Enterobius vermicularis in Brazil: An integrative review

ABSTRACT Enterobius vermicularis, an intestinal helminth, is transmitted through the ingestion of eggs found in food, water, dust, or other fomites, including infected individuals. This review aimed to examine the frequency and distribution of E. vermicularis infections in Brazil between 1991 and 2022. The conducted bibliographic survey revealed that the frequency of E. vermicularis infections in Brazil ranged from 0.1 to 26.1%, depending on factors such as population ethnicity, individual age group, geographic area, time frame, and diagnostic method. However, these findings were based on a limited number of publications, suggesting that the actual prevalence rates of E. vermicularis infection may still be unknown and potentially underestimated.

Absceso hepático por Enterobius vermicularis como diagnóstico diferencial de metástasis hepática en cáncer colorrectal, reporte de caso / Liver Abscess Caused by Enterobius vermicularis as a Differential Diagnosis for Liver Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer, Case Report

Resumen Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal es la cuarta causa de mortalidad asociada con cáncer en el mundo. La identificación de las metástasis de este tumor en el momento prequirúrgico es cada vez más frecuente por los estudios imagenológicos con los que se cuenta en la actualidad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con infección por Enterobius vermicularis que simula la presencia de metástasis hepáticas. Presentación del caso: se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina proveniente del área rural, con dolor abdominal de 1 año de evolución asociado con hemorragia de vías digestivas bajas y pérdida de peso. Las imágenes y estudios endoscópicos muestran una lesión tumoral en el colon sigmoide con biopsias que reportan adenocarcinoma de colon sigmoides, además de lesiones hepáticas sugestivas de malignidad. Se llevó a resección anterior de recto y sigmoides con anastomosis alta y toma de biopsias hepáticas, que descartaron la malignidad e informaron la presencia de infección hepática por E. vermicularis. Discusión: La infección por E. vermicularis a nivel hepático presentada en el caso es poco frecuente, dicha infección puede simular la presencia de metástasis hepáticas, por lo cual debe tenerse en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedad metastásica de cáncer colorrectal.

Abstract Introduction: colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The identification of the metastases of this tumor in the preoperative stage is increasingly frequent due to the imaging studies currently available. We present the case of a patient with an infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis that simulates the presence of liver metastases. Case presentation: a female patient from a rural area showing a one-year abdominal pain evolution associated with lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding and weight loss. Endoscopic imaging and studies displayed a tumor lesion in the sigmoid colon, with biopsies reporting sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma and liver lesions suggesting malignancy. Anterior resection of the rectum and sigmoid was performed with high anastomosis and liver biopsies, which ruled out malignancy and reported the presence of liver infection by E. vermicularis. Discussion: in this case, the hepatic E. vermicularis infection was rare. This infection can simulate the presence of liver metastases; therefore, it should be considered a differential diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer.

Enterobius vermicularis infection in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province: a case report / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

The report presents a case with Enterobius vermicularis infections in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, aiming to strengthen the attention to parasitic infections.

Prevalence and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in Fanxian County of Henan Province in 2019 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in Fanxian County, Henan Province in 2019, so as to provide insights into the management of enterobiasis. Methods Five kindergartens were selected in urban and rural areas of Fanxian County, Henan Province using the stratified sampling method in 2019, and a census of E. vermicularis infections was performed among all children in the kindergartens. E. vermicularis eggs were detected using adhesive and scotch cellophane-tape anal swab methods, and the basic characteristics of children and their families, health habits and the kindergartens’ information were investigated with questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors and protective factors of pinworm infection in children. Results A total of 671 children were tested, and the mean prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 15.50% (104/671). The prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was higher among children in rural kindergartens (28.13%, 72/256) than in urban kindergartens (7.71%, 32/415) (χ2 = 50.380, P < 0.01), and greater in private kindergartens (32.26%, 60/186) than in public kindergartens (9.07%, 44/485) (χ2 = 55.183, P < 0.01). There was no gender-specific prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children (χ2 = 1.442, P > 0.05), and the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections presented a tendency towards a rise with age (χ2trend = 8.373, P < 0.05) and school grade (χ2trend = 30.274, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified rural kindergartens and high grades as risk factors, and separate washing of children’s and adults’ cloths, frequent bathing and frequent dinnerware disinfection in kindergartens as protective factors for E. vermicularis infections among children. In addition, there was no significant difference in the detection of E. vermicularis infections among children by using adhesive (73.08%, 76/104) and scotch cellophane-tape anal swab methods (56.73%, 59/104) (χ2 = 3.959, P > 0.05). Conclusions The prevalence of E. vermicularis infection is high among children in Fanxian Country, Henan Province. Health education and surveillance of enterobiasis are required to be intensified among children in rural kindergartens and senior grades and their parents and teachers.

