Psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Dominican Republic adolescents

Introduction: This work represents the first attempt to obtain evidence of the validity of an entrepreneurial intention questionnaire in the adolescent population of a Latin American or Caribbean country. The objectives are to study the factor structure, the reliability, the external validity and to test the gender invariance of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire, in its adaptation for adolescents. Method: The sample consisted of 708 adolescents from the Dominican Republic with a mean age of 15.49, 65.2% of whom were women and 35.8% were men. Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's Alpha and Omega scores for reliability, correlations, and a gender invariance routine. Finally, latent means of females and males are compared. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the data and the reliability results were adequate. In addition, the correlations with the Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students were positive and statistically significant. Also, strict gender invariance was successfully verified. Although males presented a higher subjective norm, females showed higher entrepreneurial intentions. Conclusions: The Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire shows adequate psychometric properties and proves useful in conducting research on the promotion of entrepreneurship in early stages.

Introducción: Este trabajo supone el primer intento de obtener evidencias de validez de un cuestionario de intención emprendedora en adolescentes en un país de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Tiene como objetivos reportar la estructura interna, fiabilidad, validez externa y probar la invarianza de género del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en su adaptación para adolescentes. Método: La muestra está formada por 708 adolescentes de República Dominicana con una media edad de 15.49, un 65.2% de mujeres y un 35.8% hombres. Los análisis incluyeron análisis factorial confirmatorio, resultados de Alfa de Cronbach y Omega para la fiabilidad, correlaciones y una rutina de invarianza por género. Finalmente se compararon las medias latentes de hombres y mujeres. Resultados: El análisis factorial mostró un buen ajuste a los datos y los resultados de fiabilidad fueron adecuados. Además, las correlaciones con la Escala de Actitudes Emprendedoras para Estudiantes fueron positivas y estadísticamente significativas. También, se comprobó satisfactoriamente la invarianza estricta por género. Aunque los hombres presentaron mayor norma subjetiva, las mujeres mostraron una mayor intención emprendedora. Conclusiones: El Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora muestra adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para que sea de utilidad en las investigaciones sobre la promoción del emprendimiento en etapas tempranas.

Entrepreneurial Intention of Medical Students in Malaysia: Does Socio-Demographic Profile Matter?

@#Introduction: Though there are abundant studies on entrepreneurial intention among students pursuing higher education, there is a lacuna in understanding the entrepreneurial intention of medical students. In the present scenario of increasing unemployment among young medical graduates, this quantitative study was conducted with an aim to examine the level of entrepreneurial intention among medical students and the socio-demographic factors influencing it. Methods: The participants were 318 medical students of a private university in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study design with a validated adapted questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A moderately high level of entrepreneurial intention was found among the study population. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant impact of gender and marital status on their entrepreneurial intention while ethnicity, year of study, household income or educational loan did not have a significant influence. Conclusion: Medical students in Malaysia showed a moderately high inclination towards an entrepreneurial career. Non-economic factors like gender and marital status proved to be stronger influencers of entrepreneurial intention than economic factors. This may help policy makers plan strategies to sustain their entrepreneurial intentions and facilitate for more entrepreneurial activities among young doctors in the futu

AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS' ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS

To undertake certain business activity, turn it into profitable ones and contribute towards economic development, how good it seems to read, right? According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor India report, 11 percent of the Indian adult population is engaged in early-stage entrepreneurial activities out of which only 5 percent manage to establish their business that survives more than 42 months. It is secondary how many survive for longer, the main concern is how many intend to be an entrepreneur. This study aims at ?nding out the impact of demographic profile, personality traits, social and cultural factors, and educational factors affecting the intention of MBA postgraduates of MGM Institute of Management & Research, Aurangabad.

