Clinical analysis of 32 cases of temporal lobe epilepsy treated by microsurgery under intraoperative cortical EEG monitoring / 中国综合临床

Objective:To investigate the effect of microsurgery by modified pterional approach in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy under intraoperative cortical encephalon electricity graph (EEG) monitoring.Methods:The clinical data of 32 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery of Shangqiu First People's Hospital from January 2012 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, all patients underwent microsurgical resection of epileptogenic foci by modified pterional approach under cortical EEG monitoring.Results:The postoperative follow-up was from half a year to 6 years. According to the Tan's classification, 25 cases (78.1%(25/32)) of seizures disappeared completely, 3 cases (9.4%(3/32)) of seizures decreased by more than 75%, and 4 cases (12.5%(4/32)) of seizures decreased by more than 50%. Isotropic hemianopia occurred in 1 case (3.1%) after operation, and there was no operative death.Conclusion:Microsurgical resection of epileptogenic foci through modified pterional approach under intraoperative cortical EEG monitoring was a safe and effective method for the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Neospora caninum DNA distribution in tissues of gerbils as experimental models of chronic neosporosis / [Distribuição do DNA de Neospora caninum em tecidos de gerbilos como modelos experimentais de neosporose crônica]

Neospora caninum is the main etiologic agent of neosporosis in domestic animals and its pathogenesis comprises two characteristic phases: acute and chronic. Rodents are used as experimental models to mimic acute and chronic bovine neosporosis. In this study, we inoculated a total of 27 female gerbils, with different doses of N. caninum tachyzoites aiming to induce chronic disease. DNA was extracted from different organs of each animal after spontaneous death or euthanasia. Encephalic tissues were submitted to a highly sensitive real time PCR aiming to detect chronically infected animals. All the other samples were submitted to standard PCR. A total of 11 gerbils died due to acute neosporosis, as confirmed by N. caninum DNA detection in organs. 5x103 tachyzoites/mL of N. caninum was the dosage of antigen that can induce chronic infection in gerbils. In the encephalon sections of some animals that showed clinical signs of persistent infection, we found 70% positive for the anterior encephalon section, suggesting this area as preferential for cyst formation. Therefore, we determined the doses of tachyzoites that cause acute or chronic infection and detection of positive tissues, preferably, systemic organs during acute and encephalon in chronic phases.(AU)

Neospora caninum é o principal agente etiológico da neosporose em animais domésticos, e sua patogênese compreende duas fases características: aguda e crônica. Roedores são usados como modelos experimentais para simular neosporose bovina aguda e crônica. Neste estudo, foi inoculado um total de 27 gerbilos, fêmeas, com diferentes doses de taquizoítos de N. caninum, visando induzir doença crônica. O DNA foi extraído de diferentes órgãos de cada animal após a morte espontânea ou a eutanásia. Os tecidos encefálicos foram submetidos à PCR em tempo real de alta sensibilidade para detecção de animais com infecção crônica. Todas as outras amostras foram submetidas à PCR padrão. Um total de 11 gerbilos morreu devido à neosporose aguda, como confirmado pela detecção de DNA de N. caninum nos órgãos. A dosagem de antígeno que pode induzir infecção crônica foi de 5x103 taquizoítos/mL de N. caninum. Em seções do encéfalo de alguns animais, que apresentaram sinais clínicos de infecção persistente, encontraram-se 70% de positividade para a seção do encéfalo anterior, sugerindo essa área como preferencial para a formação de cisto. Assim, foram determinadas,, em gerbilos, as dosagens de taquizoítos capazes de induzir infecção crônica ou aguda, bem como foram detectados tecidos positivos, preferencialmente, em órgãos sistêmicos, na fase aguda, e no encéfalo, na crônica.(AU)

Bovine central nervous system development / Desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central de bovinos

