrepâncias na alimentação segundo a condição de trabalho, sobretudo no consumo de hortaliças, frutas, carnes e feijão, denotando a necessidade de iniciativas de promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável voltadas para a saúde do trabalhador.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate eating habits of the adult population in Brazil according to workforce status. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from 63,782 adults (18-59 years old) participating in the National Health Interview Survey, PNS 2019. Workforce status - employed, unemployed or not part of the workforce - was related to markers of healthy and unhealthy food intake. Adjusted odds ratios were estimated with multinomial logistic regression. Results: Of Brazilian adults, 71.3% were employed, 6.7% were unemployed and 21.9% were outside the workforce. Employed adults showed a higher frequency of fruit, vegetable and red meat intake, and a lower frequency of beans consumption. The consumption of chicken, fruit drinks, cereals, eggs, margarine and ready-made/semi-ready meals was more frequent among the unemployed versus the employed, while fish and root vegetables were less frequently consumed. Adults outside the workforce, compared to the employed, showed a lower frequency of consumption of soft drinks, sausages, packaged bread, oilseeds, as well as the habit of replacing lunch for snacks. Conclusion: Discrepancies in diet were observed according to working condition, especially in the consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, and beans, denoting the need for initiatives to promote adequate and healthy eating habits to improve workers' health.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar hábitos alimentarios de la población adulta según su situación laboral. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos de 63.782 adultos brasileros (18-59 años), participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, PNS-2019. La situación en la población activa, ocupada, desocupada o fuera de ella, estaba relacionada con marcadores de ingesta de alimentos saludables y no saludables. Las odds ratio ajustadas (odds ratio) se estimaron con regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: De los adultos, 71,3% estaban ocupados, 6,7% desocupados y 21,9% fuera de la población activa. Los empleados mostraron mayor frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y carne roja, y una menor de frijoles. El consumo de pollo, bebidas de frutas, cereales, huevos, margarina y platos preparados/semipreparados era más frecuente entre los desocupados frente a los ocupados, mientras que el pescado y los tubérculos eran menos frecuentes. Los adultos fuera de la fuerza de trabajo, en comparación con los empleados, mostraron menor frecuencia de consumo de refrescos, embutidos, pan envasado, semillas oleaginosas, así como el hábito de sustituir el almuerzo por bocadillos. Conclusión: Se observaron discrepancias en la alimentación según la condición de trabajo, especialmente en el consumo de hortalizas, frutas, carnes, frijol, denotando la necesidad de iniciativas de promoción de alimentación saludable dirigida a la salud de los trabajadores.

Interface trabalho-tratamento hemodialítico em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica: revisão de escopo / Interfaz trabajo-tratamiento hemodialítico en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica: revisión de alcance / Work-hemodialysis treatment interface in patients with chronic kidney disease: a scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as evidências científicas sobre o impacto do tratamento hemodialítico no trabalho de pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica. Métodos Revisão de escopo realizada por meio de buscas em cinco bases de dados: PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, PsyInfo e Scopus. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre 2010 e 2020, nos idiomas português, espanhol e inglês, de abordagem qualitativa ou quantitativa, com pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico para insuficiência renal crônica, que tivessem foco no trabalho, emprego ou produtividade. Resultados Os 18 estudos incluídos na revisão mostram o impacto do tratamento hemodialítico na relação com o trabalho e as razões associadas à desempregabilidade. Tais razões envolvem características sociodemográficas, debilidade física, tratamento e apoio familiar e do empregador. Conclusão Após o início da hemodiálise, nota-se o comprometimento da capacidade funcional tanto física como psicológica dos pacientes, sendo necessárias alterações nos hábitos de vida em decorrência das restrições impostas pela insuficiência renal crônica e da diminuição da produtividade.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las evidencias científicas sobre el impacto del tratamiento hemodialítico en el trabajo de pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Métodos Revisión de alcance realizada mediante búsquedas en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, PsyInfo y Scopus. Se incluyeron estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2020, en idioma portugués, español e inglés, de enfoque cualitativo o cuantitativo, con pacientes bajo tratamiento hemodialítico por insuficiencia renal crónica, que estuvieran centrados en el trabajo, empleo o productividad. Resultados Los 18 estudios incluidos en la revisión muestran el impacto del tratamiento hemodialítico en la relación con el trabajo y las razones asociadas al desempleo. Estas razones incluyen características sociodemográficas, debilidad física, tratamiento y apoyo familiar y del empleador. Conclusión Después del inicio de la hemodiálisis, se observa la capacidad funcional de los pacientes comprometida, tanto la física como la psicológica, por lo que los cambios en los hábitos de vida se hacen necesarios como consecuencia de las restricciones impuestas por la insuficiencia renal crónica y de la reducción de la productividad.