Surveillance of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence and changing trend of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in Shandong Province, so as to provide the scientific evidence for the adjustment and development of the enterobiasis control strategy. Methods Soil-borne nematodiasis surveillance sites were assigned in 51 counties (districts, cities) in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020, and the E. vermicularis infections were detected using a modified Kato-Katz technique and the cellophane tape method among children at ages of 3 to 9 years living in these surveillance sites. The epidemiological profiles of E. vermicularis-infected children were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 5 060 children at ages of 3 to 9 years were detected in 51 soil-borne nematodiasis surveillance sites in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020, and the overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 2.23%. The annual prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 3.99% (26/651), 1.70% (14/824), 0.96% (8/837), 2.90% (45/1 552) and 1.67% (20/1 196) from 2016 to 2020, respectively, with a significant difference detected among years ( χ2 = 21.455, P < 0.01). The prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 1.25% (15/1 198), 1.85% (14/755), 3.18% (84/2 640) and 0 (0/467) among children from central, eastern, southern and northern Shandong Province (χ2 = 27.326, P < 0.01). In addition, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections between male (1.98%, 56/2 831) and female children (2.56%, 57/2 229) (χ2 = 1.916, P > 0.05); however, there was age-specific prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children (χ2 = 16.448, P < 0.05), with the greatest prevalence detected among children at ages of 6 years (3.18%, 25/786), and the lowest prevalence seen among children at ages of 3 years (0.75%, 6/800). Conclusions The prevalence of E. vermicularis infections remained at a medium level among children at ages of 3 to 9 years in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020, with region-specific prevalence found across the province. An integrated strategy is required for enterobiasis control.

Baja prevalencia de Enterobius vermicularis en niños de los "Centros infantiles del Buen Vivir" Cantón Jipijapa, Ecuador / Low prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in children of "Centros infantiles del Buen Vivir" Canton Jipijapa, Ecuador

Enterobius vermicularis es un helminto que afecta principalmente a niños. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de E. vermicularis en 70 preescolares de Jipijapa, Ecuador. Se identificó un solo niño con el helminto; esto puede atribuirse al tratamiento con Albendazol que los niños escolarizados reciben regularmente en el país

Enterobius vermicularis, is a helminth that mainly affects children. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of E. vermicularis in 70 preschoolers in Jipijapa, Ecuador. A single child was identified with the helminth; this can be attributed to the Albendazole treatment that school children receive regularly in the country

Prevalence and genotype distribution of Enterobius vermicularis among kindergarteners in Shiraz and Khorramabad cities, Iran

Objective: To study the prevalence and genotype of Enterobius (E.) vermicularis from adhesive tape samples in the cities of Shiraz and Khorramabad, Iran. Methods: A total of 1 000 adhesive tape samples from kindergartens in Shiraz (500 samples) and Khorramabad (500 samples) were collected and tested using a microscope to find E. vermicularis egg/s. A questionnaire was filled out for each sample. In order to characterize the genotype of E. vermicularis, the PCR-sequencing method of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was used. Genomic DNA was extracted from the positive scotch tape samples of E. vermicularis. The cox1 gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The sequence data were aligned using the BioEdit software and compared with the published sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method. Results: The parasitological method showed that 15 out of the 500 samples from Shiraz (3.00%) and 12 out of the 500 samples from Khorramabad (2.40%) were infected with E. vermicularis eggs. BLAST analysis indicated that the sequenced isolates belonged to E. vermicularis genotype B while three different haplotypes were also identified. Conclusions: This is the first study on genotyping E. vermicularis in the cities of Shiraz and Khorramabad. Considering the public health importance of the disease, further studies are necessary to characterize the genotype of E. vermicularis in human populations from other regions of Iran.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of Enterobius vermicularis among kindergarteners in Shiraz and Khorramabad cities, Iran

