Assessment of Microbial Load and Multidrug-Resistant Profile of Bacterial Flora from Cattle in Bauchi, Nigeria

Aim: The study aimed to assess the bacterial load of in rectal swabs from cattle by isolating Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli, and determining the multidrug-resistant pattern of the isolates. Study Design: The study is a clinical-veterinary laboratory investigation involving the isolation and determination of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile of Enterococcus spp and E. coli isolated from cattle rectal. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Yelwa and Gubi campuses Farm centers of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Nigeria, in period extended from April to June 2021. Methodology: Fresh rectal swab samples were collected from the randomly selected cattle and labeled. The samples were immediately transported and processed in the Microbiology laboratory at Yelwa Campus, and the bacterial load of each sample was determined using standard techniques. Enterococcus spp and E. coli were isolated using differential culture media followed by an appropriate biochemical identification test. The isolates were subjected to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Results: In Yelwa, the highest microbial load is 2.7 x 1012 CFU/g. while the lowest microbial load is 2.0 x 1012 CFU/g. In the Gubi campus, the highest microbial load is 3.4 x 1012 CFU/g. while the lowest microbial load is 2.7 x 1012 CFU/g. Both in Yelwa and Gubi ,the result showed that most isolates of Enterococcus spp and E. coli are multidrug-resistant. In Yalwa some of the isolates showed 100% resistance against Norfloxacin, Rifampicin, Ampicillin, and Streptomycin, while Gentamycin gave the lowest multidrug resistance (57.4%). In Gubi, the highest was to ampicillin with (90.6%) frequency, while the lowest resistance was found in Chloramphenicol (11.3%). In Yelwa, a high percentage resistance (92.6%) was observed in Streptomycin, and Cephalexin has the lowest (20.4%). In Gubi, all the E. coli isolates had 100% resistance against sulfamethoxazole, and the lowest was in Ofloxacin (43.4%). Conclusion: This study found that cattle in the area are reservoirs of bacteria that are both part of the normal flora and opportunistic pathogens, and harbored resistance phenotypes. It is therefore advocated that the use of these animals’ faeces as manure should be done with caution, particularly after pre-treatments.

Differences in microbiology and bacterial susceptibility between alcohol abuse and no alcohol abuse in intensive care unit patients / 中国综合临床

Objective:To investigate the differences in microbiological examination results between alcohol abuse and no alcohol abuse in adult ICU patients and the association between alcohol abuse and these differences.Methods:The adult patients with microbiological examination results were selected from the MIMIC-Ⅲ database and divided into two groups according to whether they had alcohol abuse. The two groups were matched by propensity score, and the similarities and differences in microbiological examination results were evaluated between the two groups after matching. The measurement data of non normal distribution were expressed by M ( Q1, Q3). Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for the comparison of the two groups, and the comparison of counting data was used χ 2 test or Fisher exact probability method. Results:After matching, the alcohol abuse patients were more likely to use mechanical ventilation (47.06% (1 379/2 930) vs. 52.66% (1 543/2 930), χ 2=18.14, P<0.001), had a higher positive rate in sputum samples (44.30% (400/903) vs. 49.41% (501/1 014), χ 2=4.81, P=0.028) and had a lower positive rate in other samples (26.85% (653/2 432) vs. 21.67% (541/2 496), χ 2=17.69, P<0.001). In blood samples, the percentage of Gram-negative bacteria was lower in the alcohol abuse group (26.87% (126/469) vs. 17.25% (74/429), χ 2=11.42, P<0.001), while the percentage of Gram-positive bacteria was higher (78.46% (368/469) vs. 86.01% (369/429), χ 2=8.17, P=0.004). The percentage of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.75% (110/2 930) vs. 2.08% (61/2 930), χ 2=13.88, P<0.001) and Enterococcus sp. (8.19% (240/2 930) vs. 6.45% (189/2 930), χ 2=6.29, P=0.012) was lower in the alcohol abuse group. However, there was a higher percentage of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2.32% (68/2 930) vs. 3.28% (96/2 930), χ 2=4.57, P=0.032) and Haemophilus influenzae (1.30% (38/2 930) vs. 2.01% (59/2930), χ 2=4.19, P=0.041) in the alcohol abuse group. For Staphylococcus aureus (61.10% (322/527) and 52.66% (267/507), χ 2=7.16, P=0.007) and Enterococcus sp. (75.83% (160/211) and 63.64% (56/88), χ 2=4.02, P=0.045), the alcohol abuse group had a lower resistance to levofloxacin; for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the alcohol abuse group had a lower resistance to cephalosporins (all P<0.05). Conclusions:In adult ICU, alcohol abuse might increase the risks of using mechanical ventilation, and patients with alcohol abuse might be more prone to have respiratory tract infections. Alcohol abuse patients with blood infections were less likely to be infected with Gram-negative bacteria, but had a higher probability of Gram-positive bacteria infection. What is more, Alcohol abuse might increase the risks of infections with Haemophilus influenzae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In alcohol abuse patients, the infection of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was less resistant to many antibiotics than that in no alcohol abuse patients.

Characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from a fish farming environment in southern Brazil / Caracterização de Enterococcus spp. isolado de um ambiente de piscicultura no sul do Brasil

Abstract The aim of present study is to characterize the resistance and virulence profile of enterococci isolated from aquaculture excavated ponds and masonry tanks (6 samples) in southern Brazil. Samples were cultured in selective medium, 10 colonies were randomly selected from each sample, which were identified by MALDI-TOF and tested against 13 antimicrobials. The presence of resistance (tetL, tetM, tetS, ermB and msrC) and virulence (ace, esp, agg, cylA and gelE) genes were determined by PCR. A total of 79 enterococci were identified, and Entecococcus faecalis (44.3%) and E. casseliflavus (36.7%) were the most prevalent species isolated. Sixty-five strains (82.3%) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, whereas 27 (34.2%) strains were multiresistant. The overall percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates were: 58.2% to rifampicin, 40.5% to fluoroquinolones, 36.7% to erythromycin and 30.4% to tetracycline. The tetL and tetM genes were found in 57.7% of the tetracycline-resistant strains; and msrC in 31.01% of erythromycin-resistant strains. The most frequently detected virulence factors were ace and gelE genes. Although limited to a single farm, these data suggest that aquaculture may be a reservoir of resistant and virulent enterococci. This study is the first step towards enhancing our understandingof distribution, resistance and virulence profile in enterococci isolated from fish farming environments in the south Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo apresentado é caracterizar o perfil de resistência e virulência de enterococos isolados de viveiros escavados e tanques de alvenaria (6 amostras) de uma pisicultura no Sul do Brasil. As amostras foram cultivadas em meio seletivo, 10 colônias foram selecionadas aleatoriamente de cada amostra, que foram identificadas por MALDI-TOF e testadas contra 13 antimicrobianos. A presença de genes de resistência (tetL, tetM, tetS, ermB e msrC) e virulência (ace, esp, agg, cylA e gelE) foi determinada por PCR. Foram identificados 79 enterococos, sendo Entecococcus faecalis (44,3%) e E. casseliflavus (36,7%) as espécies mais frequentes isoladas. Sessenta e cinco cepas (82,3%) eram resistentes a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados, enquanto 27 (34,2%) eram multirresistentes. As porcentagens gerais de isolados resistentes a antimicrobianos foram: 58,2% para rifampicina, 40,5% para fluoroquinolonas, 36,7% para eritromicina e 30,4% para tetraciclina. Os genes tetL e tetM foram encontrados em 57,7% das cepas resistentes à tetraciclina; e msrC em 31,01% das cepas resistentes à eritromicina. Os fatores de virulência mais comumente detectados foram ace e gelE. Embora limitados a uma única fazenda, esses dados indicam que a aquicultura pode ser uma fonte de enterococos resistentes e virulentos. Este estudo é o primeiro passo para melhorar nosso entendimento da distribuição, resistência e perfil de virulência em enterococos isolados de ambientes de piscicultura no sul do Brasil.