La intención y formación emprendedora en programas de administración de empresas / Entrepreneurial intention and training in business administration programs / Intenção empreendedora e treinamento em programas de administração de empresas

Resumen Introducción: las instituciones educativas y en especial las universidades, deben ser instituciones líderes en la formación para el emprendimiento en los jóvenes, sin embargo, diversas variables como la falta de un mayor interés en entender el emprendimiento como una cultura y una mayor planeación en su enseñanza, impide que se comprenda y se analice dicha intención como eje fundamental para predecir los comportamientos empresariales de los estudiantes en el futuro. Objetivo: el presente artículo tiene como propósito analizar la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes de administración de empresas del municipio de Tunja. Materiales y métodos: cualitativa se utiliza un análisis documental en torno a la formación sobre emprendimiento que se imparte en estos programas en Colombia, también se analizan las respuestas a preguntas abiertas realizadas a 245 estudiantes de la carrera en este municipio. Resultados: se encuentra que, a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados en el país, existe un sesgo en la formación, pues muchos de los programas asocian y enseñan el emprendimiento como la formulación de planes de negocios y no como una cultura, pues prevalece la desconexión entre la universidad - empresa-estado, sin hacer un análisis real del contexto. Por su parte, los estudiantes se quejan sobre la manera como sus programas enseñan este tema y la dificultad de llevar a la práctica sus ideas de negocios. Conclusión: es durante la niñez, la adolescencia y la época universitaria el momento ideal para la formación del emprendimiento en los niños y jóvenes.

Abstract Introduction: educational institutions, and especially universities, must be leading institutions in training for entrepreneurship in young people, however, various variables such as the lack of greater interest in understanding entrepreneurship as a culture and greater planning in its teaching, it prevents this intention from being understood and analyzed as a fundamental axis for predicting the entrepreneurial behaviors of students in the future. Objetive: to analyze the entrepreneurial intention of the business administration students of the municipality from Tunja. Materials and methods: from a qualitative methodology, is used a documentary analysis of the training to undertake these programs in Colombia, at the same time are analyzed the answers to open questions asked of 245 career students in this municipality. Results: it is found that despite the efforts made in the country, there is a bias in training, as many of the programs associate and teach entrepreneurship as the formulation of business plans and not as a culture, because when planning the study, prevails the disconnection between the university-company-state, without making a real analysis of the context. For their part, the students have many complaints about how their programs teach this topic and about the difficulty of implementing their business ideas. Conclusions: It is concluded that it is during childhood, adolescence and university time the ideal time for the formation of entrepreneurship in children and young people.

Resumo Introdução: as instituições de ensino, e principalmente as universidades, devem ser instituições líderes na formação para o empreendedorismo dos jovens, porém, variáveis diversas como a falta de maior interesse em compreender o empreendedorismo como cultura e maior planejamento no seu ensino, impede que essa intenção seja compreendida e analisada como eixo fundamental para a previsão do comportamento empreendedor dos alunos no futuro. Objetivo: analisar a intenção empreendedora de estudantes de administração de empresas do município de Tunja. Materiais e métodos: com base em uma metodologia qualitativa, é utilizada uma análise documental em torno da formação em empreendedorismo que é ministrada nesses programas na Colômbia, também são analisadas as respostas a perguntas abertas feitas a 245 alunos da carreira neste município. Resultados: apesar dos esforços realizados no país, existe uma tendência na formação, uma vez que muitos dos programas associam e ensinam o empreendedorismo como formulação de planos de negócios e não como cultura, desde o descompasso entre os universidade-empresa-estado, sem fazer uma análise real do contexto. Já os alunos reclamam da forma como seus programas ensinam o tema e da dificuldade de colocar em prática suas ideias de negócios. Conclusão: que é na infância, na adolescência e na universidade o momento ideal para a formação do empreendedorismo nas crianças e jovens.

Intenção Empreendedora: Análise do poder preditivo do Perfil Empreendedor e dos Valores Relativos Ao Trabalho / Entrepreneurial Intention: Analysis of the Prediction of Entrepreneurial Profile and Work Values

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o papel preditor do Perfil Empreendedor (PE) e dos Valores Relativos ao Trabalho (VRT) na Intenção Empreendedora (IE). Foi utilizada uma amostra de conveniência composta por 323 estudantes de uma universidade pública. No que tange à dimensionalidade, a de IE é unifatorial, PE composta por nove dimensões (oportunidade, persistência, eficiência, informações, planejamento, metas, controle, persuasão e rede), e VRT com seis dimensões (autodeterminação, segurança, realização, universalismo, poder e conformidade), todas estão publicadas e apresentam evidências de validade. Foram utilizadas escala de resposta Likert, sendo as de PE e IE de 10 pontos e VRT de 5 pontos. A média de IE foi 5,48(DP = 2,61), em PE as maiores médias foram em informações (M = 8,36; DP = 1,10) e eficiência (M = 8,26; DP = 1,63). Para VRT, as maiores médias foram em segurança (M = 4,66; DP = 0,65) e realização (M = 4,64; DP = 0,64). A análise de regressão múltipla padrão mostrou que os antecedentes PE e VRT explicaram 20% da variância de IE, sendo a contribuição significativa oriunda das dimensões oportunidade (ß = 0,30; p = 0,000), metas (ß = 0,14; p < 0,05), autodeterminação (ß = 0,32; p < 0,05) e poder (ß = 0,17; p < 0,05). Os achados apontam que a busca de novas oportunidades de trabalho, clareza de objetivos profissionais e o desejo de ter um trabalho desafiador contribuem na intenção de abrir um negócio.