Central nervous system (CNS) development researches are extremely important to the most common congenital disorders and organogenesis comprehension. However, few studies show the entire developmental process during the critical period. Present research can provide data to new researches related to normal development and abnormalities and changes that occur along the CNS organogenesis, especially nowadays with the need for preliminary studies in animal models, which could be used for experimental research on the influence of viruses, such as the influence of Zika virus on the development of the neural system and its correlation with microcephaly in human newborns. Then, present study describes CNS organogenesis in cattle according to microscopic and macroscopic aspects, identifying structures and correlating to gestational period. Fourteen embryos and nine bovine fetuses at different ages were collected and analyzed. All individuals were measured in order to detect the gestational period. Bovine embryo at 17 days age has its neural tube, cranial neuropore, caudal neuropore and somites developed. After 24 days of development, were observed in cranial part of neural tube five encephalic vesicles denominated: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon. In addition, the caudal part of neural tube was identified with the primitive spinal cord. The primordial CNS differentiation occurred from 90 to 110 days. The five encephalic vesicles, primordial spinal cord and the cavities: third ventricule, mesencephalic aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal in spinal cord were observed. With 90 days, the main structures were identified: (1) cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum and fornix, of the telencephalon; (2) interthalamic adhesion, thalamus, hypothalamus and epythalamus (glandula pinealis), of the diencephalon; (3) cerebral peduncles and quadruplets bodies, of the mesencephalon; (4) pons and cerebellum, of the metencephalon; (5) medulla oblongata or bulb, of the myelencephalon; and (6) spinal cord, of the primitive spinal cord. After 110 days of gestation, the five encephalic vesicles and its structures were completely developed. It was noted the presence of the spinal cord with the cervicothoracic and lumbossacral intumescences. In summary, the results describes the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate of the ectoderm, the encephalic vesicles derived from the neural tube and subsequent structural and cavities subdivisions, thus representing the complete embryology of the central nervous system.(AU)

Os estudos que descrevem o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são de suma importância para compreensão da organogênese e identificação dos prováveis eventos que resultam em malformações congênitas. Estes dados podem subsidiar novas pesquisas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento normal, e interpretação de malformações e alterações que ocorrem ao longo da organogênese do SNC, considerando neste momento a necessidade de estudos preliminares em modelos animais, os quais poderiam ser utilizados para pesquisas experimentais sobre a influência de agentes infecciosos como o Zika vírus, no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e suas relações com a microcefalia em humanos recém-nascidos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos morfológicos macro e microscópicos da organogênese do SNC de bovinos, buscando correlacionar os achados morfológicos com a idade gestacional. Todos os animais foram mensurados para detectar o período gestacional. Foram coletados e analisados 14 embriões e nove fetos de bovinos de diferentes idades gestacionais. No embrião bovino a partir do décimo sétimo dia de gestação, encontra-se a formação do tubo neural, o neuroporo cranial e neuroporo caudal, e formação dos somitos. Após 24 dias de desenvolvimento, são observadas na parte cranial do tubo neural cinco vesículas encefálicas denominadas: telencéfalo, diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, metencéfalo e mielencéfalo; e na parte caudal do tubo neural, encontra-se a medula espinhal primitiva. Entre 90 a 110 dias de gestação, observa-se a total diferenciação das cinco vesículas do SNC. Com 90 dias, são identificas as principais estruturas: (1) do telencéfalo, os hemisférios cerebrais, corpo caloso e fórnix; (2) do diencéfalo, a aderência intertalâmica, tálamo, hipotálamo e epitálamo (glândula pineal); (3) do mesencéfalo, os pedúnculos cerebrais e os corpos quadrigêmios; (4) do metencéfalo, a ponte e o cerebelo; (5) do mielencéfalo, a medula oblonga (ou bulbo); e (6) da medula espinhal primitiva, a medula espinhal. Após 110 dias, as cinco vesículas encefálicas e as suas subdivisões se encontram completamente desenvolvidas. Notou-se a presença da medula espinhal com as intumescências cervicotorácica e lombossacral. Em resumo, os resultados demonstram a formação do tubo neural a partir da placa neural do ectoderma, as vesículas encefálicas provenientes do tubo neural e posteriormente as subdivisões das estruturas e das cavidades, que representam a completa embriologia do sistema nervoso central.(AU)

Analysis of adverse reactions of Cattle Encephalon and Ignotin injection / 中国基层医药

Objective@#Through the literature analysis on adverse reaction of Cattle Encephalon Glycoside and Ignotin injection, to explore the general rules and characteristics of its occurrence, thus to promote clinical rational drug use.@*Methods@#The situation of domestic medical journals about the adverse reaction of Cattle Encephalon Glycoside and Ignotin injection was analyzed.@*Results@#The reported adverse reactions in Cattle Encephalon Glycoside and Ignotin injection, men were more than women, 60 years of age accounted for 70.59%(12/17) of the total number of patients; 88.24% of the adverse reactions of patients were repeated after the application of Cattle Encephalon and Ignotin injection, and systemic damage accounted for 48.28%.@*Conclusion@#Cattle Encephalon Glycoside and Ignotin injection can cause many adverse reactions, its mechanism is complicated, so in the clinical application should strengthen protection awareness.

