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1.
Psicol. Caribe ; 31(1): 133-160, ene.-abr. 2014.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-712491

RESUMO

Este trabajo analiza desde el enfoque ecológico del desarrollo humano los diversos contextos en los cuales se presenta la violencia y cómo en ellos se llevan a cabo procesos de legitimación que la perpetúan a lo largo del tiempo, lo cual afecta especialmente a la niñez y las nuevas generaciones. En primer lugar, se dilucida las diferencias entre agresión y violencia, para posteriormente definir el proceso de legitimación desde el contexto histórico, la comunidad, la familia y los medios de comunicación, hasta llegar a la forma como las creencias legitimadoras se facilitan en la cognición infantil. Se analizan las bases psicológicas de la legitimación y los mecanismos mediante los cuales opera, comprendidos a través del concepto de desconexión moral, introducido por Bandura.


This paper analyzes from the ecology of human development, the con-texts in which violence occurs and how the processes of legitimation perpetuate violence over time especially affecting children and future generations. First, it elucidates the differences between aggression and violence, later to define the process of legitimation from the historical context, the community, family and mass media. Finally it is explained how legitimating beliefs are given in infant cognition. It discusses the psychological bases of legitimation and the mechanisms through which it operates, including the concept of moral disengagement introduced by Bandura.

2.
Univ. psychol ; 11(1): 103-118, ene.-abr. 2012. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-659541

RESUMO

La victimización es un tema de creciente preocupación escolar. No obstante, no hay claridad respecto del perfil de los estudiantes victimizados, ni de los potenciales factores de riesgo. El presente estudio adopta un enfoque ecológico y un modelo longitudinal, siguiendo a más de 600 estudiantes chilenos de 5to y 6to año, por un período de un año. Se identifican distintas trayectorias asociadas a la victimización (estables, nuevas, resilientes y no víctimas), definiendo perfiles psicosociales asociados a estas. Asimismo, identifica factores de riesgo para hombres y mujeres desde las perspectivas de pares y profesores. Se discuten implicancias conceptuales y metodológicas, así como posibles líneas de prevención e intervención.


Victimization is a growing concern in the school context. Nevertheless, clarity about the profile of victimized students and potential risk factors is still lacking. This longitudinal study followed over 600 Chilean students for a year within an ecological perspective, and identified several trajectories linked to victimization (stable, new, resilient and nonvictims), defining psychosocial profiles. Risk factors for men and women are identified, by taking into account the opinions of peers and teachers. Conceptual and methodological issues are discussed, along with possible prevention and intervention lines.

3.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-988037

RESUMO

Este artículo presenta una reflexión en torno a la metodología propia para una investigación cuyo objeto es la familia. Hace un análisis de diferentes enfoques epistemológicos que soportan tales metodologías a partir del concepto de paradigmas de Kuhn y de autores que permiten establecer los puntos de encuentro y desencuentro de las investigaciones frente a la familia, concretamente, de las prácticas educativas familiares y el clima social familiar, con base en el punto de vista psicológico. El texto muestra, como conclusión, que a partir de los dos principales enfoques del objeto de estudio, los problemas, los métodos y técnicas de investigación, tienen un punto que puede suponerse común: consideran que la interacción con distintos ambientes representa una influencia directa en el desarrollo de los niños. Estas dos variables se soportan en la teoría ecológica de Bronfenbrenner y en la teoría histórico-cultural de Vigotsky.


This paper aims to show a reflection on the convenient method to develop a research which has as object the family. It presents an analysis about the different epistemic approaches, starting from the concept of paradigm by Kuhn and several authors that allow establishing the meetings or disagreement points about this research, specifically, about parenting practices, and social - family weather, based on a psychological point of view. The text shows, as conclusion, that the two principal epistemic approaches have a common point of view: the interaction with different environments represents a direct influence to children's develope processes. These research variables can be supported by the ecologic theory, by Bronfelbrenner and the historical-cultural theory by Vigotsky.


