RESUMO
La simbolización constituye un tema relevante para el psicoanálisis; su teorización y demarcación precisa tiene necesariamente efectos sobre la práctica clínica. Basándose en Freud, Klein y Bion ubican diferencias significativas en las distintas estructuras. Esta delimitación se basa en hipótesis sobre la simbolización, que incluyen, además de las defensas, una aguda descripción sobre las relaciones objetales. También lo hace Winnicott, con originalidad, agregando un estudio detallado de los cuadros límite, la tendencia antisocial y el fenómeno psicosomático -todos ellos presentaciones donde la simbolización exhibe falencias significativas. En las conceptualizaciones kleinianas, el instinto de muerte y el superyó obstaculizan la simbolización. Profundizando esta hipótesis, Bion afirma que la parte psicótica de la personalidad está siempre presente, dando cuenta de que todo no puede simbolizarse, aun en pacientes no psicóticos. Por su parte, Winnicott presenta la angustia inconcebible y el self falso como resultados de una simbolización malograda, a causa de la incidencia de un ambiente "no suficientemente bueno". El presente artículo refleja el modo en que la Escuela Inglesa, a través de sus autores paradigmáticos, trabaja la cuestión de la simbolización, enfatiza la importancia de este tópico y analiza el supuesto "optimismo" en torno a ella, así como también sus límites
Symbolization constitutes a core issue in psychoanalysis; its theorization and accurate demarcation have necessary effects on clinical practice. Based on Freud, Klein and Bion locate significant differences in clinical structures. This delimitation rests on hypotheses about symbolization, involving not only specific defences, but also an acute description about objectal relationships. Winnicott makes his own genuine contribution, adding a detailed study about limit cases, antisocial tendence and psychosomatic phenomenon all of them are clinical presentations in which symbolization capacacity shows significant failures. It can be argued, that in Klein's conceptualizations, death instinct and superego hamper symbolization. Deepening on this hypothesis, Bion states that the psychotic part of the personality is always present, revealing that everything cannot be symbolized. On the other hand, Winnicott introduces the unthinkable anxieties and the false self as a result of important failures on symbolization caused by the incidence of a "not good enough" enviroment. The present paper reflects the way in which the English School, through its paradigmatic authors, works on symbolization, emphasizes the importance of this topic and analyses not only the supposed "optimism"on the matter, but also its limits
Assuntos
Humanos , Simbolismo , PsicanáliseRESUMO
City building is not a one-time effort it is rather a process using which the planners, designers create the habitat for humans. The habitatalong with its constituents parts namely buildings, streets, gardens, squares etc. constitute an urban form. Urban morphology is an importantfield of study along with urban typology. Urbanists, planners and geographers have been practicing them in Europe and America. Theseexplain the process of city building, help in preserving the historic urban form for change and continuity, and quantify the qualitative aspectsof urban form. There exist two widely accepted and discussed streams of city form analysis these are typology and morphology.Authors have during their research have identified three basic schools practicing different thoughts that give shape to city urban form fromdifferent perspectives. The German-British school pioneered by geographer and planner M R G Conzen is the oldest of all. Conzen migratedto England after the World War II. It is stated that study and analysis of urban landscape is the basis of study of city building processexplaining the historicity. The tradition is carried forward by the scholars like Whitehand, Larkham, and Slater under the flagship of UrbanMorphology research group, at University of Birmingham. The Italian school led by architect Muratori founded in early 50s. The Italianarchitects got associated with the thought of city form study on the basis of architectural design theory. This branch of city form study iscalled as typological study of city form. The works of Cannigia, Maffei, Maretto, etc. have established and carried forward the typologicalstudy of cities. The third school known as French school and was founded by architect Philippe Panerai, Jean Castex and sociologist CharlesDePaule in late 60s. The theory of design amalgamated with the social theory of human interaction with the built environment. This paperbrings out the in-depth method of understanding cities by use of three kinds of methods used in morphological studies. This will help us toknow about them in integrated manner and create better understating of city fabric.
RESUMO
Los autores de la Escuela Inglesa de Psicoanálisis abordan las psicosis. Llevan adelante curas de las que dan testimonio en sus escritos. Crean teorías o modelos y, en consecuencia, enfoques clínicos que, aunque diversos, coinciden en ir "más allá de las neurosis de transferencia". El esquema clásico del psicoanálisis no les resulta suficiente para producir cambios en el psiquismo de estos pacientes, dado que buscan generar modificaciones estructurales. En el presente trabajo se exponen las teorizaciones sobre las psicosis de tres destacados psicoanalistas: Klein, Bion y Winnicott. Se ubican puntos de encuentro y de divergencia en relación con este tópico. Se subraya el modo en que ellos presentan un importante volumen de material clínico a los lectores. Muestran, tanto el discurso de los pacientes adultos y el juego en niños, como así también sus intervenciones. De este modo, se ve facilitada la transmisión de sus particulares abordajes. Estos no solamente involucran aspectos conceptuales y clínicos, sino que reflejan, además, una postura ética.
The English School of Psychoanalysis authors approach the psychoses. They develop cures of psychotic patients and expose them in their writings. They create theories or models and therefore, clinical approaches which despite being diverse, coincide on going `beyond transference neurosis`. The classic scheme of psychoanalysis is not enough for them to produce changes on patient's psychism, given that they look for the generation of structural modifications. The theorizations about psychoses developed by three well-known psychoanalysts: Klein, Bion and Winnicott are exposed in this paper. Points of coincidence and divergence related to this topic are highlighted. The way they introduce an important volume of clinical material to their readers is underlined. They show not only the adult patients speech and children's play, but also their interventions. Consequently, the transmission of their particular focuses is eased. These approaches not only involve conceptual and clinical aspects, but also reflect an ethical posture.