Fluorosis. Antivet contra ácido clorhídrico / fluoride. Antivet vs hydrochloric acid

Introducción: La fluorosis dental es una hipomineralización del esmalte producida como respuesta a la ingesta de fluor por un periodo prolongado durante la formación del esmaltado. Es una alteración irreversible, que clínicamente se caracteriza por la presencia de delgadas líneas blanquecinas distribuidas en el esmalte dental correspondientes a la disposición de las periquimatías, y en grados más avanzados de la enfermedad se odservan cambios en toda la superficie del esmaltado que adquiere un aspecto opaco, como de piedra caliza. En los niveles más severos de flurosis dental, la presencia de hipomineralización, y el aumento en la porosidad del esmalte dental propicia la pérdida de porciones importantes de su estructura, produciendo fracturas, por lo que se deteriora la apariencia y funcionalidad de los dientes afectados. (1) La OMS recomienda que el valor de referencia para el fluoruro en el agua potable es de 1,5 mg /1.(2) El flúor es un gas halógeno, el más electronegativo de los elementos de la tabla periódica, con número atómico 19, prácticamente no existe libre en la naturaleza, sino asociado a otros elementos como: calcio y sodio. La principal vía de incorporación del flúor en el organismo humano es la digestiva. Es absorbido rápidamente en la mucosa del intestino delgado y del estómago, por un simple fenómeno de difusión. Una en los tejidos, depositándose preferentemente en los tejidos duros; se elimina por todas las vías de excreción, principalmente por orina. La cantidad de flúor en el organismo es variable y depende de la ingestión, inhalación, absorción y eliminación, así como de las características de los compuestos. Generalmente se concentra en huesos, cartílagos, dientes y placa bacteriana. El depósito de flúor varía con la edad y la excreción. En los niños, el 50% se fija en huesos y dientes en formación; en adultos, se deposita básicamente en huesos. (3) Existen diversos métodos para su eliminación. En esta investigación se realizaron 18 procedimientos a pacientes de ambos sexos. La metodología fue dividir en dos grupos de 8 personas cada uno, en el cual se utilizó Antivet en el primer grupo y ácido clorhídrico al 18% en el segundo grupo. Los casos fueron seleccionados al azar y posteriormente se observaron los cambios clínicos con cada grupo. En el primer grupo de personas que utilizaron Antivet, se mostró que en casos severos de fluorosis no era un método tan eficaz, ya que no elimina por completo las manchas marrones, sin embargo, es un procedimiento muy bueno para uso clínico cuando los grados de fluorosis son menores. En el segundo grupo de personas que utilizaron ácido clorhídrico al 18% se demostró la eficacia del tratamiento en fluorosis de grados avanzados, donde el esmalte está más del 50% dañado, por lo que es un excelente método de tratamiento con el debido control en su manipulación. Objetivo: Saber diferenciar los tipos de materiales y conocer los diferentes métodos para eliminación de flúor así como mostrar la diferencia entre tratamientos. Metodología: El tipo de estudio es explicativo y con el cual se espera contribuir al desarrollo del conocimiento científico. Su realización supone el ánimo de contribuir al desarrollo del saber científico. Consistió en seleccionar 16 pacientes, masculinos y femenonos y de distintas edades de entre 15 y 40 años. Se dividieron al azar, en 2 grupos de 8 personas cada uno para tratarlos con 2 productos diferentes. El primer grupo fue tratado con ácido clorhídrico al 18% y el segundo grupo con la marca comercial Antivet. Resultado y conclusión: La fluorosis dental es causada por ingestas excesivas de flúor. El uso del ácido clorhídrico es corrosivo, su aroma es penetrante y los cuidados con el paciente son mayores, ya que un mal uso al tener contacto con piel o mucosa creará necrosis. El Antivet tiene desventajas de costo y disponibilidad, pero su ventaja es que brinda más seguridad en su manipulación.

Introduction: Dental fluorosis is a hypomineralization of the enamel produced due to fluoride intake for a prolonged time during enamel formation. It is an irreversible alteration, which is clinically characterized by the presence of thin whitish lines distributed in the dental enamel corresponding to the disposition of the perikymata. In more advanced degrees of the disease, changes are observed in the entire enamel surface, which acquires an opaque appearance, like limestone. In the most severe levels of dental fluorosis, the presence of hypomineralization and increased porosity of the dental enamel leads to the loss of essential portions of its structure, producing fractures, thus deteriorating the appearance and functionality of the affected teeth. (1) The WHO recommends that the reference value for fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l. (2) Fluoride is a halogen gas, the most electronegative of the periodic table elements, with atomic number 19. It practically does not exist free in nature but is associated with other elements such as calcium and sodium. The primary way of incorporating fluorine into the human organism is through the digestive system. It is rapidly absorbed in the mucosa of the small intestine and stomach by a simple phenomenon of diffusion. Once absorbed, fluoride passes into the blood and is distributed in the tissues, preferentially deposited in hard tissues; it is eliminated by all excretion routes, mainly by the urine. The amount of fluoride in the body is variable and depends on ingestion, inhalation, absorption, elimination, and the characteristics of the compounds. It is generally concentrated in bones, cartilage, teeth, and bacterial plaque. Fluoride deposition varies with age and excretion. In children, 50% is fixed in bones and teeth information; it is basically deposited in bones in adults. (3) There are various methods for its elimination. In this research, 18 procedures were performed on patients of both sexes. The methodology was divided into two groups of 8 persons each, in which Antivet was used in the first group and 18% hydrochloric acid in the second group. The cases were randomly selected, and subsequently, the clinical changes were observed in each group. In the first group of people who used Antivet, it was shown that in severe cases of fluorosis, it was not such an effective method since it does not completely eliminate the brown stains. However, it is a very effective method for clinical use when the degrees of fluorosis are lower. In the second group of people who used 18% hydrochloric acid, the effectiveness of the treatment was demonstrated in advanced degrees of fluorosis, where the enamel is more than 50% damaged, making it an excellent method of treatment with due control in its manipulation. Objective: To differentiate the types of materials and to know the different methods for fluoride elimination as well as to show the difference between treatments. Methodology: The type of study is explanatory, and it is expected to contribute to the development of scientific knowledge. It was carried out to contribute to the development of scientific knowledge. It consisted of selecting 16 patients of both sexes and of different ages between 15 and 40 years old. They were randomly divided into two groups of 8 persons, each to be treated with two different products. The first group was treated with 18% hydrochloric acid, and the second group with the comercial brand Antivet. Result and conclusion: Dental fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake. Hydrochloric acid is corrosive, its aroma is penetrating, and the care with the patient is greater since a wrong use when in contact with skin or mucosa will create necrosis. Antivet has disadvantages of cost and availability, but its advantage is that it provides more safety in its handling.