Utilidad del ultrasonido transcraneal en Neurología y Neuropsiquiatría

Entre los sistemas dopaminérgicos que se modifican durante la evolución humana y que, en ciertas condiciones de conectividad y neurotransmisión anormal, desencadenan cambios patológicos en la adolescencia y adultez, se encuentra el mesolímbico basal. En adultos el ultrasonido transcraneal se realiza por la escama del hueso temporal con un equipamiento con transductor sectorial y focal de 1,8 a 2,8 MHz. Los puntos de evaluación ecográficos fundamentales son el mesencéfalo, el área de la sustancia negra, el rafe, el cuerpo estriado y los tálamos, el tercer ventrículo y los sectores orbitofrontales. A pesar del acceso anatómico limitado, es uno de los métodos de Neuroimágenes que cuantifica la ecogenicidad (de 0 a 3) y el área de sección de la sustancia negra (normal hasta 0,2 cm² ), lo cual se correlaciona con el empeoramiento de los síntomas motores parkinsonianos. Además, se evalúa y mensura el rafe (normal: 1 mm), que se correlaciona con el humor o la apatía según corresponda. Los otros hallazgos evaluables son los cambios en el espesor del tegmentum mesenfálico (ángulo interpeduncular menor o mayor de 60º), el aumento de la ecogenicidad de los tálamos y los cuerpos estriados, y la dilatación del tercer ventrículo (mayor de 5 mm). Su presencia colabora en el diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y seguimiento de distintas patologías, como enfermedad de Parkinson, parálisis supranuclear progresiva, distonías, degeneración córtico-basal, esquizofrenia, depresiones, trastorno bipolar y autismo.

The basal mesolimbic system is among the dopaminergic systems that undergo changes during human evolution and that, under certain conditions, connectivity and abnormal neurotransmission trigger pathological changes during adolescence and adulthood. Transcranial ultrasound in adults is performed through the temporal squama with equipment that has a focal sectorial transducer from 1.8 to 2.8 MHz. The key points of the ultrasound evaluation are mesencephalon, substantia nigra area, raphe, striatum and thalamus, third ventricle, and orbitofrontal sectors. Despite its limited anatomical access, it is one of the neuroimaging methods that quantifies the echogenicity (0-3) and the sectional area of the substantia nigra (normal up to 0.2 cm²), which correlates with the worsening of Parkinsonian motor symptoms. It also evaluates and measures the raphe (normal 1 mm) which correlates with humour or apathy. Thickness changes of the mesencephalic tegmentum (interpeduncular angle, smaller or greater than 60º), thalamus and striatum increased echogenicity, and the third ventricle dilation (greater than 5 mm), are other possible findings. These are used to corroborate the diagnosis, classification, treatment and monitoring of different pathologies, like Parkinson's disease, supranuclear progressive palsy, dystonias, cortico-basal degeneration, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and autism.

Morphometric study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) / Estudio morfométrico de la rete mirabile epidural rostral en el dromedario (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758)

In camels, the rostral epidural rete mirabile had a spongy appearance, and consisted of a dense network of anastomosing arteries occupying the entire cavity of the cavernous sinus. In this study, we measured the length of each rostral epidural rete mirabile lobe, taken between the rostral and the caudal roots dissected in situ before spreading and after reconstitution, and the total length of the rostral epidural rete mirabile after linear reconstitution. The length of the left lobe of the rete was 6.0±0.4 mm and the length of the right lobe was 5.8 ± 0.5 mm. The combined length of the RERM after separation of the arteries was 305.2±9.7 cm. To conclude, we added information to literature in relation to morphometry of the camel RERM and showed this interesting structure with photographic documentation of dissections with latex injection in arterial and venous vessels.

En los camellos, la rete mirabile epidural rostral (RMER) tenía una apariencia esponjosa y consistía en una densa red de arterias anastomosadas que ocupaban toda la cavidad del seno cavernoso. En este estudio se midió la longitud de cada lóbulo epitelial rostral de la rete mirabile, tomado entre las raíces rostral y caudal, disecadas in situ, antes de su propagación y después de la reconstitución, como así también la longitud total de la rete mirabile epidural rostral tras la reconstitución lineal. La longitud del lóbulo izquierdo de la rete mirabile fue de 6,0±0,4 mm y la longitud del lóbulo derecho fue de 5,8±0,5 mm. La longitud combinada del RMER después de la separación de las arterias fue de 305,2±9,7 cm. Para concluir, se agregó información de la literatura en relación con la morfometría del RMER de camellos y se mostró esta interesante estructura con documentación fotográfica de disecciones con inyección de látex en vasos arteriales y venosos.

