Enumeration of Salmonella Species Isolated in Ready–to–Eat Fruits Vended in Bukuru Market, Jos South, Plateau State

Background: Despite control measures to curtailed salmonella fruit contamination over the years, pathogenic disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of Salmonella contaminated fresh-cut-fruits pose a significant problem to human health by the consumption of fresh and minimally processed fruits. This study aimed to enumerate and determine the prevalence of Salmonella species isolated in ready-to-eat fruits vended in Bukuru Market Jos South, Plateau state. Methodology: A total of seventy-eight ready-to-eat vended fruit samples were purchased and cultured for the enumeration of bacterial isolates according to National Food Safety Standard for Microbiological Examination. Pulp pH value of each fruit was obtained by immersing litmus paper into the pulp and results recorded. Results: Of the 78 fruits specimen, 22 (28.2%) were Salmonella positive. The prevalence rates of salmonella isolated were found to be higher (22.7%) in both coconut and avocado followed by watermelon (18.2%) and sweetmelon (13.6%) as compared with other fruits in the study area. Lower rates of 4.5% were found in banana, pawpaw, and dates with a rise in apple with 9.1% respectively. Conclusion: The study showed a high p<0.05 (7.811) prevalence of pathogenic Salmonella species isolated in ready-to-eat fruits in the study area revealing that the spread of salmonella is not independent of fruits thereby suggestive of contamination made available by fruit vendors in this part of the world. Thus, epidemiological traceability and significant measures must be taken to check the safety of these vended products before consumption.

Analytical performance verification protocols and specifications of CD34 +cell enumeration by flow cytometry / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the analytical performance verification protocols and performance specifications of CD34+cell enumeration by flow cytometry for clinical laboratories.Methods:According to international guidelines and National Health Standard of China, we designed the performance verification protocols of CD34 +cell enumeration (including percent count and absolute count) by flow cytometry. Four quality assessment materials, three leukapheresis products and three samples of peripheral blood were selected to verify the precision, linearity, carryover, trueness and accuracy of FACSCanto Ⅱ measurement system, and the assessment criterion was set according to the detection technologies of clinical laboratories. Results:The CVs of intra-run precision of percent count and absolute count were 2.5% to 8.9% and 3.0% to 9.0%; the CVs of inter-run precision were 2.8% to 10.5% and 3.8% to 9.9%, respectively. The slopes of linearity regression equation of low range (3.6/μl to 123.6/μl) and high range (113.2/μl to 1196.3/μl) were 0.993 2 and 0.965 2, and R2 were 0.999 6 and 0.993 9, and the biases were -8.67% to 0.22%. The carryover of percent and absolute count were 0.07% and 0.00%. When percent count≤0.2% or absolute count≤20/μl, the absolute biases of trueness were in the range of ±0.006% or ±0.5/μl, and the absolute biases of accuracy were in the range of ±0.02% or ±0.9/μl; when percent count>0.2% or absolute count>20/μl, the relative biases of trueness were in the range of ±5.65%, and the relative biases of accuracy were in the range of ±8.19%. The verification results met the assessment criterion set in this study. Conclusions:The performance verification protocols and assessment criterion formulated in this study not only conform to the recommendations of domestic and foreign guidelines, but also conform to state of the detection technologies of native clinical laboratories, which can be taken as a reference of performance verification for clinical laboratories.