Coccidioidomicosis en paciente con COVID-19. Reporte de caso en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva / Coccidioidomycosis in a COVID-19 patient. A case report in the Intensive Care Unit / Coccidioidomicose em paciente com COVID-19. Relato de um caso em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

Resumen: Introducción: Coccidioidomicosis y COVID-19 están catalogadas como patologías pulmonares primarias. Ambas presentan un cuadro inicial inespecífico; sin embargo, en fases avanzadas pueden requerir hospitalización, apoyo ventilatorio e ingreso a la unidad de terapia intensiva, manifestándose con un síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda severo. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de una paciente, quien es ingresada a la unidad de terapia intensiva por presentar SIRA severo debido a COVID-19; sin embargo, muestra una evolución tórpida, por lo que se continúa su abordaje diagnóstico; se detectó coccidioidomicosis como enfermedad coexistente. Éste es el primer caso de coinfección COVID-19 coccidioidomicosis reportado en México en una revista de medicina crítica. Conclusión: El diagnóstico de coccidioidomicosis es aún más complejo debido a que puede pasar desapercibido, perdiéndose la oportunidad diagnóstica temprana, lo que está relacionado con una mala evolución posterior como sucedió en nuestro caso.

Abstract: Introduction: Coccidioidomycosis and COVID-19 are classified as primary pulmonary pathologies. Both present a nonspecific initial picture, however, in advanced phases they may require hospitalization, ventilatory support and admission to the intensive care unit, manifesting with a severe acute respiratory failure syndrome. Clinical case: The case of a female patient who is admitted to the intensive care unit for presenting severe SIRA due to COVID-19 is described, however, she presents a torpid evolution so her diagnostic approach is continued, finding coccidioidomycosis as a finding as coexisting disease. This being the first case reported in Mexico in a critical medicine journal. Conclusion: The diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis is even more complex because it can go unnoticed, losing the opportunity for an early diagnosis and this is related to a poor subsequent evolution as it happened in our case.

Resumo: Introdução: A coccidioidomicose e a COVID-19 são classificadas como patologias pulmonares primárias. Ambos apresentam um quadro inicial inespecífico, porém, em estágios avançados podem necessitar de internação, suporte ventilatório e internação em unidade de terapia intensiva, manifestando-se com síndrome de insuficiência respiratória aguda grave. Caso clínico: Descreve-se o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino que está internada na unidade de terapia intensiva por apresentar SDRA grave por COVID-19, porém, apresenta evolução tórpida, então sua abordagem diagnóstica é continuada, encontrando como achado Coccidioidomicose como doença coexistente. Este é o primeiro caso relatado no México em uma revista medicina crítica. Conclusão: O diagnóstico da Coccidioidomicose é ainda mais complexo, pois pode passar despercebido, perdendo a oportunidade de diagnóstico precoce e isso está relacionado a uma evolução posterior ruim como aconteceu em nosso caso.

Geographic distribution and conservation status of Eulychnia ritteri Cullmann (Cactaceae), an endemic cactus from southern Peru / Distribución geográfica y estado de conservación de Eulychnia ritteri Cullmann (Cactaceae), un cactus endémico del sur de Perú

Resumen Eulychnia ritteri es una especie endémica del Perú, restringida a la costa norte del departamento de Arequipa. El poco conocimiento sobre esta especie, sumado a las amenazas por actividades antrópicas y cambio climático ponen en riesgo a sus poblaciones. En esta investigación se da a conocer la distribución geográfica y estado de conservación de E. ritteri en la zona costera de la provincia de Caravelí. Además, se evaluó la estructura poblacional y fenología en la población de Quebrada Vizcachani mediante parcelas de 10x100 m. Asimismo, se obtuvieron datos sobre la flora acompañante y fauna local. Eulychnia ritteri presentó cinco poblaciones distribuidas entre los 15°43' a 15°47'S, con una superficie total de 63.62 ha (0.63 km2). La población de Quebrada Vizcachani fue la de mayor extensión (24.5 ha) y la población de Cementerio la más pequeña (0.018 ha). La densidad de la población evaluada es de 0.06 ind/m2, donde las plántulas, juveniles, adultos y plantas muertas, representaron el 3.61, 24.09, 56.63 y 15.67% respectivamente. La fenología es asincrónica, los botones florales, flores y frutos se presentan en el mismo periodo. Las flores y frutos sirven de alimento para insectos y roedores respectivamente, y se han registrado 18 especies acompañantes. Por último, E. ritteri es categorizada como en peligro (EN), debido a su distribución geográfica y amenazas identificadas.

Abstract Eulychnia ritteri is endemic to Peru, restricted to the northern coast of the department of Arequipa. The lack of knowledge of this species, and threats such as human activities and climate change, put the populations at risk. In this research, we examined the geographical distribution and conservation status of E. ritteri in the coastal area of the Caravelí province. In addition, the population structure and phenology in the Quebrada Vizcachani population were evaluated using plots of 10x100 m. Data on the accompanying flora and local fauna were also obtained. Eulychnia ritteri showed five populations distributed from 15°43' to 15°47'S, with a total area of 63.62 ha (0.63 km2). The Quebrada Vizcachani population is the largest (24.5 ha) and the Cementerio population the smallest (0.018 ha). The population density evaluated is 0.06 ind/m2, where seedlings, juveniles, adults, and dead plants were 3.61, 24.09, 56.63 and 15.67% respectively. The phenology was asynchronous, the flower buds, flowers and fruits appear in the same period. The flowers and fruits were food for insects and rodents respectively, and 18 accompanying species have been recorded. Finally, E. ritteri is categorised as endangered (EN), given its geographical distribution and identified threats.

Diseño y validación de cuestionario de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la enfermedad de Chagas / Design and validation of the survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices of Chagas disease

La enfermedad de Chagas es considerada una afección desatendida a nivel mundial que afecta principalmente a la población de escasos recursos en Latinoamérica, con aproximadamente 10 millones de personas afectadas. Se estima que en Ecuador más de 200000 personas son seropositivas para T. cruzi y 4.400 adquieren la infección anualmente. Se han realizado estudios en zonas endémicas como Loja, Manabí, Guayas y El Oro, las cuales constituyen el hábitat de cinco especies de triatómicos, responsables de la transmisión vectorial de la enfermedad, no obstante, se requiere información epidemiológica actualizada en áreas consideradas prioritarias. Es por ello, que se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para diseñar y validar un cuestionario de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la enfermedad de Chagas en las 5 áreas prioritarias en Ecuador. Se diseñó un cuestionario inicial de 36 ítems, empleado para un estudio piloto con 5 expertos claves que validaron dicho instrumento, Para evaluar la validez de contenido se empleó la V de Aiken (0,82) y la validez del constructo fue evaluada a través del análisis factorial exploratorio, del cual se obtuvieron 3 dimensiones; ´ mientras que la prueba de alfa de Cronbach (>0,7) demostró la consistencia interna del instrumento. La versión final del cuestionario contentiva de 31 ítems fue aplicada a 20 participantes con características epidemiológicas diferentes de cada área prioritaria, demostrando que el mismo reúne todas las condiciones de validación y confiabilidad y puede ser aplicado en otros estudios epidemiológicos relacionados con la enfermedad de Chagas(AU)