Objective: To study the prevalence and genotype of Enterobius (E.) vermicularis from adhesive tape samples in the cities of Shiraz and Khorramabad, Iran. Methods: A total of 1 000 adhesive tape samples from kindergartens in Shiraz (500 samples) and Khorramabad (500 samples) were collected and tested using a microscope to find E. vermicularis egg/s. A questionnaire was filled out for each sample. In order to characterize the genotype of E. vermicularis, the PCR-sequencing method of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was used. Genomic DNA was extracted from the positive scotch tape samples of E. vermicularis. The cox1 gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The sequence data were aligned using the BioEdit software and compared with the published sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method. Results: The parasitological method showed that 15 out of the 500 samples from Shiraz (3.00%) and 12 out of the 500 samples from Khorramabad (2.40%) were infected with E. vermicularis eggs. BLAST analysis indicated that the sequenced isolates belonged to E. vermicularis genotype B while three different haplotypes were also identified. Conclusions: This is the first study on genotyping E. vermicularis in the cities of Shiraz and Khorramabad. Considering the public health importance of the disease, further studies are necessary to characterize the genotype of E. vermicularis in human populations from other regions of Iran.

Prevalencia y variables asociadas a la transmisión de Enterobius vermicularis en niños en edad preescolar y escolar en dos municipios de Cundinamarca, Colombia / Prevalence and Variables Associated with Enterobius vermicularis Transmission in Preschool and School Children in Two Municipalities of Cundinamarca, Colombia / Prevalência e variáveis associadas à transmissão de Enterobius vermicularis em crianças pré-escolares e escolares em dois municípios de Cundinamarca, Colômbia

Resumen: El presente artículo busca determinar la prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis y variables asociadas en población preescolar y escolar del área urbana del municipio de Chaguaní y dos jardines en Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Para esto se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con toma única de muestra en la población mencionada en 44 y 42 participantes, respectivamente, cuyos padres aceptaron participar voluntariamente firmando un consentimiento para desarrollar una encuesta epidemiológica estructurada, que indagó condiciones socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas y medioambientales. El diagnóstico parasitológico se realizó con la técnica de Graham. Los participantes se distribuyeron por grupo etario: el primero estuvo conformado por 76 niños (88,4 %) con edades entre 1,5 y 8 años; el segundo, por 7 niños mayores de 8 años (8,1%), y el tercero, por 3 niños (3,5 %) sin información al respecto. La variable con significancia estadística (p≤0.05) y posible asociación protectora fue la asistencia médica trimestral y como posible riesgo el contacto con fómites. Así, se encontró que la oxiuriasis es una parasitosis prevalente en la población preescolar y escolar, asociada a condiciones higiénico-sanitarias deficientes.

Abstract: This article seeks to determine the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis and associated variables in preschool and school population in the urban area of the municipality of Chaguaní and two kindergartens in Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colombia. To this end, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted by taking a single sample from 44 and 42 participants from such populations, respectively, whose parents agreed to participate voluntarily by signing a consent to respond to a structured epidemiological survey. This survey inquired into their socioeconomic, epidemiological, and environmental conditions. Parasitological diagnosis was made using Graham's test. Participants were distributed by age group: the first one was made up of 76 children (88.4%) between 1.5 and 8 years old; the second one, of seven children (8.1 %) over 8; and the third one, of three children (3.5 %) with no age information. A statistically significant variable (p ≤ 0.05) and possible protection factor was quarterly medical care. A possible risk factor was contact with fomites. Therefore, it was found that oxyuriasis is a prevalent form of parasitosis in preschool and school population associated with poor hygienic and sanitary conditions.

Resumo: Este artigo pretende determinar a prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis e de variáveis associadas em população pré-escolar e escolar da área urbana do município de Chaguaní e de dois jardins de infância em Cajicá, Cundinamarca, Colômbia. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com tomada única de amostras na população em 44 e 42 participantes, respectivamente, cujos responsáveis aceitaram a participar de forma voluntária e assinaram o consentimento para responder a um questionário epidemiológico estruturado, que indagou sobre condições socioeconómicas, epidemiológicas e meio ambientais. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi realizado com a técnica Graham. Os participantes foram distribuídos por grupo de idade: o primeiro formado por 76 crianças (88,4%) entre 1,5 e 8 anos; o segundo, por 7 crianças com maios de 8 anos (8,1%), e o terceiro, por 3 crianças (3,5%) sem informação a respeito. A variável com significância estatística (p≤0,05) e possível associação protetora foi a assistência médica trimestral e, como possível risco, o contato com fômites. Assim, foi verificado que a oxiuriase é uma parasitose prevalente na população pré-escolar e escolar, associada a condições higiênico-sanitárias deficientes.

Surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis in Danyang City from 2012 to 2018 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To monitor the epidemic status of human soil-borne nematodiasis in Danyang City, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating control measures. Methods The soil-borne nematode infections were tested using a modified Kato-Katz technique among residents aged more than 3 years living in Danyang City from 2012 to 2018, and the Enterobius vermicularis eggs were detected using the transparent adhesive tape anal swab method among children at ages of 3 to 12 years. Results A total of 13 540 residents were monitored for soil-borne nematode infections from 2012 to 2018, and the prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 0.45%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and Enterobius vermicularis infections was 0.32%, 0.12% and 0.01%, respectively, and a single parasite infection was predominant. There were significant differences in the prevalence of soil-borne nematode (χ2 = 42.610, P < 0.05), A. lumbricoides (χ2 = 26.276, P < 0.05) and T. trichura (χ2 = 20.692, P < 0.05). The prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 0.45% in males and 0.47% in females, and lower prevalence was found in local residents than in floating population (0.28% vs. 0.66%; χ2 = 10.561, P < 0.05). The highest infection was found in subjects at ages of 31 to 40 years (0.59%), followed by in subjects at ages of 41 to 50 years (0.56%), and the lowest infection was seen in children at ages of 3 to 5 years (0.27%). In addition, the prevalence of human soilborne nematode infections varied significantly in occupation (χ2 = 75.692, P < 0.05), with the highest infection seen in boatmen. Among the 5 078 children monitored, the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection was 0.37%, and the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection varied significantly in year (χ2= 15.466, P < 0.05). Conclusion The human soil-borne nematode infection is at a low level in Danyang City; however, the surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis remains to be intensified in children living in rural areas and immigrant populations.

Surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis in Danyang City from 2012 to 2018 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To monitor the epidemic status of human soil-borne nematodiasis in Danyang City, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating control measures. Methods The soil-borne nematode infections were tested using a modified Kato-Katz technique among residents aged more than 3 years living in Danyang City from 2012 to 2018, and the Enterobius vermicularis eggs were detected using the transparent adhesive tape anal swab method among children at ages of 3 to 12 years. Results A total of 13 540 residents were monitored for soil-borne nematode infections from 2012 to 2018, and the prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 0.45%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and Enterobius vermicularis infections was 0.32%, 0.12% and 0.01%, respectively, and a single parasite infection was predominant. There were significant differences in the prevalence of soil-borne nematode (χ2 = 42.610, P < 0.05), A. lumbricoides (χ2 = 26.276, P < 0.05) and T. trichura (χ2 = 20.692, P < 0.05). The prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 0.45% in males and 0.47% in females, and lower prevalence was found in local residents than in floating population (0.28% vs. 0.66%; χ2 = 10.561, P < 0.05). The highest infection was found in subjects at ages of 31 to 40 years (0.59%), followed by in subjects at ages of 41 to 50 years (0.56%), and the lowest infection was seen in children at ages of 3 to 5 years (0.27%). In addition, the prevalence of human soilborne nematode infections varied significantly in occupation (χ2 = 75.692, P < 0.05), with the highest infection seen in boatmen. Among the 5 078 children monitored, the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection was 0.37%, and the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection varied significantly in year (χ2= 15.466, P < 0.05). Conclusion The human soil-borne nematode infection is at a low level in Danyang City; however, the surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis remains to be intensified in children living in rural areas and immigrant populations.

Confusing a Pollen Grain with a Parasite Egg: an Appraisal of “Paleoparasitological Evidence of Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infection in a Female Adolescent Residing in Ancient Tehran”

There is often the risk of confusing pollen grains with helminth eggs from archaeological sites. Thousands to millions of pollen grains can be recovered from archaeological burial sediments that represent past ritual, medication and environment. Some pollen grain types can be similar to parasite eggs. Such a confusion is represented by the diagnosis of enterobiasis in ancient Iran. The authors of this study confused a joint-pine (Ephedra spp.) pollen grain with a pinworm egg. This paper describes the specific Ephedra pollen morphology that can be confused with pinworm eggs.