Antimicrobial Resistant Enterococcus sp. Isolated from Clinical Samples

The present study has been targeted towards; investigation of molecular epidemiology and analysis of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial sp. Total 120 new bacterial isolates has been obtained having majority of bacteria Enterococcus sp. from 4 regional hospitals of 92 patients. The antimicrobial susceptibility test has been performed using 18 different antibiotics and resistant strains have been analyzed. Additionally, the isolated strains were tested for antibiotic resistance and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been performed for van A and van B genes. In the series of antimicrobial bacterial species Enterococcus sp. has emerged as one of the potential cause to raise the healthcare problems. This study has significant impact on such kind of molecular epidemiology investigations and may be useful in producing the basic knowledge on the local microorganism to refine and resolve the antimicrobial resistance issues faced by hospitals in the world

Characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from a fish farming environment in southern Brazil

Abstract The aim of present study is to characterize the resistance and virulence profile of enterococci isolated from aquaculture excavated ponds and masonry tanks (6 samples) in southern Brazil. Samples were cultured in selective medium, 10 colonies were randomly selected from each sample, which were identified by MALDI-TOF and tested against 13 antimicrobials. The presence of resistance (tetL, tetM, tetS, ermB and msrC) and virulence (ace, esp, agg, cylA and gelE) genes were determined by PCR. A total of 79 enterococci were identified, and Entecococcus faecalis (44.3%) and E. casseliflavus (36.7%) were the most prevalent species isolated. Sixty-five strains (82.3%) were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, whereas 27 (34.2%) strains were multiresistant. The overall percentages of antimicrobial resistant isolates were: 58.2% to rifampicin, 40.5% to fluoroquinolones, 36.7% to erythromycin and 30.4% to tetracycline. The tetL and tetM genes were found in 57.7% of the tetracycline-resistant strains; and msrC in 31.01% of erythromycin-resistant strains. The most frequently detected virulence factors were ace and gelE genes. Although limited to a single farm, these data suggest that aquaculture may be a reservoir of resistant and virulent enterococci. This study is the first step towards enhancing our understandingof distribution, resistance and virulence profile in enterococci isolated from fish farming environments in the south Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo apresentado é caracterizar o perfil de resistência e virulência de enterococos isolados de viveiros escavados e tanques de alvenaria (6 amostras) de uma pisicultura no Sul do Brasil. As amostras foram cultivadas em meio seletivo, 10 colônias foram selecionadas aleatoriamente de cada amostra, que foram identificadas por MALDI-TOF e testadas contra 13 antimicrobianos. A presença de genes de resistência (tetL, tetM, tetS, ermB e msrC) e virulência (ace, esp, agg, cylA e gelE) foi determinada por PCR. Foram identificados 79 enterococos, sendo Entecococcus faecalis (44,3%) e E. casseliflavus (36,7%) as espécies mais frequentes isoladas. Sessenta e cinco cepas (82,3%) eram resistentes a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados, enquanto 27 (34,2%) eram multirresistentes. As porcentagens gerais de isolados resistentes a antimicrobianos foram: 58,2% para rifampicina, 40,5% para fluoroquinolonas, 36,7% para eritromicina e 30,4% para tetraciclina. Os genes tetL e tetM foram encontrados em 57,7% das cepas resistentes à tetraciclina; e msrC em 31,01% das cepas resistentes à eritromicina. Os fatores de virulência mais comumente detectados foram ace e gelE. Embora limitados a uma única fazenda, esses dados indicam que a aquicultura pode ser uma fonte de enterococos resistentes e virulentos. Este estudo é o primeiro passo para melhorar nosso entendimento da distribuição, resistência e perfil de virulência em enterococos isolados de ambientes de piscicultura no sul do Brasil.