Chagas disease is considered a neglected condition worldwide which mainly affects the poor population in Latin America, with approximately 10 million people affected. It is estimated that in Ecuador more than 200,000 people are seropositive for T. cruzi and 4,400 acquire the infection annually. Studies have been carried out in endemic areas such as Loja, Manabí, Guayas and El Oro, which constitute the habitat of five species of triatomics, responsible for the vector transmission of the disease, however, updated epidemiological information is required in areas considered priority. For this reason, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to design and validate a questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes and practices of Chagas disease in the 5 priority areas in Ecuador. An initial questionnaire of 36 items was designed, used for a pilot study with 5 key experts who validated said instrument. To evaluate the content validity, Aiken's V (0.82) was used and the validity of the construct was evaluated through the exploratory factor analysis, from which 3 dimensions were obtained; While the Cronbach's alpha test (> 0.7) demonstrated the internal consistency of the instrument. The final version of the questionnaire containing 31 items was applied to 20 participants with different epidemiological characteristics from each priority area, showing that it meets all the validation and reliability conditions and can be applied in other epidemiological studies related to Chagas disease(AU)

Metodología de canales endémicos del dengue en Ecuador 2015-2020: Necesidad para planificar y administrar la salud pública / Methodology of endemic channels of dengue, Ecuador 2015-2020: Need to plan and manage public health

El Dengue es la enfermedad de más rápida propagación en el mundo y una permanente amenaza para la salud pública, puesto que la mitad de la población global corre el riesgo de contraer la enfermedad. Ante la gravedad del cuadro de la enfermedad a nivel nacional y mundial, es necesario generar nuevas metodologías de predicción útiles para la adopción de decisiones en salud pública. Por ello, se caracterizó los casos notificados de dengue entre el 2015 y el 2020 en Ecuador. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, utilizando la base de datos de las gacetas oficiales, caracterizando los casos de dengue. Se elaboraró un canal endémico describiendo la metodología empleada. Se evidenció que la tendencia del dengue en provincias es positiva, lo que indica que en los últimos cinco años se ha incrementado el número de casos, junto a la afectación de un ciclo epidemiológico común en el primer periodo de cada año del último quinquenio. El estudio de los datos actuales de la enfermedad del dengue en Ecuador, su tendencia epidémica y el contexto en que se desarrolla, permiten concluir en la importante necesidad de planificar y administrar la salud pública, aplicando la metodología planteada de elaboración de canales endémicos en la vigilancia de situaciones de interés en salud pública que conlleven a acciones de control de alcance tanto nacional como territorial que se sostengan el tiempo(AU)

Dengue is the fastest spreading disease in the world and a permanent threat to public health, since half of the global population is at risk of contracting the disease. Given the seriousness of the disease at the national and global level, it is necessary to generate new useful prediction methodologies for decision-making in public health. Therefore, the reported cases of dengue between 2015 and 2020 in Ecuador were characterized. A retrospective descriptive study was carried out, using the official gazette database, characterizing dengue cases. An endemic channel was developed describing the methodology used. It was evidenced that the dengue trend in the provinces is positive, which indicates that in the last five years the number of cases has increased, together with the involvement of a common epidemiological cycle in the first period of each year of the last five years. The study of current data on dengue disease in Ecuador, its epidemic trend and the context in which it develops, allow us to conclude on the important need to plan and administer public health, applying the methodology proposed for the elaboration of endemic channels in the surveillance of situations of interest in public health that lead to control actions of both national and territorial scope that are sustained over time(AU)

Lupus neuropsiquiátrico. A propósito de tres casos y revisión de la literatura / Neuropsychiatric lupus Regarding three cases and review of the literature / Lúpus neuropsiquiátrico Em relação a três casos e revisão da literatura

Resumen: Las manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas del lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) constituyen un amplio espectro clínico con compromiso del Sistema Nervioso Central y Periférico por parte de esta enfermedad. Afecta aproximadamente a un 56% de los pacientes con LES, frecuentemente próximo al diagnóstico. Constituye un desafío diagnóstico, especialmente en pacientes sin antecedentes de la enfermedad. El diagnóstico es de exclusión. Se encuentra en revisión el rol de algunos auto-anticuerpos y técnicas de neuroimágen en la estrategia diagnóstica de esta afección. Se presentan tres casos clínicos y realizamos una revisión de la literatura.

Abstract: The neuropsichiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus are very wide, involving central and peripheral nervous system. Affecting approximately 56% of lupus patients, with higher incidence previous or next to the diagnosis. It is a challenge for phisicians, specially for patients without previous diagnostic of the desease. Diagnostic is of exclussion, because there are not specific test. There are in disccussion the role of some autoantibodies and neuroimagenological tecniques for this purpose. We present 3 case report and review of the literature.

Resumo: As manifestações neuropsiquiátricas do lúpus constituem um amplo espectro clínico com comprometimento do Sistema Nervoso Central e Periférico por esta doença. Afeta aproximadamente 56% dos pacientes com LES, quase sempre próximos ao diagnóstico. Constitui um desafio diagnóstico, principalmente em pacientes sem histórico da doença. O diagnóstico é exclusão. O papel de alguns autoanticorpos e técnicas de neuroimagem na estratégia de diagnóstico dessa condição está sendo analisado. Três casos clínicos são apresentados e revisamos a literatura.

Evaluación de la abundancia relativa de Telmatobius culeus en la zona litoral del lago Titicaca, Perú / Assessment of relative abundance of Telmatobius culeus in littoral zone of Lake Titicaca, Peru

El estudio se realizó en 13 zonas del litoral peruano del lago Titicaca, durante la época seca, desde junio hasta agosto de 2017. En cada zona se determinó la abundancia relativa y uso de microhábitat de Telmatobius culeus. En las zonas de evaluación se utilizó buceo con esnórquel para realizar en cada una tres transectos de 100 m x 2 m, con un total de 38 transectos evaluados. Se registraron 45 individuos en solo seis zonas de evaluación. El mayor número de individuos se encontraron en la zona de Perka Norte, con una abundancia relativa de 10.33 individuos/hora/02 personas a una profundidad de 1.5 m; en siete zonas no se registró ningún individuo. Los individuos fueron encontrados en los siguientes micro hábitats: 17 fueron encontrados sobre la vegetación acuática, 11 en arena combinado con vegetación acuática, 9 en roca combinado con vegetación acuática, 5 en fango combinado con vegetación acuática, 2 en roca y 1 en arena. a la vez se realizó análisis de diferentes parámetros de calidad de agua en cada zona de estudio, como: temperatura, pH, alcalinidad, dureza y oxígeno.

The Telmatobius culeus relative abundance and its microhabitat use was determined. In 13 areas of Peruvian littoral of Lake Titicaca was carried out, during the dry season, since June to August 2017. In each the evaluation areas, snorkeling was used to perform three 100 x 2 m transects. A total of 38 transects were evaluated. 45 individuals were registered in only six evaluation zones. The largest number of individuals were found in the North Perka area, with a relative abundance of 10.33 individuals/hour/02 people, at a depth of 1.5 m; in seven zones no individual was registered. Individuals were found in the following micro habitats: 17 were found on aquatic vegetation, 11 in sand combined with aquatic vegetation, 9 in rock combined with aquatic vegetation, 5 in mud combined with aquatic vegetation, 2 in rock and 1 in sand. At the same time, analyzes of different water quality parameters were performed in each study area, such as: temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness and oxygen.