Investigation of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Jiangxi Province in 2014 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

To know the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Jiangxi Province in 2014, so as to provide the evidence for the formulation of prevention and control measures.A survey was performed according to the scheme of the 3rd Principal Human Parasites of Jiangxi Province in 2014. Based on the ecological regions, a stratified cluster sampling method was applied by the economic and geographic situation. There were 84 survey sites from 28 counties, and the basic data were also collected in the different investigation sites, and the round-end tube adhesive cellophane anal swab was used to examine E. vermicularis eggs for the children aged 3–6 years.A total of 1 486 children aged 3-6 years were detected, the E. vermicularis infection rate was 13.73% (204/1 486), and the infection rates were 13.89% (114/821) and 13.53% (90/665) in the male and female, respectively. The infection rate in the different age groups showed a gradual rise then fall trend, the lowest infection rate was 10.05% (38/378) in the 3-year age group, and the highest infection rate was 18.24% (81/444) in the 5-year age group. The infection rates in the high, medium and low-income survey sites were 13.79% (87/631), 17.23% (51/296), and 11.81% (66/559), respectively. The E. vermicularis infection rates in the 4 ecological regions were from 12.34% to 17.74%, but there was no significant difference among the different ecological regions (P > 0.05).The status of E. vermicularis infection in children in Jiangxi Province is relatively serious, and therefore, the parasitic disease control sectors should continue to strengthen the monitoring and control work of E. vermicularis infection in children.

Is it necessary to take anthelmintics every year in Korea?

Is it necessary to intake anthelmintics every year in Korea? To answer to this question, the recent nation-wide egg positive rate of the intestinal nematodes in Korea was presented. The anthelminthics which are purchasable without physician's prescription were also introduced with their pharmacological reaction and indication. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in 2012 was 0.025%. Those of Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis were 0.27% and 0.004%, respectively. In 2018, purchasable anthelmintics without physician's prescription in Korea were albendazole and flubendazole only. Those two anthelmintics were derivatives of benzimidazole that may cause some side effects such as hepatitis, increase of hepatic enzymes, granulocytopenia, or pancytopenia. These anthelmintics showed excellent effect to ascariasis; while, they are not sufficient to treat trichuriaiss. For treatment of enterobiasis, repeated taking 3 times with 3 weeks interval and mass treatment of the family of egg positive person are required. In conclusion, it is not necessary to take anthelmintics every year without specific diagnosis because of negligible egg positive rate of intestinal nematodes and complicated therapeutic module for enterobiasis. There was no specific symptom of ascariasis or trchuriasis if worm burden is not high. The common symptoms of enterobiasis were pain or itching at the perianal area, sleep difficulty, or diarrhea. If intestinal nematode infection is suspected, stool examination or perianal swab should be done before prescribing anthelmintics.

Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among Children in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: Enterobius vermicularis is a parasitic disease that is common in crowded areas such as schools and kindergartens. Primary investigations of electronic evidence have reported different prevalences of E. vermicularis in Iran. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total prevalence of this infection among Iranian children using a meta-analysis. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified in national and international databases. We selected eligible papers for meta-analysis after investigating titles, abstracts, and full texts; assessing study quality; and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data were extracted by two independent researchers. The results were combined using a random effects model in Stata v. 11 software. RESULTS: Among 19 eligible articles including 11,676 participants, the prevalences of E. vermicularis among all children, boys, and girls were 1.2%–66.1%, 2.3%–65.5%, and 1.7%–65.5%, respectively. Pooled prevalences (95% confidence interval) of E. vermicularis among all children, boys, and girls were 17.2% (12.6%–21.8%), 17.2% (12.6%–21.8%), and 16.9% (9.03%–24.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that a great majority of Iranian children are infected with E. vermicularis, possibly due to poor public health.

Apendicitis y parásitos: a propósito de 2 casos / Appendicitis and parasites: Reporting of 2 cases

Objetivo: Enfatizar la importancia de sospechar esta etiología en la patogenia de la apendicitis aguda, especialmente en pacientes procedentes de países endémicos. Casos clínicos: Presentamos dos casos, con cursos clínicos divergentes.