Abstract Objective To analyze the scientific evidence on the impact of hemodialysis treatment on the work of patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods This is a scoping review carried out through searches in five databases: PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, PsyInfo and Scopus. We included studies published between 2010 and 2020, in Portuguese, Spanish and English, with a qualitative or quantitative approach, with patients undergoing hemodialysis for chronic kidney failure, who focused on work, employment or productivity. Results The 18 studies included in the review show the impact of hemodialysis treatment on the relationship with work and the reasons associated with unemployment. Such reasons involve sociodemographic characteristics, physical weakness, treatment and family and employer support. Conclusion After starting hemodialysis, we identified impairment in patients' functional capacity, both physical and psychological, requiring changes in life habits due to restrictions imposed by chronic kidney disease and decreased productivity.

Is self-perception of oral health associated with expectations of employability?

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire that allows a systematic evaluation of the impact of self-perceived oral health on expectations of getting a job on adult population seeking dental care, and to describe its associations with demographic characteristics, job related, and health coverage variables. We designed a descriptive cross-sectional study including men and women aged 18 to 65 years from a population seeking dental services in a walk-in clinic. In a first stage we design and validated an instrument on a sample of 100 subjects. The questionnaire was registered in a Likert scale, with higher scores represented higher impact of the oral status self-perception on employability. We calculated internal consistency, construct validity, and domains validation. The final instrument consisted in an 18-item questionnaire (Cronbach α = 0.814), grouped into two domains based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The total variance explained with values >1 was 66 percent, grouping questions into six components. One domain refers to oral health status and importance of dental aesthetics, while the other refers to specific job-seeking elements. In a second stage we applied the questionnaire on 800 participants from the same population of reference. Women, people who intended to change jobs, those younger than 40 years old, having health insurance, and higher educational level showed statistically significant higher scores than their counterparts (p<0.001). We developed a tool that enables evaluating the impact of self-perceived oral health on expectations of getting a job for adults seeking emergency care in a dental clinic.

Research on Employment Quality Evaluation Index System of Medical Students based on Analytic Hierarchy Process / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To construct medical students' employment quality evaluation index system based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP), for providing basis to scientific and objective evaluation of medical students' employment quality.Methods:Two rounds of consultation with 21 experts were conducted to construct medical students' employment quality index and evaluation standard by Delphi method, and the weight of each index and evaluation standard determined by AHP. Excel 2007 and SPSS 21.0 were used to analyze the results of expert consultation. The enumeration data were expressed as frequency and percentage. The mean and coefficient of variation were used to describe the importance scores of experts on indicators at all levels. The positive coefficient, authority coefficient and coordination degree of experts were calculated, and the Kendall coordination coefficient ( W) test was carried out. Yaahp 6.0 is used to analyze the pairwise comparison matrix in the analytic hierarchy process to calculate the weight of the indicator. Results:The authority of expert consultation was ranged from 0.77 to 0.94, and the positive coefficient of experts was 100.00%. The evaluation system of medical students' employment quality was determined, which involved 3 first-class indexes, 9 second-class indexes and 35 third-class indexes, and the weight coefficients of each index were calculated by AHP.Conclusion:The evaluation index system of medical students' employment quality is reasonable, which can be used to provide reference standard for medical students' employment quality evaluation, and has certain application value.