The brain of Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850) (Teleostei: Characiformes: Bryconidae): gross morphology and phylogenetic considerations

The brain of Brycon orbignyanus is described as a model for future studies of the gross morphology of the central nervous system in Characiformes. The study of brain gross morphology of 48 distinct taxa of Characiformes, one of Cypriniformes, two of Siluriformes and two of Gymnotiformes, allowed us to propose, for the first time, six putative brain synapomorphies for the Characiformes and also two possibly unique gross brain morphology characters for the Siluriformes. A detailed protocol for the extraction of the brain in Characiformes is also provided.(AU)

O encéfalo de Brycon orbignyanus é descrito como um modelo para futuros estudos da anatomia externa do Sistema Nervoso Central de Characiformes. O estudo da morfologia externa de 48 táxons distintos de Characiformes, um de Cypriniformes, dois de Siluriformes e dois de Gymnotiformes, permitiu-nos propor, pela primeira vez, seis prováveis sinapomorfias encefálicas e também duas possíveis características encefálicas para Siluriformes. Um protocolo detalhado para a dissecção e extração do encéfalo de Characiformes é também apresentado.(AU)

Sintomas mentais em homeopatia versus neurociência em medicina veterinária / Mental symptoms in homeopathy versus neuroscience in veterinary medicine

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de conhecer a devida correspondência entre os sintomas mentais considerados na homeopatia e as várias regiões e estruturas identificáveis no encéfalo dos animais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as sensações e emoções muito primitivas, como medos e fobias, interagem pontualmente com regiões evolutivamente também muito primitivas do cérebro (como amígdala e núcleos septais), enquanto sentimentos “nobres” como afeto e lealdade interagem holisticamente com várias estruturas cerebrais evolutivamente mais recentes, tais como as áreas neocorticais terciárias associativas (área pré-frontal e temporal). No primeiro caso, as manifestações orgânicas são mediadas pelo sistema nervoso autônomo com sinais fisiológicos de taquicardia, elevação da pressão arterial, vasoconstrição periférica, eriçamento de pelos, midríase e secreção de hormônios como adrenalina e cortisol (disfluência comportamental), enquanto na outra situação apontada, eventuais manifestações orgânicas são harmoniosas e serenas (fluência comportamental). O conteúdo de todo o texto do trabalho é indicativo do interesse prático dos dados obtidos para o clínico veterinário homeopata, ressaltando-se nesse contexto a validação do uso de repertórios homeopáticos humanos na clínica veterinária, evidentemente com as devidas precauções sempre balizadas pelo bom senso do profissional.

This study was motivated by the need to determine the relationship between mental symptoms considered in homeopathy and several regions and structures identified in animal’s brain. Obtained results showed that very primitive sensations (what “it feels like”) and emotions (what is “put out” in behavioral terms), such as fears and phobias, interact punctually with also very primitive brain regions (from the evolutionary point of view, such as amygdala and septal nuclei), while “noble” feelings, such as affection and loyalty, interact holistically with newer brain structures (also from the evolutionary point of view), such as the tertiary associative neocortical areas (prefrontal and temporal). In the first case, the symptoms are expressed in organic manifestations, mediated by the autonomic nervous system, with physiological signs of tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction, bristling hair, mydriasis and secretion of hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol (behavioral disfluency), while, in the second case, eventual organic manifestations are harmonious and serene (behavioral fluency). Overall results are highly suggestive about the influence of mental conditions over health and disease of the physical body, through the process of somatization. The overall content of this work is indicative of the practical interest in the results by homeopathic veterinary practitioners, and in this context emphasizes the validity of using human homeopathic repertories in veterinary clinics, obviously with suitable precaution and, always directed by good professional judgment.

Clinical therapeutic effect of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin on ad-junctive treatment of severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To explore clinical therapeutic effect of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin (EGI)on adjunc-tive therapy of severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD).Methods 94 children with severe HFMD in a hospital were selected and divided into two groups according to the parity of patients’admission numbers,46 children in control group were given conventional therapy;48 children in trial group were given EGI adjunctive therapy based on conventional thera-py,therapeutic effect of two groups was compared.Results The total therapeutic effective rate in trial group was signifi-cantly higher than that of control group (95.83% vs 76.09%,χ2 =16.81,P 0.05);after therapy,neurological function score in trial group was significantly lower than control group ([4.07±0.13]vs [5.59±0.18],χ2 =18.19,P <0.05).The recovery time of temperature,heart rate,blood pressure,and breathing,as well as length of stay in hospital in trial group were all significantly shorter than control group(P <0.05);incidence of complications in trial group was lower than control group (4.17%[n=2]vs 21.74%[n=10],χ2 =10.08,P <0.001 ).The proportion of turning into critically ill cases in trial group was significantly lower than control group (2.08% [n = 1 ]vs 13.04% [n = 6 ],χ2 = 8.94,P < 0.001 ). Conclusion EGI has remarkable efficacy in adjunctive therapy of severe HFMD,which can effectively improve clinical symptoms,and is worthy to be popularized and applied.