New Myloplus from Essequibo River basin, Guyana, with discussion on the taxonomic status of Myleus pacu (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

A new species in the serrasalmid genus Myloplus is described from the middle Mazaruni River, Essequibo River basin, Guyana. The new species is similar to Myleus pacu and Myloplus planquettei in its silver to purplish black coloration and its overall morphology, and has a putative syntopic distribution with those species. The new species is, however, readily distinguishable from the other two by meristic counts of the unpaired fins and by differences in color pattern, primarily in males. Additionally, we provide comments on Myleus pacu and other species that have been confounded under that name.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de serrasalmídeo do gênero Myloplus é descrita do médio rio Mazaruni, bacia do rio Essequibo, Guyana. A nova espécie é similar a Myleus pacu e Myloplus planquettei pela sua coloração prateada a preto arroxeado e pela morfologia geral do corpo, e por ter suposta distribuição sintópica com essas espécies. No entanto, a nova espécie é prontamente distinguida dessas duas últimas espécies por contagens das nadadeiras não pares, e por diferenças no padrão de coloração, principalmente nos machos. Adicionalmente, fornecemos comentários sobre Myleus pacu e outras espécies que têm sido confundidas sob esse nome.(AU)

Ecología trófica y rasgos ecomorfológicos del pez Triportheus magdalenae (Characiformes: Triportheidae) en el embalse El Guájaro, río Magdalena, Colombia / Trophic ecology and ecomorphological traits of the fish Triportheus magdalenae (Characiformes: Triportheidae) in the El Guájaro reservoir, Magdalena River, Colombia

Resumen Este estudio integró las características ecomorfológicas y la ecología trófica de Triportheus magdalenae en el embalse El Guájaro, Atlántico, bajo Magdalena, Colombia, a partir del análisis del contenido estomacal y rasgos ecomorfológicos. Se realizaron cinco muestreos entre septiembre 2014 y febrero 2016 para abarcar cada momento del pulso de inundación. La recolecta de los peces fue a través de artes de pesca tradicional como atarrayas y redes de arrastre. Se utilizó el índice alimentario (IAi %) para establecer los hábitos alimentarios de la especie, y la variación de la dieta a nivel interespecífico, y se usó el coeficiente de vacuidad (CV %). Se emplearon los índices de Levins Estandarizado por Hurlbert (BA) e índice de Morisita Simplificado para evaluar la amplitud y similitud trófica entre tallas, sexo y momentos hidrológicos. Se caracterizó las estructuras bucofaríngeas y el tracto digestivo, que junto con medidas morfológicas permitieron establecer y analizar 11 rasgos ecomorfológicos relacionados con el uso del hábitat como posición en la columna de agua y la explotación del recurso trófico. Se analizó la relación entre los rasgos ecomorfológicos con la dieta de la especie, por medio de un análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC). Se analizaron 89 ejemplares (34-190 mm LE). T. magdalenae fue catalogado como carnívoro-zooplanctófago, con un estrecho nicho trófico (BA = 0.12). Se evidenció una alta explotación de los organismos del zooplancton (95.9 IAi %), intensivamente Cladócera (Ceriodaphnia sp.) y Copépoda (Notodiaptomus sp. y Thermocyclops sp), los juveniles (34-190 mm LE) consumieron intensamente los insectos alóctonos (3.4 IAi %). Los rasgos que más aportan a la especialización trófica fueron la longitud relativa de las branquiespinas y el número de branquiespinas, los cuales varían significativamente entre tallas, ya que aumentan en número como en longitud conforme los individuos crecen. El coeficiente de vacuidad fue alto del 54 %, lo cual pudo estar asociado con la disminución en la densidad de las poblaciones de zooplancton, especialmente durante el momento de aguas mínimas fuertemente influenciado por el evento El Niño, sin embargo la dieta observada (22 ítems alimentarios) correspondió al 80 % de la dieta estimada (28 ítems alimentarios estimados).

Abstract This study integrated morphological characteristics and trophic ecology of Triportheus magdalenae in the El Guájaro reservoir, Atlántico, lower Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, based on the analysis of stomach contents and ecomorphological attributes. Five samplings were made between September 2014 and February 2016 considering each phase of the flood pulse. The fish were sampled using traditional fishing gear such as nets and trawls. The index of food importance (IAi %) was used to establish the dietary habits of the species, and the variation of the diet at interspecific level, and the vacuity coefficient (CV %) was also calculated. The Levins index standardized by Hurlbert (BA) was used to evaluate the amplitude between sizes, sex and hydrological phases. The oropharyngeal structures and the digestive tract were characterized, which together with morphological measurements, allowed and analyze 11 ecomorphological traits related to the use of habitat, such as position in the water column, and the exploitation of a particular trophic resource. The relationship between the ecomorphological traits and the diet of the species was analyzed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). We analyzed 89 individuals (34-124 mm SL). Triportheus magdalenae was classified as carnivore/zooplanktivore, and has a narrow trophic niche (BA = 0.12). Showed a high exploitation of zooplankton (95.9 % IAi), mostly Cladocera (Ceriodaphnia sp.) and Copepoda (Notodiaptomus sp. and Thermocyclops sp). The youngest juveniles (34-190 mm SL) also consumed allochthonous insects (3.4 % IAi). The ecomorphological traits that contributed the most to this trophic specialization were the relative length of the gillrakers (LRBE). The number of gillrakers (NBE), which varied significantly from the smaller to the larger ones, increase in both number as well as in length as individuals grow, which explains the strongly marked degree of specialization on zooplankton in adults, since they present a greater degree of efficiency in the process of filtering. The vacuity coefficient was high (54 %), which could be associated with a decrease in the density of zooplankton populations, especially during the time of lower waters strongly influenced by the El Niño event, however the observed diet (22 items food) corresponded to 80 % of the diet estimated (28 estimated food items). Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1208-1222. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resposta hematológica do cascudo ornamental amazônico Peckoltia oligospila ao estresse de transporte / Hematological response of Amazonian ornamental Peckoltia oligospila subjected to stress by transportation

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as respostas hematológicas do acari-bola Peckoltia oligospila submetido ao estresse de transporte. Variações nos parâmetros de sangue foram analisadas às zero, seis, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após o transporte. Respostas ao estresse foram observadas entre zero e seis horas do transporte, mas a maioria dos parâmetros retornou aos valores basais em 24 horas. O tempo de zero hora (momento imediato após transporte) foi o mais crítico, com valores elevados de glicemia, eritrócitos e eritroblastos. Respostas secundárias tardias foram observadas para a proteína plasmática total, o volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e a hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) em seis horas após o transporte dos peixes, retornando aos valores basais após esse período. O número de leucócitos não sofreu alterações após o transporte. O estresse de transporte não comprometeu a fisiologia de P. oligospila, o que indica que esse peixe é resistente ao estresse se comparado com outras espécies. Porém, recomenda-se que não se realize qualquer outro procedimento estressante durante pelo menos 24 horas da recuperação dos peixes após transporte, para garantir a saúde e a sobrevivência dos animais transportados.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the hematological responses of bola-pleco (Peckoltia oligospila) undergoing the stress of transportation. Variations on blood parameters were analyzed at 0, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after transportation. Responses to stress were detected from 0 to 6h after the transportation of fish, however, most parameters returned to baselines values within 24h of transportation. The moment of 0h was the most critical, presenting higher values of glycemia, erythroblasts and erythrocytes. Late secondary responses were observed to total plasmatic protein, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) at 6h, returning to baselines values after this time. Leukocyte number was not affected by stress of transportation. The stress by transportation was not severe to influence the health of P. oligospila, indicating that fish is resistant to stress if compared to other species. However, we recommended no stressful procedures for at least 24 hours for recovery, in order to ensure health and survival of fish.(AU)

Range extension of the rare Peruvian fish-eating rat Neusticomys peruviensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Peru / Rango de extensión de la rata acuática peruana Neusticomys peruviensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) en Perú

Neusticomys peruviensis (Musser & Gardner 1974) is a semi aquatic rodent which belongs to the Ichthyomyini Tribe. It is an endemic species of Peru, previously known for three specimens: type specimen from Balta, another specimen from Rio Shesha, both from Ucayali department; and the third specimen from Pakitza (Madre de Dios department). We captured an additional specimen in Cusco Department. Its geographic distribution extends 84.15 km south of the previously known distribution range. This suggest that this species would have a broader distribution. More detailed studies are needed to know the ecology and distribution of these rodents.