Analyses on employment of clinical medical students of eight-year program and its implications to talent cultivation / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze employment status and its tendency of eight-year program clinical medical graduates and explore its implications to talent cultivation using employment data from a university in Beijing.Methods:Descriptive analysis was used in this study. Indicators that were analyzed included quantity of employment, employment rate, employment region and specialty.Results:Between 2009 and 2021, a total of 2 281 eight-year clinical medical students graduated in the university. Among them, 2 188 (96.0%) of them were employed in the year of graduation. On average, 90.8% (2 034/2 241) of them were employed by medical institutions although the percentage decreased over years. A majority of them chose to work in economically developed provinces of eastern China. Those chose to work in Beijing accounted for 78.7% (1 723/2 188), the highest percentage among all provinces. The top two specialties of choice were surgery and internal medicine, which respectively accounted for 33.0% (753/2 281) and 24.4% (557/2 281). Only a few of them chose to study some specialties that were challenged by a serious shortage of physicians, including pediatrics, mental diseases and mental health.Conclusion:Although the employment status of eight-year clinical medical graduates are good, it is still necessary to pay attention to the new tendency of employment, and further improve training scheme. Meanwhile, more guidance on choice of secondary specialties are needed to build a competent talent team for specialty development. Finally, education of curriculum iedology and politics should be strengthened to encourage them to work in specialties and remote provinces that face a serious shortage of physicians.

On the employment directions of full-time master of health management in scientific research institutes / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze the employment directions of full-time health management postgraduates in a scientific research institute in Beijing in recent five years and put forward relevant suggestions.Methods:Taking full-time masters of health management from 2015 to 2019 as the research objects, descriptive analysis was used to analyze the distribution of graduates' employment, and chi-square test was used to compare different training types and genders.Results:The employment rate remained at a high level of 100.0%, and there was no significant difference in the employment direction of the professional master and academic master. Hospitals and medical and health institutions were the main choices, and the trend was increasing in recent years. The employment direction of the graduates with different genders was significantly different due to the influence of income and stability.Conclusion:We should improve the professional training program, reflect the professional characteristics and advantages, strengthen the education of graduate career planning, and guide and help graduate employment.

Working Beyond Retirement Age: A Systematic Review

@#Introduction: Population ageing brings along various crucial implications, with working beyond retirement age is one of the economics implications of ageing. Realizing the increasing demand and concern to accommodate older adults into the workforce, this review was conducted to develop better understanding on the factors associated with post-retirement employment among older adults aged 50 years and older. Methods: Using Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed databases, related articles between January 2017 and June 2021 were thoroughly searched using combination of keywords and screened according to the predetermined eligibility criteria. Post-retirement employment was defined as employment of older adults aged 50 years old and above beyond retirement age or re-employment of retired older adults, either from compulsory or voluntary retirement. All observational, qualitative, mixed methods and experimental studies were included in the screening process. The Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) was used to assess the quality of included articles. Results: A total of 12 articles included for review, with seven articles rated as high-quality. The review had successfully identified 10 factors associated with working beyond retirement age among older adults. Having good health status and being male gender were the commonest factors influencing the decision to work beyond retirement age, followed by level of education, financial commitment/ reasons, and work characteristics. Conclusion: The findings of this review provide a crucial insight and foundation towards addressing the unique needs of older workers in the employment policy.