Effect of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection on brain protection in rats with traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection on the rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods Three hundred and six SD rats were randomly divided into sham group,TBI group,high dose group,middle dose group and low dose group according to the random number table.Rats received 1.8,0.6 and 0.2 ml/kg of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection for 28 days in high,middle and low dose groups,respectively.TBI was induced by the modified Feeney' s weight-drop method.Rat mortality,neurological function score and learning and memory ability were recorded.Brain morphological changes were evaluated with 7.0 T small animal nuclear magnetic resonance and HE staining.Evans blue was applied to assess blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and hydrocephalus was evaluated by the brain water content.Results Mortality in high dose group decreased significantly compared to that in TBI group (22.40％ vs.28.14％,P ＜ 0.05).Defects in neurological function and learning and memory induced by TBI were significantly mitigated in middle and high dose groups (P ＜ 0.05).Pathological damage and contralateral hippocampal atrophy in middle and high dose groups were reduced significantly compared to TBI group (P ＜ 0.05).Hippocampus neuroapoptosis in middle and high dose groups was significantly improved compared to TBI group (P ＜ 0.05).BBB damage was less severe in middle and high dose groups than in TBI group (P ＜ 0.05).The treatment was preventive against secondary hydrocephalus.Conclusion Middle or high dose cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection over a 28-day period has significant neuroprotective effect on the TBI rats.

The pharmacoeconomics evaluation of two remedy scheme in curing acute cerebral infarction / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To estimate the pharmacoeconomics of two remedy scheme in curing acute cerebral infarction. Method In 212 cases with acute cerebral infarction patients, 206 cases were adopted, and randomly divided into two group. Group A was 102 cases and Group B was 104 cases. Group A was administered with 18 ml cattle encephalon glycoside which was added into 250 ml 5%glucose injection, ivgtt, qd. After 7 days it was administered compound Butylphthalide Soft Capsules, 0.2 g qid, combined Xiaoshuantongluo capsule, 2.1 g tid until 14 days later. Group B was administered with cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection 18 ml which was added into 250 ml 5%glucose injection, ivgtt, qd until 14 days. The basic therapy of two groups were same. After therapy compared the safety and clinic curative effect from European Stroke Scale(ESS) and activities of daily living(ADL).Then outcome-effectiveness was assayed in pharmacoeconomics. Results The total effective rate were 92.2 and 95.2%,and ccurrence of adverse react were 4.7 and 7.5, respectively,in the two group.The clinic total effective rate counting C/E was respectively 129.1 and 178.5;ΔC/ΔE was 1697.7. Conclusion The clinic curative effect of two group was intimate, but the cost had signiifcant difference. The sequential antimicrobial therapy in curing acute cerebral infarction had excellent advantage in outcome-effectiveness.

Clinical efficacy of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection with salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection for acute cerebral infarction / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin with salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection for acute cerebral infarction.Methods 50 patients with acute cerebral infarction from July 2012 to October 2013 admitted in our hospital were randomly divided into observation group and control group.Observation group had 25 patients,they were treated with cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin with salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection.Control group had 25 patients,they were treated with only salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection.After two groups'treatment,the clinical efficacy,indicators of hemorheology (include whole blood viscosity,platelet aggregation and plasma viscosity),neurological deficiency score and activity of daily life were observed and compared.Results There was no significant difference in the clinical data between two group.After treatment,the total efficiency rate in observation group and control group were 92.00% and 60.00%,separately,the difference between two group was significant (u=2.4129,P=0.0158);the whole blood viscosity (high cut, low cut)of observation group were shorter than control group(P<0.05 );platelet aggregation of observation group were shorter than control group(t=0.5632,P=0.5759);plasma viscosity of observation group were shorter than control group(t=3.7682,P=0.0004);the neurological deficiency score and activity of daily life of observation group were shorter than control group(t =3.7682,P=0.0004).Conclusion The clinical efficacy of cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin with salviae miltiorrhizae and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection for acute cerebral infarction is well.