Establishment of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the enumeration of cell particles in urine and applied to multi-center evaluation of an automated urine analyzer / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To establish a candidate reference procedure for the enumeration of cell particles in urine and applied to the multi-center performance evaluation of an automated urine formed elements analyzer.Methods:According to the standardized mannual microscopic examination of fresh non-centrifuged urine samples and the recommended reference method for enumeration of cell particles in urine published by ISLH, we established a candidate reference procedure for the enumeration of cell particles in urine. From four class A tertiary hospitals′ clinical laboratories, three rigorous trained technicians per hospital tested the same specimen respectively using the reference procedure. Each specimen was repeatedly counted 5 times, obtaining the quantitative results of cell particles were obtained in urine. Four hospitals used the established candidate reference measurement procedure and the automated urine formed elements analyzer to detect 40 to 60 urine specimens from September 2020 to January 2021, and evaluate the established reference method, meanwhile evaluate the accuracy and consistency of the each count from automated urinalysis analyzer.Results:Using the candidate reference measurement procedures, the coefficient of variation of results derived from three trained technicians per hospital was less than 6.98% (red blood cells), 6.99% (white blood cells), 13.94% (epithelial cells) and met the quality requirements. The performance evaluation results of automated urine formed elements analyzer showed that the accuracy of red blood cells, white blood cells and epithelial cells met the requirements (bias≤4.98%) and was well consistent with the reference measurement procedure ( R2≥0.989). Conclusions:A candidate reference measurement procedure for the enumeration of urine cell particles was successfully established with satisfactory precision and accuracy. This procedure was applied to multicenter performance evaluation of an automated urine formed elements analyzer with good accuracy and consistency.

Enumeration of CD34-positive Stem Cells Using the ADAMII Image-based Fluorescence Cell Counter

BACKGROUND: It is very important to accurately enumerate CD34-positive (CD34+) cells for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We evaluated the ability of the newly developed image based-immunofluorescence cell counter ADAMII (NanoEntek, Seoul, Korea) to enumerate CD34+ cells, which was improved through simultaneous CD45 analysis. METHODS: We enumerated CD34+ cells with ADAMII using 19 peripheral blood (PB) and 91 leukapheresis samples from HSCT donors. Analytical performance, including precision and linearity, was analyzed, and sample stability during storage was evaluated. Viable CD34+ cell count (vCD34) and viable CD45+ cell count (vCD45) and the percentage of viable CD34+ cells among viable CD45+ cells (CD34/CD45) as measured by ADAMII were compared with the corresponding values from two flow cytometry assays, using regression analysis. RESULTS: ADAMII demonstrated acceptable precision, as CV values of vCD34 from six samples with different counts were all < 10% (range: 3.49–9.51%). CV values of the vCD45 and CD34/45 ranged from 4.03% to 9.67% and from 2.48% to 10.07%, respectively. The linearity of vCD34 showed an excellent R 2 value (0.99) when analyzed using the intended count and flow cytometry data. The ADAMII and two flow cytometry-based assays generated very similar data for the PB and leukapheresis samples. CONCLUSIONS: ADAMII demonstrated excellent performance for use as a routine clinical assay in terms of CD34+ cell enumeration from PB and leukapheresis samples. Moreover, it could be used as a point-of-care-test for determining mobilization time and predicting an adequate apheresis stem cell product.

RE: Spinal Enumeration by Morphologic Analysis of Spinal Variants: Comparison to Counting in a Cranial-To-Caudal Manner

No abstract available.

Métodos para estimação da subenumeração do grupo etário de 0 a 4 anos no Censo Demográfico brasileiro de 2000 / Methods for estimation of subenumeration of the 0-4 year old in the 2000 Brazilian Demographic Census / Métodos para la estimación de la subenumeración del grupo cero a cuatro años en el Censo Demográfico Brasileño del año 2000

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a aplicação de técnicas que contribuam para identificar e corrigir a subenumeração censitária para o grupo etário de 0 a 4 anos, utilizando, como população base, aquela enumerada no Censo Demográfico de 2000. Frequentemente, esse grupo possui baixa enumeração, se comparada àquela de faixas etárias da população adulta. Foram aplicadas cinco técnicas para a estimação do grupo de 0 a 4 anos e os resultados indicam que, não obstante o fato de técnicas já comumente usadas oferecerem resultados satisfatórios, formas alternativas têm grande potencial a ser explorado.

Our aim is to apply techniques which contribute to identify and correct the census underenumeration for people aged 0-4 years old, using population enumerated in the 2000 Brazilian census as reference for estimations. Usually, this group has lower enumeration than others, such as adult population. Five techniques were applied to the 0-4 year old group estimation and results indicate that, although usual techniques have offered satisfactory results, alternative forms have great potential to be explored.