The main goal of this study was to analyze the predictive power of Entrepreneurial Profile (PE) and Work-Related Values (VRT) in Entrepreneurial Intent (IE). A convenience sample composed of 323 students from a public university was used. Regarding dimensionality, the IE is one-factor, PE composed of nine dimensions (opportunity, persistence, efficiency, information, planning, goals, control, persuasion and network), and six-dimensional VRT (self-determination, security, achievement, universalism, power and compliance), all are published and provide evidence of validity. Likert response scale was used, with 10-point PE and IE and 5-point VRT. The mean IE was 5.48 (SD = 2,61), in PE the highest means were information (M = 8,36; SD = 1,10) and efficiency (M = 8,26; SD = 1,63). For VRT, the highest averages were safe (M = 4,66; SD = 0,65) and achievement (M = 4,64; SD = 0,64). Multiple regression analysis showed that the PE and VRT antecedents explained 20% of the IE variance, with the significant contribution coming from the opportunity dimensions (ß = 0,30; p = 0,000), goals (ß = 0,14; p < 0,05), self-determination (ß = 0,32; p < 0,05) and power (ß = 0,17; p < 0,05). The findings indicate that the search for new job opportunities, clarity of professional goals and the desire to have a challenging job contribute to the intention of opening a business.

Relationship among optimism, entrepreneurial failure fear and entrepreneurial intention in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the main characteristics of college students' entrepreneurial failure fear, and the mediating effect on the relationship between optimism and entrepreneurial intention among college students. Methods: Totally 427 college students were selected. Their optimism trait, entrepreneurial failure fear and entrepreneurial intention were accessed with the Optimism-pessimism Scale (OS), Failure Fear Scale (FFS) and Individual Entrepreneurial Intention Scale IEIS). Results: The average FFS score in college students was (2.8 ± 0.6). The scores of decrease of social value were higher in males than in females (P ＜0.01). The scores of decrease of self-esteem were higher in students from rural than those from cities (P ＜ 0.05). The total FFS scores were lower in freshmen than in sophomores, juniors and seniors (P ＜0.01). OS scores positively predicted IEIS scores (β =0.19, P ＜0.001), and FFS scores partially mediated the relationship between the scores of OS and IEIS (effect size = 0.11, 95％ CI:0.04-0.19). Conclusion: This study shows significant gender, birthplace and grade differences in college students' entrepreneurial failure fear. Entrepreneurial failure fear maybe partially mediate the relationship between optimism pessimism and entrepreneurial intention.

Validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia / Validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire in a Sample of University Students from Colombia

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora (CIE) en Colombia. Este cuestionario, desarrollado y validado en España (Rueda, Moriano, & Liñán, 2015), se enmarca dentro de la Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAI, Ajzen, 1991). La TAP resulta en la actualidad el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. Con una muestra de 316 estudiantes universitarios colombianos, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirma que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora. Disponer de escalas de medida fiables y validadas en distintos contextos culturales permite las comparaciones entre distintas entidades y/o para una misma entidad en diferentes momentos (por ejemplo, antes y después de impartir un curso orientado al emprendimiento). Un mejor conocimiento de los antecedentes psicosociales (actitudes hacia el emprendimiento, norma subjetiva y autoeficacia emprendedora) que conducen a jóvenes universitarios a emprender puede contribuir a un diseño más adecuado de los programas de formación emprendedora que se están impulsando en muchas universidades y desde otro tipo de instituciones.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Colombia. This questionnaire, developed and validated in Spain (Rueda, Moriano, & Linân, 2015), draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention nowadays. With a sample of 316 Colombian university students, the results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurial intentions. The availability of reliable measurement scales validated in different cultural contexts allows comparisons among institutions and/or within an institution along the time (e.g. before and after a course on entrepreneurship). A deep understanding of the psychosocial antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) that lead young university students to become entrepreneurs might contribute to a better design of the entrepreneurship education programmes that are being developed from universities and other institutions.

Relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention and roles of achievement motive and risk aversion in college students.Methods:In this study,375 college students were selected from Henan University.Their narcissism,entrepreneurial intention,achievement motive and risk aversion were assessed with the Narcissism Scale,Entrepreneurial Intentions,The Achievement Motive Scale,and General Risk Aversion Scale.Results:The scores of overt narcissism positively predicted the scores of entrepreneurial intention (3 =0.37,P ＜ 0.001),the predictive effect of covert narcissism on entrepreneurial intention was not significant (β =-0.05,P ＞ 0.05).The scores of achievement motive partly mediated the relationship between the scores of overt narcissism and entrepreneurial intention (95％ CI:0.06-0.22),and this mediation effect was moderated by the scores of risk aversion (β =0.09,P ＜ 0.05).Only when the score of risk aversion was higher (above one standard deviation),achievement motive was a mediator between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention.When the score of risk aversion was lower,the mediate effect was not valid.Therefore,the moderated mediation model was confirmed.Conclusion:It suggest that the moderated mediation model is feasible,that is,achievement motive is a mediator between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention,but this mediation is moderated by risk aversion.

Intenção empreendedora em estudantes universitários: adaptação e validação de uma escala (QIE) / Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE) / Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación de un cuestionario (QIE)

O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.

The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.

El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.

Ação planejada e intenção empreendedora entre universitários: analisando preditores e mediadores / Planned behavior and entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students: analyzing predictors and mediators / Acciones planeadas e intención empresarial entre universitarios: analizando predictores y mediadores

Este estudo analisa o efeito de variáveis de percepção de contexto do ambiente universitário e familiar e também de variáveis motivacionais e atitudinais na intenção empreendedora de jovens universitários. Testou-se também a influência indireta da atitude positiva em relação ao empreendedorismo nessas relações. Participaram 2.999 estudantes de diversos cursos de uma universidade pública do Brasil. Os resultados indicam que a motivação para o poder, seguida pela aprendizagem empreendedora e a menor percepção de risco são melhores preditores da intenção empreendedora. Além disso, os efeitos das relações entre motivos de poder,aprendizagem empreendedora e percepção de risco na intenção empreendedora são mediados pela atitude positiva em relação ao empreendedorismo. O estudo oferece evidências a favor das teorias da ação racional e da ação planejada, ressaltando o papel fundamental da atitude na intenção de escolha do empreendedorismo.

This study analyzes the effect of context perception variables in both academic and family environments, as well as motivational and attitudinal variables in the entrepreneurial intentions of university students. It also tested the indirect influence of positive attitude towards entrepreneurship among these relations.The participants in this study were 2,999 students from various departments at a public university in Brazil. The results indicate that the motivation for power, followed by entrepreneurial learning and lower perception of risk,are better predictors of entrepreneurial intention. In addition, the effects of the relationships between power,entrepreneurial learning, and perception of risk on entrepreneurial intention are mediated by positive attitude towards entrepreneurship. The study provides evidence for the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior,highlighting the key role of attitude in the intention to choose entrepreneurship.

Este estudio analiza el efecto de las variables de percepción del contexto académico y familiar ytambién de las variables motivacionales y actitudinales sobre la intención empresarial de estudiantes universitarios. Ha sido puesta a prueba también la influencia indirecta de la actitud positiva hacia la carrera empresarial en estas relaciones. Participaron un total de 2.999 alumnos de varios cursos de una universidad pública de Brasil. Los resultados apuntan que la motivación por el poder, seguida del aprendizaje empresarial y la baja percepción de riesgo son los mejores predictores de la intención empresarial. Además, los efectos de las relaciones entre el poder, el aprendizaje empresarial y la percepción de riesgo sobre la intención empresarial son mediados por la actitud positiva hacia la carrera empresarial. El estudio presenta evidencias a favor de las teorias de la acción racional y planeada, destacando el papel fundamental de la actitud en la intención de elegir la carrera empresarial.