Anatomia do circuito arterial do encéfalo em Tamanduá-mirim / Anatomy of encephalon arterial circuit in lesser anteater

O circuito arterial do encéfalo é de grande importância, pois é responsável pela vascularização do encéfalo, sendo este o principal órgão do sistema nervoso central e responsável por receber e processar informações. A espécie estudada foi escolhida por tratar-se de um mamífero pertencente à ordem Xenarthra e os integrantes dessa ordem são pouco estudados, devido à dificuldade de acesso a esses animais. Para desenvolver este trabalho, foram estudados cinco espécimes de Tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla). O material teve o sistema arterial injetado com látex Neoprene 650, corado em vermelho e fixado em solução aquosa de Formaldeído 10%, sendo posteriormente dissecados para sistematização dos vasos. O circuito arterial da base do encéfalo do tamanduá-mirim circunda o corpo mamilar, a fossa interpenduncular, o túber cinéreo, a hipófise e o quiasma óptico. A porção rostral desse circuito é caracterizada pelos ramos rostrais das artérias carótidas internas e a porção caudal é constituída pelas artérias comunicantes caudais e ramos caudais da artéria carótida interna. Esta espécie animal apresenta o tipo II de irrigação encefálica no qual existe a participação das artérias carótidas internas e do sistema vértebro-basilar para a formação do circuito arterial.

The arterial circuit of the brain is of great importance because it is responsible for vascularization of the brain and this is the main organ of the central nervous system and responsible for receiving and processing information. The species was chosen because it is a mammal belonging to the Xenarthra order and the members of this order are little studied because of the difficulty of access to these animals. To develop this work were studied five specimens of lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla). The material had the arterial system filled with Neoprene latex stained in red, fixed in aqueous solution of 10% paraformaldehyde and dissected for vessels systematization. The encephalon arterial circuit of lesser anteater surrounds the mammillary body, the interpeduncular fossa, tuber cinereum, hypophysis and optic chiasm. The rostral portion of this circuit is characterized by rostral branches of internal carotid arteries and the caudal portion is formed by caudal communicant arteries from internal carotid artery. This animal species had a type II of encephalic irrigation with participation of internal carotid arteries and vertebrobasilar system to formation of arterial circuit.

Comparison between ultrasound images of the dog brain with and without the calvaria and its correlation with real anatomy / Comparação entre imagens ultrassonográficas do cérebro do cão com e sem a calota craniana e sua correlação com a anatomia real

Bones are believed to be an effective barrier to obtain sonographic images. In fact, the large difference between acoustic impedances of surfaces of the soft and bone tissues generates significant image artifacts. However, transmission of the ultrasound beam depends on bone thickness and structure. Therefore, the temporal bone has been used as an acoustic window to access the brain of adult patients with ultrasonography. The purpose of this study was to assess the brain of adult dogs using ultrasonography with and without bone interposition, compare the images, and correlate them with the brain anatomy. Ten mesaticephalic adult dogs were used, and the ultrasound examination was performed through the magnum orifice and on the temporal, lateral parietal, and frontal bones. A small craniotomy was performed in the frontal bone for examination without bone interposition. We were able to acquire images of the brain with bone interposition. However, resolution of these images was lower than the ones obtained by craniotomy. Important anatomical structures were identified. Regarding the correlation and the wide availability of ultrasound equipment, it was concluded that ultrasound can be used as a tool for monitoring expansive intracranial lesions or in intraoperative procedures.

Os ossos são tidos como uma barreira intransponível para obtenção de imagens sonográficas, pois a grande diferença entre as impedâncias acústicas das superfícies de tecidos moles e ósseos gera importantes artefatos de reflexão, contudo, a transmissão do feixe ultrassônico depende da espessura e da estrutura óssea e neste caso o osso temporal tem sido usado como uma janela acústica para o acesso, por ultrassonografia, do encéfalo de pacientes adultos. O presente trabalho examinou o encéfalo de cães adultos com o emprego da ultrassonografia com e sem a interposição do crânio, comparou as imagens obtidas e as correlacionou com a anatomia encefálica. Foram examinados dez cães adultos, mesaticefálicos. O exame ultrassonográfico foi realizado através do orifício magno e dos ossos temporal, parietal (porção lateral) e frontal. No exame sem a interposição óssea foi realizada uma pequena craniotomia no osso frontal. As imagens do encéfalo com a interposição óssea apresentaram resolução inferior as obtidas por craniotomia. Importantes estruturas anatômicas foram identificadas. Devido à correlação e a sua ampla disponibilidade, concluiu-seque o aparelho de ultrassom pode ser usado para o acompanhamento de lesões intracranianas expansivas, bem como em procedimentos intraoperatórios.