Neusticomys peruviensis (Musser & Gardner 1974) es una especie de roedor acuático perteneciente a la tribu Icthyomyini, es una especie endémica de Perú. Fue previamente conocida por tres especímenes, el espécimen tipo proviene de Balta, otro espécimen del Rio Shesha, ambos ubicados en el departamento de Ucayali y un tercer espécimen de Pakitza (departamento de Madre de Dios). Nosotros capturamos un espécimen adicional en el departamento de Cusco, con esto se extiende su distribución geográfica a 82.15 km al sur de su rango de distribución. Se necesitan más estudios detallados para conocer la ecología y la distribución de este roedor

Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico (Fogo Selvagem) e sua associação com fatores ambientais e ocupacionais em Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem) and its association with environmental and occupational factors in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo Pênfigo compreende grupo de doenças bolhosas autoimunes que possuem tendência à progressão, com evolução ilimitada e crônica e com prognóstico potencialmente fatal. O tipo mais comum é o Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico (PFE), caracterizado pela presença de lesões cutâneas com formação de bolhas na face, no couro cabeludo e na região interescapular. Fatores de ordem ambiental, genéticos e imunológicos podem desencadear a enfermidade. Entre os fatores ambientais, exposição a mercúrio, poeiras minerais e a picada do mosquito Simulium nigrimanum devem ser considerados. Buscou-se, neste artigo, relatar a ocorrência do PFE entre a população de Antônio Pereira, distrito rural de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, bem como identificar possíveis associações da doença com fatores ocupacionais e ambientais locais. Foi constatada uma prevalência de 4,57 casos de PFE/1.000 habitantes, considerada bastante elevada. Observou-se associação estatística entre a doença e contato com barragem de rejeitos de mineração (p = 0,048) e exposição ao mercúrio (p = 0,008). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica eficaz das comunidades afetadas, assim como adequada assistência à saúde dos pacientes acometidos pela doença.

Abstract Pemphigus comprises a group of autoimmune bullous diseases, which have a tendency of progression, with unlimited and chronic development and with a potentially to fatal disease prognosis. The most common type is the Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (EPF), characterized by the presence of skin lesions with blistering located on the face, scalp and interscapular region. Environmental, genetic and immunological factors may trigger the disease. Among the environmental factors, exposure to mercury, mineral dust and Simulium nigrimanum mosquitoes bite should be considered. Sought to, in this article, it is reported the occurrence of PFE among the population of Antonio Pereira, rural district of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, and identify their possible association with occupational and environmental local factors. A prevalence of 4.57 cases of EPF/1.000 inhabitants, considered high was found. There was association between the disease and contact with dam tailings mining (p=0.048); and exposure to mercury (p=0.008). The results indicate the need for effective surveillance of the affected communities, as well as adequate health care of patients affected by the disease.

Reproductive cycle of the endemic and threatened fish Puntius shalynius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Meghalaya, India / Ciclo reproductivo del pez endémico y amenazado Puntius shalynius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) en Meghalaya, India

Abstract:Puntius shalynius is a highly endemic freshwater minor carp that is economically important and is threatened because of its ornamental value. The present investigation evaluated this barb gonadal maturation, based on morphology and spawning of this species in the Umiam river, Meghalaya, India. The population of this indigenous fish has declined due to its fragmented distribution and exploitation as an ornamental fish. The reproductive cycle of P. shalynius was studied for the first time. A total of 609 fish samples were randomly collected from the river for a period of two years during January 2010 and December 2011. Five maturity phases (rest, primary growth, secondary growth, ripe and spent) were observed on the basis of ovarian and testicular macroscopic evaluation throughout the annual cycle. Peak spawning activity was observed in the month of June/ July and it coincided with the start of the monsoon season. The study showed that the fish spawns once in a year with single spawning peak and that the species is a low fecund fish. It is important to conserve this species for its unique ecological value and urgent management policies should promote its sustainable utilization. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 255-265. Epub 2017 March 01.

ResumenPuntius shalynius es un pez de agua dulce altamente endémico que posee importancia económica y esta amenazado por su valor ornamental. En esta investigación se evaluó la maduración de las gónadas de este pez basado en la morfología y desove de esta especie en el río Umiam, Meghalaya, India. La población de esta especie nativa ha decrecido debido a su distribución fragmentada y explotación como pez ornamental. El ciclo reproductivo de P. shalynius se estudió por primera vez. En el río se recolectó al azar una muestra de 609 peces por un período de dos años entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2011. Se observaron cinco estadios de madurez (descanso, crecimiento primario, crecimiento secundario, maduro, agotamiento) basados en la evaluación macroscópica testicular y ovárica durante el ciclo anual. La actividad máxima del desove se observó entre junio y julio lo que coincidió con el comienzo de la época de monzones. El estudio demostró que estos peces desovan una vez al año con un único punto máximo y que la especie es de baja fecundidad. Es importante la conservación de esta especie por su valor ecológico único y se deben promover políticas de manejo urgentes para su uso sostenible.

Características epidemiológicas del Dengue en niños menores de 15 años en el Paraguay. 2008 - 2013

RESUMEN El dengue es la enfermedad viral transmitida por mosquito de más rápida propagación en el mundo y que produce un impacto socioeconómico y una carga de enfermedad significativa en muchas regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. La dramática expansión geográfica mundial y el aumento en la incidencia de dengue epidémico coincidieron exactamente con el crecimiento urbano y la globalización. Actualmente, unas 3.600 millones de personas en 124 países viven en zonas de riesgo para esta enfermedad principalmente urbano. En las Américas, el Dengue se presenta con un patrón endemo-epidémico con brotes que ocurren cada 3 a 5 años. Entre los años 2001 y 2007, el 64,6% de los casos (2.798.601 de casos) fueron informados en el Cono Sur, Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay; de los cuales 6.733 fueron fiebre hemorrágica por dengue y se reportaron 500 muertes. Alrededor de 98,5% de los casos correspondieron a Brasil, que también informó la tasa de letalidad más alta en la subregión. Los cuatro serotipos del virus del dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 y DEN-4) circulan en la región. En el Paraguay, el Dengue es endémico desde el año 2009, por lo tanto el objetivo general del presente estudio es el de describir las características epidemiológicas del Dengue en el Paraguay en el periodo 2008 - 2013. Los resultados del estudio demuestran que, en el Paraguay las epidemias de Dengue tienen una característica estacional, donde los casos se distribuyen en el primer semestre del año, siendo el pico máximo observado en los meses de marzo - abril. Se observa además un incremento progresivo del número de casos, de la incidencia, de los casos graves y de los pacientes que requieren hospitalización. Un total de 33.384 (13.14%) requirieron ser hospitalizados, de los cuales 7175 fueron <15 años. Se observó que el 16,9 % de los pacientes de <1 año requirió ser hospitalizado (p<0.00001). Este estudio, concluye que durante el periodo de estudio, en el Paraguay se observó un incremento progresivo de casos de dengue reportados así como una distribución temporal e incremento progresivo de la incidencia, con un incremento progresivo de la carga por la enfermedad durante las epidemias de los años 2008 a 2013, que se acompañaron de un incremento progresivo del número de casos graves, de hospitalizaciones así como de la mortalidad. Se ha observado un gran impacto de salud con las sucesivas epidemias de dengue ocurridas en el país.