Isolamento e identificação de enterococcus sp em infecções endodônticas primárias / Isolation and identification of enterococcus sp in primary endodontic infections

Este estudo objetivou o isolamento e caracterização bioquímica de Enterococcus sp de canais radiculares portadores de necrose pulpar de 70 pacientes. Foram isoladas 35 amostras de Enterococcus sp em 50% dos pacientes (n = 35) com a seguinte prevalência: 33 amostras Enterococcus faecalis (94,28%), 1 amostra Enterococcus faecium (2,85%) e 1 amostra Enterococcus durans (2,85%). Dos dentes com cultura positiva, 20 apresentaram sintomatologia dolorosa. Odor fétido e secreção purulenta foram observados em três dentes (8,57%). Dos 35 pacientes com cultura positiva, quatro apresentaram edema no momento da coleta e apenas um paciente apresentou fístula. A espécie E. faecalis foi majoritária, estando relacionada aos sinais e sintomas.

Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from broilers infected experimentally with Eimeria spp and fed with diets containing different supplements

Resistant bacteria in animal can be spread to environment and to humans. Poultry feed and infections caused by Eimeria spp. are important factors in determining the intestinal microbial communities. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of species and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus isolated from broilers fed with different supplements and infected experimentally with Eimeria spp. Broilers were divided in eight groups, fed with diets supplemented with a combination of antimicrobial, ionophore-coccidiostatics, probiotic, essential oil. At 14 days old all birds, except the control, received a solution containing oocysts of Eimeria spp. Samples of cloacal swabs from broilers were collected. A total of 240 Enterococcus sp. strains were isolated, confirmed genus by PCR, classified as species, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened by PCR for the presence of tet(L), tet(M) and erm(B) genes. The overall distribution of species isolated from fecal samples was E. faecalis (40 percent), followed by E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (10.8 percent), E. mundtii (10.8 percent), E. faecium (10.8 percent), E. columbae (5.8 percent) and E. gallinarum (4.2 percent). Changes in the composition or frequency of Enterococcus species were observed in all dietary supplementation. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed resistance phenotypes a range of antibiotics, especially used in humans such as, streptomycin, penicillin, rifampicin and vancomycin. There was no correlation between different supplementation for broilers and antimicrobial resistance and the presence of tet(M), tet(L) and erm(B) genes. Dietary supplementation had effect on the Enterococcus sp. colonization, but did not have significant effect on the phenotype and genotype of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci.

In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against hospital-acquired bacteria commonly causing infections in hospitalized patients at Siriraj Hospital.

Objective: To determine the in vitro activity of ceftobiprole against resistant bacteria commonly causing infections in hospitalized patients at Siriraj Hospital. Methods: The studied organisms were MRSA (32 isolates), Enterococcus sp. (30 isolates), ESBL-producing E.coli (20 isolates), ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae (20 isolates), MDR P.aeruginosa (30 isolates) and MDR A.baumannii (30 isolates). The susceptibility of ceftobiprole was determined by the disk diffusion test for all 162 isolates and the MIC was determined by the E-test method for 5 isolates of each organism. Results: All isolates of MRSA and 77% of Enterococcus sp. isolates were susceptible to ceftobiprole. All isolates of ESBL-producing E.coli and MDR A.baumannii were not susceptible to ceftobiprole. Only 10% to 20% of ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa were susceptible to ceftobiprole. The MICs of ceftobiprole against all tested organisms were correlated with the inhibition zone diameters. Conclusion: Ceftobiprole is very active against MRSA and is moderately active against Enterococcus sp. Ceftobiprole is considered inactive or less active against ESBL-producing gram negatives, MDR P.aeruginosa and MDR A.baumannii.