Sistematização da origem, da distribuição e dos territórios da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do encéfalo em gatos / Systematization of the origin, distribution and territory of the caudal cerebral artery on the surface of the encephalon in cats

Foram estudados 26 encéfalos de gatos, adultos, sem diferenciação de sexo, sem raça definida, corados com látex e fixados por solução aquosa de formaldeído. As artérias cerebrais caudais, direita e esquerda, apresentaram-se únicas em 96,1 e 88,4 por cento dos casos, respectivamente. Em 69,2 por cento dos casos no antímero direito e 80,8 por cento no esquerdo, a artéria cerebral caudal originou-se pela anastomose entre o ramo caudal da artéria carótida interna, com maior contribuição, e o ramo terminal da artéria basilar. Em 88,4 por cento dos casos no antímero direito e em 84,6 por cento no esquerdo, a artéria cerebral caudal originou a artéria tectal rostral e um ramo caudal. O ramo caudal bifurcou-se e vascularizou os colículos rostrais e caudais dos corpos quadrigêmeos e em alguns casos contribuiu na formação do plexo coroide do terceiro ventrículo. A artéria tectal rostral seguiu ventralmente ao lobo piriforme e durante seu trajeto liberou ramos para o hipocampo e, no antímero esquerdo, supriu a superfície dorsal do tálamo, contribuindo para a formação do plexo coroide do terceiro ventrículo.

In this study were used 26 brains of adult cats, without sex differentiation and definable race, colored with latex and fixed in formaldehyde aqueous solution. The right and left caudal cerebral arteries were single in 96.1 percent and 88.4 percent of the sample, respectively. In 69.2 percent of the samples on the right side and 80.8 percent on the left, the caudal cerebral artery fin from the anastomosis behind the caudal branch of the internal carotid artery, with a large contribution, and the basal artery terminal branch. In 88.4 percent of the samples on the right side and 84.6 percent on the left, the caudal cerebral artery showed the tectal rostral artery and one caudal branche. The caudal branch forked in two branches that supplied the rostral and caudal colliculis of the quadruplet bodies and formed the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. The tectal rostral artery followed ventrally to the piriform lobe and during his way sent some branches to hippocampus. In the left side, this vessel supplied the dorsal surface of thalamus and contributed to the formation of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle.

O sistema carótico do encéfalo do Cebus apella sp., Linnaeus, 1766 / The carotid encephalic system of the Cebus apella sp., Linnaeus, 1766

The carotid system of the encephalon of thirty species of the primate Cebus apella sp. (Linnaeus, 1766) was studied in this research. The material was collected according to international bioethics parameters and animals' welfare. The arterial system was perfused (water at 40 ºC), injected with colored latex (Neoprene 450, Dupont® do Brasil and Sulvinil® coloring, Glassurit), fixed in formaldehyde aqueous solution (10%) and dissected under magnifying glass (RASOR, II-20) for the systematization of vessels. The carotid system is composed by the intracranial and internal portions of both right and left carotid arteries, the carotid arteries of the encephalon and their lateromedial and anteromedial branch divisions: the medial and rostral cerebral arteries, communicating caudal and interconnected arteries. It is interconnected through the caudal communicating arteries to the vertebral-basilar system (100%). The internal carotid artery ends up being divided into three: caudal communicating arteries, medial cerebral and rostral cerebral (50%) or into two: medial cerebral and rostral cerebral arteries (50%). The medial cerebral artery is the most stable branch of this circuit. and after ventricularizing the olfactory bulbs (93.3%), the rostral cerebral artery becomes anastomosis with the contralateral artery, forming the interhemispheric artery that connects the blood layers of the arterial circuit of the encephalon base. It can be considered that Cebus apella sp. depends on two supply sources to the encephalon: the basilar and carotid systems, what indicates an important degree of evolutionary maturity. The absence of anomalies in this primate demonstrates evolutionary stability.Keywords: encephalon, carotid system, cerebral arteries, neotropical primate Cebus apella sp.

Estudamos em trinta espécimes do primata Cebus apella sp. (Linnaeus, 1766) o sistema carótico do encéfalo em animais coletados dentro dos parâmetros internacionais de bioética e bem estar animal. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40 ºC), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 450, Dupont® do Brasil e Sulvinil® Corante, Glassurit), fixado em solução aquosa de Formaldeído (10%) dissecado sob lupa (RASOR û II û 20) para sistematização dos vasos. O sistema carotico é composto pela porção intracraniana e intradural dos seguimentos dependentes das artérias carótidas internas esquerda e direita, as artérias carótidas do encéfalo (ace) e seus ramos de divisões látero-mediais e ântero-mediais: as artérias cerebrais médias acm e rostrais (acr), comunicantes caudais e artérias corioídeas Está interligado, através das artérias comunicantes caudais, ao sistema vértebro-basilar (100%). A ace termina trifurcando-se (50%), ou bifurcando-se (50%) em arranjos vasculares que envolvem as acm e acr, acc e artéria corioídea. A acm é o ramo mais estável deste circuito e a acr após vascularizar os bulbos olfatórios (93,3%) anastomosa-se com a artéria contralateral formando a artéria inter-hemisférica que conecta rostralmente os leitos sanguíneos do circuito arterial da base do encéfalo. Pode-se considerar que o Cebus apella sp. depende de duas fontes de suprimento para o encéfalo: os sistemas basilar e carotídico, isto indica um grau elevado de maturidade evolutiva. A ausência de anomalias demonstra neste primata estabilidade evolutiva.