El objetivo de este trabajo es la aplicación de técnicas que contribuyen en la identificación y corrección de la subenumeración censal del grupo etario de cero a cuatro años de edad, sobre la base de la población enumerada en el Censo Demográfico de 2000. Frecuentemente, este grupo posee baja enumeración, si se lo compara con la de otros grupos etarios de la población adulta. Para cumplir el objetivo, fueron aplicadas cinco técnicas para la estimación del grupo de cero a cuatro años, y los resultados señalan que, pese a que las técnicas comúnmente usadas ofrecen resultados satisfactorios, algunas formas alternativas también muestran gran potencial a ser explorado.

Spinal Enumeration by Morphologic Analysis of Spinal Variants: Comparison to Counting in a Cranial-To-Caudal Manner

OBJECTIVE: To compare the spinal enumeration methods that establish the first lumbar vertebra in patients with spinal variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 1446 consecutive patients who had undergone computed tomography of the spine from March 2012 to July 2016, 100 patients (62 men, 38 women; mean age, 47.9 years; age range, 19–88 years) with spinal variants were included. Two radiologists (readers 1 and 2) established the first lumbar vertebra through morphologic analysis of the thoracolumbar junction, and labeled the vertebra by counting in a cranial-to-caudal manner. Inter-observer agreement was established. Additionally, reader 1 detected the 20th vertebra under the assumption that there are 12 thoracic vertebra, and then classified it as a thoracic vertebra, lumbar vertebra, or thoracolumbar transitional vertebra (TLTV), on the basis of morphologic analysis. RESULTS: The first lumbar vertebra, as established by morphologic analysis, was labeled by each reader as the 21st segment in 65.0% of the patients, as the 20th segment in 31.0%, and as the 19th segment in 4.0%. Inter-observer agreement between the two readers in determining the first lumbar vertebra, based on morphologic analysis, was nearly perfect (κ value: 1.00). The 20th vertebra was morphologically classified as a TLTV in 60.0% of the patients, as the first lumbar segment in 31.0%, as the second lumbar segment in 4.0%, and as a thoracic segment in 5.0%. CONCLUSION: The establishment of the first lumbar vertebra using morphologic characteristics of the thoracolumbar junction in patients with spinal variants was consistent with the morphologic traits of vertebral segmentation.

Methodological study on microbial limit test of zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion / 药物评价研究

Objective To establish a method for the microbial limit test of zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015.Methods Microbial enumeration test and specified microorganisms test with instructions were conducted from Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015,which involved 10 batches zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion and five species of bacteria in all.The samples were treated by centrifugation and membrane filtration.Microbial enumeration test:the total number of aerobic bacteria using TSA medium to examine,strains were Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Bacillus subtilis,Candida albicans,and Aspergillus niger;The total number of molds and yeasts using SDA culture medium to examine,strains were Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.Each strain was divided into two groups:Adding bacteria test group and bacteria control group.Samplecontrol group and negative control group of each culture medium was prepared respectively.Count the colonies and calculate the rate of recovery.Specified microorganisms test:Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were applicated and set the bacteria validation group,sample control group,and negative control group.The culture medium of each group was crossed on the corresponding medium plate,and Microflex LT mass spectrometer was used to identify the bacteria.Results The recoveries of all kinds of strains in microbial enumeration test,total yeast and mold count were 0.75-1.16 in all batches.In the validations of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,all kinds of strains were respectively detected in bacteria validation group,and there were no bacterial growth in sample control group and negative control group.Conclusion The microbiological examination methods for zinc oxide and talcum powder lotion can meet the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015.

Study on Applicability of Microbiological Examination Methods for Shegan Mixture in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To standardize the method of microbiological examination on Shegan Mixture in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015. Methods Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 was used. Microbial enumeration test and specified microorganisms test were used to verify Shegan Mixture. The samples were treated by membrane filtration. Six kinds of strains for microbiological counting and limiting bacteria were used to study applicability. Results Microbial counts of the five strains of the recovery ratio were between 0.5 to 2, and Escherichia coli tested by control bacteria was qualified. Conclusion The microbiological examination methods for Shegan Mixture can meet the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015.