Analysis of labor relationship in the diagnosis of occupational diseases / 中国职业医学

Unclear labor relationship is the most common challenging issue in occupational disease diagnosis. At present, there are three main errors in the understanding regarding labor relationship in the process of occupational disease diagnosis. Firstly, labor relationship does not need to be considered in occupational disease diagnosis. Secondly, labor relationship must exist in order to initiate the occupational disease diagnosis procedure. Lastly, there is an overreach in handling labor relationship issues beyond one's authority. Labor relationship is the basic and antecedent problem which cannot be avoided in occupational diseases diagnosis. While officially, labor relationship issue should be considered in occupational disease diagnosis, they are not a necessary condition. The occupational diseases diagnosis requires actual labor and employment relations. If the workers with actual labor-relation are suspected to have health injuries caused by occupational hazards in the workplace, they are eligible for occupational diseases diagnosis. But it is not the responsibility of health department to judge the labor relationship. When a dispute arises between a worker and an employer regarding labor relationship, the resolution of the relevant dispute shall be submitted to the human resources and social services department or the labor and personnel arbitration committee, or submitted to the court for adjudication according to law. In the process of occupational disease diagnosis, the two reasonable disposal procedures for verifying actual labor and employment relationship involve workers submitting evidence of their labor relationship with the employer, and the employer's verification. If the employer disputes the labor relationship as presented by the worker, the occupational disease diagnosis institution should inform the worker to apply for labor dispute arbitration. However, it is important to note that arbitration or mediation documents from the court cannot be used as evidence in occupational disease diagnosis.

Survey on satisfaction and employment intention of general practice residents in Shanxi province / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey the satisfaction and employment intention of general practice residents (GPRs) in Shanxi Province.Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in May 2021 among GPRs in Shanxi Province through the residency training information management platform. The questionnaire included general demographic information, clinical competency and independent practice ability, the status of the training base, their satisfaction with the training, career prospects and employment intention. The survey results were analyzed.Results:A total of 452 questionnaires were distributed, and 434 valid ones were recovered with an effective recovery rate of 96.02%. The age of respondents was (27.4±4.6) years, there were 155 GPRs (35.71%) enrolled in 2018, 131 GPRs (30.18%) in 2019, and 148 GPRs (34.10%) in 2020. A total of 286 GPRs (65.9%) thought that they were able to independently complete some procedures such as abdominal puncture, lumbar puncture, chest puncture, and bone puncture, and the proportion of GPRs who were able to complete the above procedures increased with the training time (49.3%(73/148), 70.2%(92/131), and 78.1%(121/155) in 2020, 2019, and 2018 batches, respectively, χ2=29.39, P<0.001); 372 respondents (85.7%) thought that they were able to independently receive patients with common diseases and make preliminary diagnosis and treatment, while there was no significant difference in the proportion of GPRs enrolled in 2020, 2019, and 2018 ( χ2=3.35, P=0.188); 425 GPRs (97.9%) expressed that the base arranged rotation according to the training syllabus; 390 GPRs (89.9%) thought that the proportion of knowledge and skill assessment in the final examination was appropriate. The survey showed that 70 GPRs (16.1%) thought that the number of cases and types of diseases in the teaching base fully met the requirements of the training program, 144 GPRs (33.2%) thought that mostly met the requirements, 197 GPRs (45.4%) thought that basically met the requirements, 22 GPRs (5.1%) thought that most of them did not meet the requirements, and 1 GPR (0.2%) thought that completely did not meet the requirements. Most of the respondents (368 (84.8%)) reported that they received guidance from clinical instructors for medical record writing; 174 (40.1%) and 172 (39.6%) GPRs were very satisfied or satisfied with general practice teachers and teaching base instructors; 207 GPRs (47.7%) were satisfied with accommodation (or subsidies), while 38 GPRs (8.3%) were very dissatisfied; 203 GPRs (46.8%) were satisfied with basic salary and benefit, while 35 GPRs (8.1%) were very dissatisfied. For general practice as the career, 88 GPRs (20.3%) liked it very much, 255 GPRs (58.8%) liked it, 67 GPRs (15.4%) did not like it very much, and 24 GPRs (5.5%) disliked it. For the prospects of general practice, 108 GPRs (24.9%) considered it very optimistic, 219 GPRs (50.5%) considered it relatively optimistic, 92 GPRs (21.2%) considered it not very optimistic, and 15 GPRs (3.5%) considered it very pessimistic. Regarding employment intentions, 174 GPRs (40.1%) intended to choose municipal hospitals, 170 GPRs (39.2%) to choose county level hospitals, only 9 GPRs (2.1%) to choose village clinics. Conclusions:The survey indicates that for GPRs the most dissatisfied aspects are the salary and benefit, as well as the living conditions during their training; after completing the contract, most GPRs hope to work in hospitals at county and above levels.