Assuntos
Humanos , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Psicologia Social , Relações Familiares , Habilidades Sociais
4.
Interdisciplinaria ; 24(2): 229-237, ago.-dic. 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-633433

RESUMO

Los procesos cognitivos organizan y transforman inferencialmente la información sensorio-perceptiva del medio. La base de dichos procesos es ecológica. Se entiende como ecológica toda relación entre un organismo viviente y su medio para alcanzar los balances entre su medio interno y externo. Esas relaciones permiten explicar las funciones preservadoras de la vida. La representación mental es una función preservadora de la vida. Cada especie desarrolla (como requisito de superviviencia) su propia representación holográfica del medio ambiente, pero esta representación adquiere la máxima complejidad cognitiva en la especie humana. Si un desbalance se perpetúa, lleva a la muerte del organismo y a la extinción de la especie. En esto reside la importancia del enfoque ecológico y la profundización del mismo. La explicación de los procesos cognitivos ha avanzado a través de un esquema ecológico tipo abajo/arriba, bottom-up, más que a través de esquemas formales - proposicionales de tipo teoricista arriba / abajo o top-down.


Cognitive processes are information, meaning, structure organization and transformation processes, most of which are inferential. Then, an important question about cognitive processes is: What is their deepest basis? Where, when, how and at what level do they originate? Here, it is proposed that the original and deepest basis of cognitive processes is essentially ecological and sustained on the permanent unity and relationship between the living organism and its environment. We understand as ecological the undecomposable union between a living organism and its environment, as well as every kind of immediate and stepwise relationship between them. The relationships between a living organism and its environment is held everyday and continuously in order to get its life-preserving resources and to adopt their adequate, best or most successful actions and reactions over the environment, as well as to reach its necessary internal and external balances with and within it. In these terms, the elementary perception and categorization are seen as basic cognitive processes originated in that permanent and whole ecological relationship. This way, representation systems and information processes as developed by each species are seen as basic preservation functions (life-preservation functions) in the teleonomic sense given by Pittendrigh (1958) and later used by Lorenz (1986) within his ethological approach. These arguments support the idea that any species, whatever simpler or complex it may be, whenever it is endowed of minimal sensors (elementary sensory perceptive receptors) for light (sight), odor (olfaction), sound (hearing), taste and tactile stimuli, etc., can form and must have a minimal representation of its immediate surroundings; and so that those living organisms can then count on or have at their own's disposal a minimal mental representation of the immediate and customary environment in which they live and survive along all their lifetime. Otherwise these living organisms will soon and easily die, and its species will be exposed to be extinguished soon too. So, all these argumentations are required and provided in order to analyze and explain the origin of cognitive processes within an ecological bottom-up direction. The main approaches adopted to sustain this ecological view originate in Gibson's (1979) studies on direct perception, in Rosch's (1978) approaches to natural and prototypical categorization of concept-formation, and, finally, it is also found in different attempts by Schank and Abelson (1977) and other authors to describe, for example, the formation of semantic primitives, or of schemata and scripts on alternative and ever changing areas of commonplace social experience and representations. One cue is to easily differentiate between the role and definition between defined attributes and characteristic or prototypical attributes when referring to concepts and their schemes or networks of relationships. There may be many others authors and examples that could be given to prove this ecological approach, however the above mentioned seemed to us prototypical and sufficient as to be especially included and treated.

5.
Educ. fis. deporte ; 24(2): 49-64, jul.-dic. 2005.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-677078

RESUMO

El presente artículo expone la perspectiva teórica para la promoción de la actividad física en relación con la salud, implementada en el proyecto de investigación "Modelo de movilización social con énfasis en la actividad física para reducir el sedentarismo en las regiones de Antioquia, Quindío y Bogotá, D.C.", auspiciado por COLCIENCIAS y el Ministerio de Protección Social. En el modelo construido, se asumió la promoción de la actividad física como componente de los estilos de vida saludables, desde un enfoque ecológico (factores actitudinales, sociales, culturales y urbanísticos) y un análisis multinivel (individuo, grupo, comunidad, institución, ciudad), partiendo de los enfoques actuales de salud, desempeño humano y calidad de vida y las más reciéntes recomendaciones, emanadas de la evidencia científica sobre el tema.


Tbis article states the theoreticalperspective for the physical activity promotion, implemented in the "Modelo de movilización social con énfasis en la actividad física para reducir el sedentarismo en las regiones deAntioquia, Quindío y Bogotá, D.C." research project, sponsored by COLCIENClAS and Ministerio de Protección Social. The physical activity prornotion was undertakcn as a component of healthy life styles in the made model, since an ecological approach (attitude, social, cultural and urban development factors) and multilevel (person, group, corn m un ity, institution, city), starting from the present health approaches, human performance and life quality and the most recent recommendations whichcome from the scientific evidences about this topic in the lastyears.


Assuntos
Promoção da Saúde , Estilo de Vida , Atividade Motora
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