Comparison of different scoring systems in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery for predicting mortality and morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative risk estimation evaluating mortality and morbidity might help surgical decision. AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivities of physiologic and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity (POSSUM), portsmouth‑POSSUM (P‑POSSUM), colorectal‑POSSUM (CR‑POSSUM), the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland colorectal cancer model (ACPGBI CRC) and revised ACPGBI CRC scoring systems that are used for evaluating mortality and morbidity in colorectal surgery performed in third‑level healthcare centers. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective analysis has been performed on 335 consecutive patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery between 2002 and 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mortality and morbidity risks of 335 patients who underwent colorectal cancer were evaluated using these scoring systems and the results were compared with actual mortality and morbidity within postoperative 30‑day that extend the duration of hospital stay. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were designed to identify the score values. RESULTS: Results of POSSUM and P‑POSSUM systems showed statistical differences compared with those of CR‑POSSUM, ACPGBI CRC and revised ACPGBI CRC systems (P < 0.05). P‑POSSUM was found to be the best scoring system for predicting mortality risk, although all scoring systems seem to be appropriate for this parameter. On the other hand POSSUM, which can predict morbidity, was found to have moderate differentiation ability due to the magnitude of the area under the ROC curve. CONCLUSIONS: Despite altering patient demographics and surgical conditions, POSSUM seems to lead as the best scoring system for predicting mortality and morbidity among others including those most‑recently proposed.

O-POSSUM and P-POSSUM for evaluation of operative risk of aged patients in orthopedic department / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To retrospectively review the mortality and morbidity after orthopedic surgery for aged patients with reference to orthopedic version physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity (O-POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) and validate the score' s accuracy in operative risk prediction.Methods O-POSSUM and P-POSSUM for mortality and morbidity were applied to 839 aged patients who had undergone orthopedic surgery between January 2008 and December 2011.Observed mortality and morbidity were compared with the expected values.Results O-POSSUM predicted 230 morbidities,but the observed value was 182 (x2 =2.718,P ＞ 0.05).O-POSSUM predicted 46 deaths,higher than the observed 3 deaths (x2 =38.870,P＜0.01).P-POSSUM predicted 16 deaths,higher than the observed 3 deaths (x2 =8.997,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions O-POSSUM accurately predicts postoperative morbidity in aged orthopedic patients.However,O-POSSUM and P-POSSUM overpredicts the mortality and should be used with caution.

One-Year Follow-up Pilot Study for Dementia Diagnosis in Elderly with Recall Score of 0 in Korean-version of Mini-Mental State Examination

BACKGROUND: The early stage of Alzheimer disease might show early memory impairment with normal general cognitive function. Our study aimed to investigate elderly with normal Korean version of mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) score and recall score of 0 for 1 year. We predicted that the patients would show different characteristics and would progress more rapidly compared with normal controls. METHODS: This study was based on the data from complete enumeration survey of Mapo-gu Regional Center for Dementia in 2009. We divided all subjects into three groups: subjects with normal K-MMSE scores and recall score of 0 were group 1-1 (n=152), subjects with abnormal K-MMSE scores were group 1-2 (n=64) and subjects with normal K-MMSE scores and recall score of 1 to 3 were group 1-3 (n=941). We compared basic demographics and social characteristics among the three groups. After 1 year (2010), the subjects in group 1-1 (90 out of 152) underwent follow-up examinations for dementia diagnosis. They were also divided into three groups (2-1, 2-2, 2-3) according to K-MMSE and recall scores. RESULTS: Group 1-1 showed different baseline characteristics compared with normal controls. After 1 year, 25.5% (23 out of 90) of the group 2-1 were diagnosed as mild cognitive impairment (n=16) or dementia (n=7). CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that subjects with normal K-MMSE scores but recall score of 0 are not entirely "normal". Further detailed evaluation might be needed if memory impairment is suspicious although the K-MMSE scores are within normal range.