Effects of Satir model group intervention on coping style, self-consistency and congruence and subjective well-being among re-employment nurses / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of Satir model group intervention on stress coping style, self-consistency and congruence and subjective well-being of re-employment nurses, in order to provide evidence for nursing managers to take targeted intervention measures.Methods:This was a quasi-experimental study. Convenience sampling was used to select 63 re-employment nurses from Shandong Provincial Third Hospital in 2021 as the research objects. The re-employment nurses were divided into control group (32 cases) and observation group (31 cases) by random number table method. The control group received humanistic care including heart-to-heart talk, group discussion and psychological lecture, and the observation group received Satir model group intervention for 6 weeks. Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, Self Consistency and Congruence Scale and General Well-Being Scale were used to evaluate the intervention effect before intervention, immediately after intervention, 3 months after intervention, and 6 months after intervention.Results:There was no significant difference in coping style, self-consistency and congruence and subjective well-being between the two groups before intervention ( P>0.05). The positive coping scores of the observation group immediately after intervention, 3 months after intervention and 6 months after intervention were (28.94 ± 2.99), (28.71 ± 4.70) and (29.16 ± 3.23) points, significantly higher than the control group (23.38 ± 5.50), (24.72 ± 5.91), (24.65 ± 5.65) points, the differences were statistically significant ( t=4.96, 2.96, 3.87, all P<0.01); the total self-consistency and congruence scores were (94.52 ± 14.00), (99.87 ± 16.82), (91.84 ± 10.36) points, significantly lower than the control group (105.72 ± 10.75), (114.23 ± 20.10), (107.41 ± 13.39) points, the differences were statistically significant ( t=-3.57, -3.07, -5.15, all P<0.01); the total subjective well-being scores were (84.97 ± 7.37), (84.58 ± 10.33), (91.84 ± 7.01) points, which were higher than the control group (75.69 ± 7.94), (77.28 ± 8.27), (77.00 ± 8.48) points, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=4.80, 3.69, 7.56, all P<0.01). Conclusions:Satir model group intervention can improve the coping style, enhance the level of self-consistency and congruence and subjective well-being among re-employment nurses.

A qualitative study on employment experiences of coordinators of In-Hospital Organ Procurement Organization / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the employment experiences of coordinators of In-Hospital Organ Procurement Organization (OPO).Methods:Based on purpose sampling, 12 full-time In-Hospital OPO coordinators in Chongqing City were recruited from July to December 2020. A semi-structured and in-depth interview was performed and the data was analyzed by Colaizzi.Results:4 first-level themes were extracted, including professional identity process, negative emotional experience, improvement of professional practice competence and job expectancy. 12 second-level themes were identified including career expectations and identity confusion, professional values, shortage of respect and ratification, huge workloads, great psychological pressure, influence of the bereaved families, enhancement of the ability to communicate, improvement of problem-solving ability, improvement of team-work ability, optimization of scenario simulation, a perfection of the assessment system, a clear career path.Conclusions:In-Hospital OPO coordinators are lack of professional awareness in an initial stage. While feeling a sense of professional value, they also experience some negative emotions. Furthermore, their competences are improved in practice and they, meanwhile, express a strong desire for career development. It is suggested that the administrators could explore establishment of academic education, enhancement of psychological and social support, creation of pretty working environments and improvement of training, assessment and promotion systems to facilitate the career development of coordinators.