Aim: We would like to emphasize the importance of having a high grade of suspect about the parasitic etiology of appendicitis acute, especially in patients from endemic countries. Case report: We present two cases with divergent clinical evolution.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Enterobius vermicularis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas

Investigations of Enterobius sp. infection in prehistory have produced a body of data that can be used to evaluate the geographic distribution of infection through time in the Americas. Regional variations in prevalence are evident. In North America, 119 pinworm positive samples were found in 1,112 samples from 28 sites with a prevalence of 10.7%. Almost all of the positive samples came from agricultural sites. From Brazil, 0 pinworm positive samples were found in 325 samples from 7 sites. For the Andes region, 22 pinworm positive samples were found in 411 samples from 26 sites for a prevalence of 5.3%. Detailed analyses of these data defined several trends. First, preagricultural sites less frequently show evidence of infection compared to agricultural populations. This is especially clear in the data from North America, but is also evident in the data from South America. Second, there is an apparent relationship between the commonality of pinworms in coprolites and the manner of constructing villages. These analyses show that ancient parasitism has substantial value in documenting the range of human behaviors that influence parasitic infections.

Prevalence and associated factors of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children from a poor urban community in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Enterobiasis (pin worm infection) is caused by Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis). According to World Health Organization, over a billion people are infected worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the transmission of E. vermicularis infection in children from a poor urban community in Sri Lanka. Methods: This study was conducted in the Hantana Tea Estate (HTE) in Kandy district of Sri Lanka. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2013. After obtaining informed consent, data (socio economic data, educational level, deworming history, conditions and availability of the sanitary and housing facilities) were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Clean rectangular (2x3 cm) transparent adhesive cellulose tapes (scotch tape) were distributed among all participants to collect samples. Results: Out of the 204 children 65 (31.9%) were positive for E. vermicularis eggs. Children aged 1-3 years showed the highest prevalence rate (37.5%). The risk factors significantly associated with E. vermicularis infection were, a lack of parental knowledge about pinworm infection (p<0.001), hand washing only with water before a meal (p< 0.001) and after defecation (p<0.029) and de-worming period more than three months (p<0.001). Age, sex, family clusters, sucking fingers, toilet facilities and socioeconomic status were not found to be significantly associated with the infection (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of enterobiasis in children in Hantana Tea Estate indicating a high level of transmission. A lack of parental knowledge and poor personal hygiene were significantly associated with the transmission of E. vermicularis. Furthermore, the present study recommends mass medication of residents and their contacts to reduce the transmission of pin worm infection could be suggested. Further, it seems that singledose treatment may not be effective against enterobiasis. Therefore, treatment should be repeated 2 to 3 times at 3 weeks intervals.

Enterobíase: aspectos atuais / Enterobiasis: current issues

Justificativa e objetivos: A enterobíase - oxiuríase - é uma parasitose intestinal causada pelo nematódeo Enterobius vermicularis. Trata-se de infecção de grande importância na prática clínica por causar parasitose intestinal e estar envolvida com infecções do trato urinário. O objetivo do manuscrito é apresentar os principais aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos relacionados com a enterobíase. Conteúdo: Foram utilizadas as palavras enterobíase e Enterobius vermicularis como descritores na pesquisa de dados nas bases SciELO e Pubmed, assim como em livros-texto relacionados com o tema. A prevalência estimada da infecção no Brasil é de 5,9%, fortemente associada a fatores ambientais, culturais e sociais. O quadro clínico predominante compreende o prurido anal e infecções urinárias em meninas. Possui evolução benigna, com raras complicações, cujo tratamento apresenta eficácia na grande maioria dos casos. Conclusão: Embora possua excelente prognóstico, a disseminação do conhecimento dos aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e terapêuticos da enterobíase é essencial para sua melhor abordagem pelos profissionais médicos.

Prevalence and risk factors of Enterobius vermicularis among preschool chil-dren in kindergartens in Luohu District,Shenzhen City / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence and risk factors of Enterobius vermicularis among preschool children in kindergartens in Luohu District Shenzhen City. Methods A total of 489 children in 6 kindergartens were selected by the stratified sampling method and investigated for E. vermicularis infection by the cellophane anal swab technique. The information of sanitary condition of the kindergartens personal hygiene and family hygiene were investigated by questionnaire. Results The infection rate of E. vermicularis was 10.2% 50/489 . The single factor analysis indicated that the following factors might re?lated to the infection the different classes of kindergartens grades ground of bed room private toilet types of taps and beds bed management education levels of parents frequency of shower and washing anus and washing hands before meal and after WC. The multivariate Logistic analysis indicated that the bed management education level of mothers frequency of washing anus and private toilet were independent risk factors for E. vermicularis infection. Conclusion To control the infection of E. vermicularis the circumstance and management of kindergartens parents knowledge of E. vermicularis infection and chil?dren s healthy habit need improve.