Enumeration and identification of gram negative bacteria present in soil underlying urban waste-sites in southwestern Nigeria.

Samples of soils underlying wastes were collected from four sites representing four demographic regions of a medium sized town in southwestern Nigeria. Standard methods and reference strains of isolated bacteria were employed for identification. Evaluation of the enzymatic and biochemical reactions showed that all isolated and identified microbes were non-fermenting heterotrophic (HTB). For example, Klebsiella pnemuniae may be involved in wound infections, particularly following bowel surgery. Similarly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa can produce serious nosocomial infections if it gains access to the body through wounds or intravenous lines. From the 15 culure plates, 88 colonies with various characteristics were enumerated. They differed in aspect of viscosity and color. The bacterial species were identified by percent positive reactions while oxidative and sugar fermentation tests revealed various characteristics among the isolated strains. All of the isolates were negative for citrate utilization, gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, methyl red and Voges Proskaur, motility and hydrogen sulphate production. The quantity of HTB present in an area serves as an index of the general sanitary conditions of that area. The presence of a large number of HTB, in an ecological area may be considered a liability, as it can enhance the spread of diseases and on a larger scale may enable epidemics to arise. Therefore, there is need for control of waste sites by recovery and regular germicidal sanitation.

Leptospirosis research: fast, easy and reliable enumeration of mobile leptospires

Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans is the most widespread zoonosis and a major public health problem worldwide. Based on light-scattering and absorption, quantification of leptospires using UV-VIS spectroscopy was used as an indirect counting technique by measuring the optical density and comparing this to automated direct counting using a counting chamber in combination with imaging and analyzing software. Two serovars, Bangkok and Copenhagenii, from log-phase growth were used for the establishment of standard curves. They were found to be linear and slightly different in gradient for each serovar. The ease, rapidity, and reliability of these two adapted and optimized counting techniques may provide a useful alternative enumeration technique for leptospirosis research.

Application of dynamic APACHEⅡscore and POSSUM score in patients with severe acute pancreatitis / 中国基层医药

Objective To discuss the value of combining the physiological and operative severity score for enumeration of mortality and morbidity(POSSUM)and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)in severe acute pancreatitis(sAP).Methods 60 cases of SAP were divided into surgery group(n=15)and non-surgical group(n=45),Non-surgical group was vahde with APACHE Ⅱ score,the surgery group with POSSUM score,decided to continue conservative treatment or surgery treatment,Observation of two ways with the complications and death.Results The rates of compHcafions and death were(0.37±0.08)and(0.27±0.09)in Single-operation group(n=15)higher than(0.76±0.14)and(0.61±0.15)in surgical group(n=11)(t1=3.125,t2=3.211,P＜0.01);APACHEⅡ score of mortality in operation group and non-surgical group were no significant difference(x2=2.28,x2=1.98,P＞0.05);APACHE Ⅱ score were(10.12±6.27)in survival group(n=46)were lower than (25.75±7.90)in death group(n=14)(t=2.525,P＜0.05.Conclusion The score of dynamic APACHE Ⅱ has better effect to judge the timing of surgery,and the score of POSSUM has high value to predict post-operative complications and deaths occurred in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Estimation of mortaliy and morbidity risk in aged patients undergoing thoracic surgery using POSSUM / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical validity of physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) in aged patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Methods Physiological and operative severity scores were kept in 206 aged patients undergoing thoracic surgery, in which peritoneal soiling was converted to pleura soiling. The physiological score and the operative risk score were compared between the groups with or without the postoperative complications. The mortality and morbidity rates were calculated. Actual mortality and morbidity rates were compared with the rates predicted by POSSUM. Results Among 206 patients, there were postoperative complications in 97 patients. The physiological score and the operative severity score were significantly higher in the group in whom complications occurred compared with those without complications (19.3?0.7 vs 15.1?0.6 for physiological score, P