ABSTRACT Dengue is the fastest-spread mosquito-borne viral disease in the world and has a significant socio-economic impact and burden of disease in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The dramatic global geographic expansion and the increase in the incidence of epidemic dengue coincided exactly with urban growth and globalization. Currently, about 3.6 billion people in 124 countries live in areas at risk for this mainly urban disease. In the Americas, Dengue is present with an endemo-epidemic pattern with outbreaks occurring every 3 to 5 years. Between 2001 and 2007, 64.6% of cases (2,798,601 cases) were reported in the Southern Cone, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay; Of which 6,733 were dengue hemorrhagic fever and 500 deaths were reported. About 98.5% of the cases were from Brazil, which also reported the highest lethality rate in the subregion. The four serotypes of the dengue virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) circulate in the region. In Paraguay, Dengue has been endemic since 2009, therefore the overall objective of this study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of Dengue in Paraguay in the period 2008-2013. The results of the study show that in the Paraguay, the Dengue epidemics have a seasonal characteristic, where the cases are distributed in the first semester of the year, being the maximum peak observed in the months of March - April. There is also a progressive increase in the number of cases, incidence, severe cases and patients requiring hospitalization. A total of 33,384 (13.14%) required hospitalization, of which 7175 were <15 years. It was observed that 16.9% of patients <1 year required hospitalization (p <0.00001). This study concludes that during the study period, in Paraguay there was a progressive increase in reported dengue cases as well as a temporal distribution and a progressive increase in the incidence, with a progressive increase in the burden of the disease during epidemics. The years 2008 to 2013, which were accompanied by a progressive increase in the number of serious cases, hospitalizations as well as mortality. A great health impact has been observed with the successive dengue epidemics occurring in the country.

Análise espacial da distribuição de pênfigo vulgar e foliáceo no âmbito de três bacias hidrográficas presentes no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo e a relação com fatores ambientais / Analysis of the spatial distribution of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus under three watersheds present in the northeastern state of São Paulo and the relationship with environmental factors

Focos geográficos bem definidos de pênfigo prevalecem no mundo todo, inclusive no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas vem sendo estudada a possibilidade de fatores ambientais participarem do desencadeamento da doença. A região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, onde localizam-se três Bacias Hidrográficas, apresenta prevalência de duas formas clínicas do pênfigo, pênfigo vulgar (PV) e pênfigo foliáceo endêmico (PFE) sendo uma importante área para o estudo da doença. Nesse estudo, foi utilizado um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para descrever a distribuição espacial e o comportamento temporal de PV e PFE nessa região do Estado de São Paulo nas últimas cinco décadas e caracterizar o uso e ocupação do solo no município com maior número de ocorrências de pênfigo. Os pacientes foram identificados baseados nos prontuários médicos entre 1965 e 2014. Os mapas temáticos foram desenvolvidos com o software ArcGIS 10.2. Para representar a distribuição espacial do pênfigo, os mapas foram organizados em décadas de 1965 a 2014. Para o município com maior número de ocorrências de PV e PFE, o uso e ocupação do solo, de acordo com a hidrografia, a vegetação nativa, à área agrícola, o solo exposto e a área urbana, foi analisado em um raio de 2 km no entorno da residência dos pacientes no momento do surgimento dos sintomas. Como análise adicional, mapas ilustrando a distribuição dos casos de pênfigo de acordo com as classes hipsométricas, declividade do solo e densidade populacional por distrito do município (Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e Central) foram também desenvolvidos. Quatrocentos e vinte e seis casos foram analisados. Os casos de PFE predominaram, com 285 (67%) dos casos. De acordo com a distribuição espacial e evolução temporal, PV não foi reportado de 1965 a 1974, entretanto, os casos de PV tiveram um aumento contínuo nas próximas décadas e ultrapassou o número de casos de PFE na última década. Analisando de forma acumulada os casos, tanto o PV quanto o PFE tiveram aumento ao longo do período estudado, revelando uma expansão espacial. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo teve o maior número de casos com um total de 153 (41% PV e 59% PFE). No período de 1965 a 2014 o número de cidades com registros de casos de PV e PFE aumentou de 0 para 49 e de 13 para 60, respectivamente, com Ribeirão Preto e Batatais sendo os principais focos geográficos de PV e PFE, respectivamente. Ribeirão Preto foi o município com maior ocorrência de pênfigo (35 casos de PV e 37 casos de PFE). A área agrícola (42%) e o solo exposto (33,2%) foram os usos do solo que predominam no município. Além disso, todos os pacientes com PV ou PFE moram perto de rios e área agrícola. Em Ribeirão Preto, os casos de pênfigo estão concentrados nos distritos norte e oeste, os casos de PFE estão distribuídos em baixas altitudes quando comparadas com o PV e tanto o PV quanto o PFE predominam em áreas com baixa porcentagem de declividade do solo. No contexto da saúde pública, o SIG se tornou uma importante ferramenta que ajuda os pesquisadores entenderem a ocorrência e tendência de certos eventos, conduzindo nas melhores estratégias de controle de doenças. As análises de distribuição espacial e evolução temporal mostraram que os casos de PV e PFE aumentaram na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo nas últimas cinco décadas. Esse monitoramento também ajudou a identificar os principais focos geográficos de pênfigo nessa região. A predominância de agricultura e solo exposto em Ribeirão Preto e a proximidade dos casos com rios e agricultura reforça a hipótese de que os fatores ambientais desempenham um importante papel na etiopatogênese do pênfigo