Behavior Observation on Learning and Memory Ability of Brain Aging Mice Intervened by Exercise and Diet / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe effects for exercise and diet on learning and memory ability in mice with encephalon aging induced by D-galactose(D-gal).Methods The model of mice with encephalon aging was made by D-gal.The learning and memory ability of mice was determined by Morris water maze.Results There was significant difference between high fat feed encephalon aging group and restrict food on normal feed encephalon aging group,normal feed and exercise encephalon aging group,high fat feed and exercise encephalon aging group,high fat feed normal group,normal feed and exercise group,normal feed group(all P<0.05).In spatial probe test,there was significant difference between restrict food on normal feed encephalon aging group and normal feed encephalon aging group(all P<0.05).Conclusion Exercise and restrict food can improve the learning and memory function in the mice;feed with high fat can promote encephalon aging.

Artérias da base do encéfalo de eqüinos: sistema occipito-basilar / Encephalon basis' arteries in horses: occipito-basilar system

Foram dissecadas 24 peças correspondentes a eqüinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, injetadas com Neoprene latex 650 corado e fixadas em formol a 25 por cento. As artérias da base do encéfalo estudadas estão na dependência de duas grandes fontes representadas, uma delas pelas artérias occipitais direita e esquerda (sistema occipito-basilar) e, a outra, pelas artérias carótidas internas direita e esquerda (sistema carótico). A artéria basilar resulta da convergência das artérias occipitais direita e esquerda (95,8 por cento), na região limítrofe entre medula espinhal e bulbo e termina dividindo-se, em correspondência à porção caudal dos pedúnculos cerebrais - com a ocorrência de variável número de tractos anastomóticos dispostos em rede - em dois bem definidos ramos terminais, assim considerados até a origem, em cada antímero, da artéria cerebral caudal. Observam-se ainda tractos anastomóticos relacionados à origem (37,5 por cento) e ao percurso (20,8 por cento) da artéria basilar, durante o qual ela emite numerosos colaterais, em ambos os antímeros, dos quais destacam-se as artérias cerebelar caudal (100 por cento), carótico-basilar (54,2 por cento), labiríntica (12,5 por cento diretamente ou 62,5 por cento indiretamente, como ramo da artéria cerebelar caudal) e artéria cerebelar rostral (100 por cento). Os colaterais da artéria basilar com ela estabelecem, de modo geral, ângulo agudo voltado rostralmente. Observa-se ainda que a artéria basilar diminui progressivamente de calibre em sentido caudo-rostral. Pelos aspectos descritos, o padrão de comportamento das artérias do sistema occipito-basilar dos eqüinos estudados insere-se entre os tipos médio e final do considerado por Testut¹ e na categoria 2 beta da classificação proposta por Tandler² e referida por De Vriese³.

Twenty four pieces of Throughbred horses were injected with coloured solution of Neoprene latex 650, kept in formalin solution and dissected. The arteries of the encephalon basis depend on two large sources, the occipital arteries (occipito-basilar system) and the internal carotid arteries (carotid system). The basilar artery results from the fusion of the right and left occipital arteries (95.8 percent) or yet it is the direct continuation of the right occipital artery (4.2 percent). At the level of cerebral peduncles, the basilar artery bifurcates and shows a variable number of anastomotic tracts with a retiary disposition. The resulting elements of this division are two well defined terminal branches, this way named up to where the cerebral caudal artery has its origin, at both sides. It was also seen the occurrence of anastomotic tracts related to the origin (37.5 percent) and the course of the basilar artery (20.8 percent). That artery gives numerous collaterals, the arteries: caudal cerebelar (100 percent), carotico-basilar (54.2 percent), labyrinthine (12.5 percent) and rostral cerebelar (100 percent). The basilar artery decreases the basilar artery's diameter in caudo-rostral direction and forms, with the most of its collateral branches, rostral acute angles. These facts indicate that the blood flow of the basilar artery is caudo-rostral. The arrangement of the occipito-basilar system arteries is situated between the medium and last types described by TESTUT³ and corresponds to the 2 beta category of the classification proposed by TANDLER², cited by DE VRIESE¹.