Defined foci of pemphigus prevalence worldwide, including Brazil, raise the possibility that environmental factors trigger the onset of this disease. The northeastern region of the state of São Paulo is located within three Watersheds and is an appropriate site to investigate pemphigus because this disease is prevalent in both clinical forms--endemic pemphigus foliaceus (PFE) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV)--therein. In this study, we have used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to describe the spatial distribution and temporal behavior of PV and PFE in this region of the state of São Paulo over the last five decades; we have also characterized land use in the city with the highest number of cases. Patients were identified based on patients' medical records between 1965 and 2014. Thematic maps were developed with the ArcGIS 10.2 software. To represent the spatial distribution of pemphigus, maps were organized in decades from 1965 to 2014. For the city with the highest occurrence of PFE and PV cases, land use regarding hydrography, native vegetation, agriculture, exposed soil, and urbanization was analyzed within a 2-km buffer surrounding from the patients' residencies considering the address where the pemphigus clinical signs and symptoms started. For additional analysis, thematic maps illustrating the distribution of pemphigus cases according to hypsometric classes, soil declivity, and population density by sector (North, South, East, West, and Central) were designed. Four hundred and twenty-six cases were analyzed. PFE cases predominated: they corresponded to 285 or 67% of the cases. Regarding spatial distribution and temporal evolution, PV was not reported from 1965 to 1974; notwithstanding, PV rose in the following four decades and overcame the number of PFE cases in the last decade. Regarding cumulative cases, both PV and PFE increased throughout the studied period, which revealed spatial expansion. The Pardo River Basin had the highest number of cases with a total of 153 (41% PV and 59% PFE). In the studied period, the number of cities with recorded cases of PV and PFE increased from 0 to 49 and from 13 to 60, respectively, with Ribeirão Preto and Batatais being the main geographical foci of PV and PFE, respectively. Ribeirão Preto was the city with the highest occurrence of pemphigus--35 PV cases and 37 PFE cases. Agricultural area (42%) and exposed soil (33.2%) were the land uses that predominated in the city. In addition, all patients with PV and PFE lived close to rivers and agricultural areas. In Ribeirão Preto, pemphigus cases were concentrated in the northern and western sectors; PFE cases were distributed at lower altitudes as compared to PV; and both PV and PFE predominated in areas with lower percentage of declivity. In the context of public health, GIS has become a powerful tool that helps researchers to understand the occurrence and trend of some events, leading to improved interventional strategies and disease control. The spatial distribution and temporal evolution analyses showed PV and PFE increased in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo over the last five decades. This monitoring also helped to identify the main geographical foci of pemphigus. The predominance of agriculture and exposed soil in Ribeirão Preto and the proximity of the cases to rivers and agriculture reinforced the hypothesis that environmental factors play a role in pemphigus etiopathogenesis

Malaria en Chile: importancia de diagnóstico oportuno a propósito de un caso / Malaria in Chile: Timely diagnosis importance of a case

La Malaria es una parasitosis producida por un protozoo del género Plasmodium, trasmitida por el mosquito Anopheles, existiendo 4 especies capaces de infectar a humanos. El P.falciparum es el agente causal más prevalente, presentando alta resistencia a antimaláricos y mayor probabilidad de complicación y muerte que las otras especies. Se presenta el caso de un paciente proveniente de Nigeria que consulta por fiebre, escalofríos, astenia, adinamia, anorexia, cefalea, trombocitopenia y leucopenia, que posteriormente evoluciona con diarrea y oliguria. Dado el cuadro clínico y el antecedente de residencia en Nigeria, país edénico de Malaria, se hicieron los estudios pertinentes, donde se confirmó la presencia de P.falciparum en el frotis (+++). Por el alto riesgo de complicaciones relacionadas a esta especie, tales como falla renal, anemia severa, hemorragia severa, convulsiones, shock y muerte; se hospitaliza en Cuidados Intermedios, donde evoluciona con deterioro de la función renal, disminución del hematocrito y del recuento plaquetario fuera de rango de severidad, con ictericia y hiperparasitemia en rango de severidad. Se manejo con Mefloquina, Malarone y medidas de soporte vital, logrando rápidamente mejoría clínica y de laboratorio, con disminución de carga parasitaria. Finalmente es dado de alta con tratamiento completo y sin complicaciones. Chile es un país libre de Malaria, pero por la globalización actual es importante considerar esta enfermedad en el diagnóstico diferencial de cualquier cuadro de fiebre inexplicada en pacientes que han estado en países endémicos, determinando de manera oportuna el diagnóstico e iniciar tratamiento precoz para evitar complicaciones potencialmente mortales.

Malaria is a parasitosis produced by a protozoa of the plasmodium gendre , transmited by the anopheles mosquito existing four species capable of infecting humans. The p. Falciparum is the most prevalent causal agent, presenting a high resistance to antimalaric treatment and mayor probability of complications and death than other species. We present a case of a patient provienent from Nigeria that consults with fever , chills , asthenia, adinamia, anorexia, headache, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia that later develops diarrhoea and oliguria. Given the clinical presentation and the history of residence in Nigeria, endemic country of Malaria, pertinent tests were performed confirming the presence of p. Falciporum in the smear (+++). Because of the high risk of complications related to this specie such as renal faliure, severe anemia, severe bleeding, seizures, shock and death the patient was hospitalized in intermediate care unit were he evolves with impairment of the renal function , the hematocrit and the platelet count out of the severity range , with jaundice and hiperparasitemia in severe range. He was treated with mefluoquina , malarone and vital care support quickly achieving clinical and laboratory improvement and lowering the parasite load. Finally he is discharged with a completed treatment and no complications. Chile is a malaria free country but with actual world globalization it is important to consider this desease in the differential diagnosis in any case of unexplained fever in patients that have been in endemic countries determining in an opportune way the diagnosis and giving a rapid treatment in order to prevent the potencially mortal complications.

Aspectos etiológicos e epidemiológicos do pênfigo foliáceo endêmico (fogo selvagem) / Etiological and epidemiological aspects of pemphigus foliaceus (wild fire)

Introdução: Durante a primeira metade do século XX, o pênfigo foliáceo endêmico (fogo selvagem) teve importante impacto social, econômico e político no Brasil. Após mais de um século desde seus primeiros relatos essa doença ainda guarda interrogações sobre o envolvimento de fatores ambientais desencadeantes e sua característica autoimune e endêmica. O objetivo do trabalho é revisar trabalhos publicados por mais de um século, destacando os aspectos epidemiológicos da doença (das diferentes formas endêmicas pelo mundo) e avanços no estudo da sua etiologia. Material e Métodos: Utilizaram-se de trabalhos no PubMed, LILACS, CAPES, Google Acadêmico, Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. Resultados: O fogo selvagem sofreu grande redução do número de casos, principalmente a partir da década de 80 do século XX. O número de estudos sobre a doença vem diminuindo a cada década, várias informações sobre seus aspectos etiológicos e epidemiológicos permanecem há mais de um século sem comprovação precisa. Conclusões: Concluímos que o reduzido número de trabalhos atuais sobre o fogo selvagem se deve a redução considerável da sua incidência após mudanças ecológicas, avanços tecnológicos e melhoria das condições de vida da população das áreas endêmicas. As autoridades deveriam torná-la de notificação compulsória, facilitando a identificação de novos casos e de possíveis áreas endêmicas nos dias atuais. Mais estudos na área contribuiriam também ao estudo das doenças autoimunes em geral e dos fatores relacionados com o aumento da incidência de pênfigo vulgar em áreas endêmicas para fogo selvagem.

Helminth fauna parasitizing Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil / Helmintofauna de Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) do alto rio São Francisco, Brasil

The parasite fauna of catfish, Pimelodus pohli, from the São Francisco River Basin is presented. A total of 45 catfish from the upper São Francisco River (45°15′44″W 18°13′25″S), were examined from July 2009 to September 2011. Forty-three catfish (95.5%) were infected by at least one parasite species, with 885 parasite specimens being found, distributed across 17 species: Monogenea (Demidospermus uncusvalidus, Pavanelliella pavanellii, and Scleroductus sp.); Eucestoda (plerocercoids of Proteocephalidea); Digenea (metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum, adults of Auriculostoma platense and Kalipharynx sp., and juvenile of Prosthenhystera obesa); Nematoda (larvae of Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Procamallanus pimelodus, Procamallanus sp., and unidentified of Cucullanidae, and adults of Cucullanus caballeroi, Philometra sp., and Procamallanus freitasi); and Acanthocephala (adults of Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi). Procamallanus freitasi and Scleroductus sp. were the taxa with the highest prevalence. Demidospermus uncusvalidus, P. freitasi, and Scleroductus sp. were the dominant species. The host's sex did not influence parasitic indexes; however, the total length of the catfish did appear to have some influence. The parasites, with except for P. obesa, were registered for the first time in P. pohli, as well as the occurrence of Kalipharynx sp. and C. caballeroi among pimelodid hosts from São Francisco River and South America.

A fauna parasitária de mandis, Pimelodus pohli da bacia do rio São Francisco é apresentada. Um total de 45 mandis do alto rio São Francisco (45°15′44″W 18°13′25″S), foram examinados entre julho de 2009 e setembro de 2011. Quarenta e três mandis (95,5%) estavam infectados por pelo menos uma espécie de parasito tendo sido encontrados 885 parasitos de 17 espécies: Monogenea (Demidospermus uncusvalidus, Pavanelliella pavanellii, and Scleroductus sp.); Eucestoda (plerocercóides de Proteocephalidea); Digenea (metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum compactum, adultos de Auriculostoma platense e Kalipharynx sp. e juvenil de Prosthenhystera obesa); Nematoda (larvas de Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Procamallanus pimelodus, Procamallanus sp., larvas não identificadas de Cucullanidae e adultos de Cucullanus caballeroi, Philometra sp. e Procamallanus freitasi); e Acanthocephala (adultos de Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi). Procamallanus freitasi e Scleroductus sp. foram os táxons com prevalência mais elevada. Demidospermus uncusvalidus, P. freitasi e Scleroductus sp. foram as espécies dominantes. O sexo dos hospedeiros não influenciou os índices parasitários, mas houve alguma influência do comprimento total sobre eles. Os parasitos, com exceção de P. obesa, são registrados pela primeira vez em P. pohli, bem como a ocorrência de Kalipharynx sp. e C. caballeroi em hospedeiros pimelodídeos do rio São Francisco e da América do Sul.

Impacto de las acciones para la eliminación sostenible de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba / Impact of the actions for the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency in Cuba

Objetivos: Evaluar la efectividad del “Programa de Eliminación Sostenible de Deficiencia de Yodo” mediante determinación de yoduria y prevalencia de bocio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el cual se incluyó a la población escolar cubana de 6 a 11 años que cursaba estudios en el periodo 2011-2012. Se empleó un muestreo estratificado polietápico. En el cual se determinaron los niveles de excreción de yodo en la orina (yoduria) y la presencia de bocio. Resultados. La mediana de yoduria fue de 176,3 µg/L; el 7,6% de los escolares presentaron alguna deficiencia de yodo, solo el 2,2% estaba por debajo de 50 µg/L (deficiencia severa) y el 15,3% tenía yodurias por encima de 300 µg/L. El porcentaje de escolares con nutrición óptima de yodo fue de 43,5%, esta categoría presentó una frecuencia significativamente mayor ( p=0,03) en el estrato montaña (52,5%). La prevalencia de bocio encontrada fue de 17,6%, que corresponde a una endemia ligera. Sin embargo, en el estrato montaña se encontró una prevalencia de 32,6 % (endemia severa). Conclusiones. El análisis integral del impacto de las acciones de control de la deficiencia de yodo evaluado a través de la excreción urinaria de yodo y la prevalencia de bocio refleja que ha dejado de ser un problema de salud poblacional en los estratos urbano y rural de Cuba, atribuible a un adecuado proceso de yodación de la sal. Sin embargo, aún se observa una alta prevalencia de bocio en la zona de montaña de Cuba.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of the Sustainable Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Program through determination of urinary iodine and goiter prevalence. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cuban school children aged 6 to 11 years old in 2011-2012. A stratified multistage sample was used in which the levels of iodine excretion in urine (urinary iodine) and the presence of goiter were determined. Results. The median urinary iodine was 176.3 µg/L; 7.6% of the students showed some deficiency of iodine, only 2.2% were below 50 µg/L (severe deficiency), and 15.3% had urinary iodine above 300 µg/L. The percentage of school children with optimal iodine nutrition was 43.5%, this category showed a significantly higher frequency (p=0.03) in the mountain areas (52.5%). Goiter prevalence was 17.6% which corresponds to a mild endemic. However, in the mountain area the prevalence was 32.6% (severe endemic). Conclusions. The comprehensive analysis of the impact of iodine deficiency control measures assessed by urinary iodine excretion and goiter prevalence reflects that it is no longer a population health problem in urban and rural areas of Cuba, attributable to a proper process of salt iodization. Nevertheless, high goiter prevalence is still observed in the mountain area of Cuba.

La deficiencia de yodo en Cuba / Iodine deficiency in Cuba

Objetivo: caracterizar la magnitud y la severidad de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba. Métodos: se caracterizó la magnitud y la severidad de la deficiencia de yodo en Cuba mediante la determinación de la yoduria y la prevalencia de bocio por inspección y palpación. Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico de corte transversal utilizando un muestreo complejo por conglomerados bietápico en tres estratos de selección: urbano, rural y montaña, el cual incluyó 67 municipios del país con un total de 2 101 escolares de 6 a 11 años. Resultados: se encontraron yodurias deficientes en el 6,4 por ciento de los niños evaluados a predominio del estrato de montaña. Se evidenció una ingesta excesiva de yodo en todos los estratos. La prevalencia de bocio fue de 27, 3 por ciento, considerada como endemia moderada con una mayor cifra en la montaña y sexo femenino. Los hallazgos indicaron el impacto de la yodación de la sal evaluado a través de la excreción urinaria como indicador de ingesta reciente. Conclusiones: el bocio endémico continúa siendo un problema nutricional poblacional, lo que sugiere realizar estudios de mayor profundidad para identificar las posibles relaciones causales

Objective: characterize the magnitude and severity of iodine deficiency in Cuba. Methods: characterization of the magnitude and severity of iodine deficiency in Cuba was based on determination of iodinuria and the prevalence of goitre by inspection and palpation. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted using complex two-staged cluster sampling of three selected strata: urban, rural and mountainous, including 67 municipalities and a total of 2 101 school children aged 6-11. Results: deficient iodinuria was found in 6.4 percent of the children evaluated, with a predominance of the mountainous stratum. Excessive iodine intake was present in all strata. Goitre was classed as moderately endemic, with a prevalence of 27.3 percent and a predominance in the mountainous stratum and the female sex. Findings revealed the impact of salt iodization, which was evaluated through examination of urinary excretion as an indicator of recent salt intake. Conclusions: endemic goitre continues to be a nutritional problem in the population, pointing to the need to conduct more profound studies to identify possible causal relationships