Processos de vulnerabilização em comunidades camponesas afetadas pela transposição do rio São Francisco em Sertânia / Vulnerability processes in peasant communities affected by the transposition of the São Francisco river in Sertânia

Resumo O projeto da transposição do rio São Francisco é parte do conjunto de políticas de acesso à água no semiárido brasileiro e tem incidido sobre os processos de desterritorialização e vulnerabilização na região. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os processos de vulnerabilização em comunidades camponesas, decorrentes das obras da transposição do rio São Francisco. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, com aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas e realização de oficina com camponeses atingidos pela transposição no município de Sertânia (PE). O enfoque teórico-metodológico foi a matriz da reprodução social. Foram identificados diversos processos de vulnerabilização material e simbólica, além de agravos à saúde, como a destruição de reservatórios de água, poços artesianos, cacimbas e terras férteis, a desterritorialização, a incidência de doenças respiratórias agudas, decorrente das escavações para construção dos canais, e processos relativos à saúde mental, relacionando-se à reprodução social e ao modo de vida. A leitura sistêmica ancorada na autoconsciência e na conduta dos processos de vulnerabilização identificou uma ruptura do modo de vida tradicional e efeitos à saúde física e mental dos habitantes da região. Os efeitos negativos desse processo retroagem sobre as vulnerabilidades históricas nos territórios afetados, produzindo novas fragilidades nessas comunidades.

Abstract The project for the transposition of the São Francisco River is part of the set of policies for access to water in the Brazilian semi-arid region and has focused on the processes of deterritorialization and vulnerability in the region. The objective of this study was to analyze the processes of vulnerability in peasant communities, resulting from the transposition of the São Francisco River. This is a qualitative study, applying semi-structured interviews and carrying out a workshop with peasants affected by the transposition in the municipality of Sertânia (PE). The theoretical-methodological approach was the social reproduction matrix. Several processes of material and symbolic vulnerability, in addition to health problems, were identified, such as the destruction of water reservoirs, artesian wells, waterholes and fertile land, deterritorialization, the incidence of acute respiratory diseases, resulting from excavations for the construction of canals, and processes related to mental health, relating to social reproduction and to the way of life. The systemic reading anchored in self-awareness and in the conduct of vulnerability processes identified a break in the traditional way of life and effects on physical and mental health of the region inhabitants. The negative effects of this process retroact on historical vulnerabilities in the affected territories, producing new fragilities in these communities.

Análisis de interacciones de los actores de la red de conocimiento en salud ambiental del Observatorio Nacional de Salud de Colombia

Introducción: Las interrelaciones positivas y negativas entre el hombre y el medioambiente impactan en la salud general de la población, por esto, la gestión del conocimiento y la transformación social, orientadas a la prevención de la exposición a factores de riesgo ambiental y a la creación de ambientes propicios, deben realizarse a través de acciones multidisciplinares intersectoriales, como el trabajo colaborativo de redes del conocimiento. Objetivo: Describir las interacciones entre los actores de la Red de Conocimiento de Salud Ambiental del Observatorio Nacional de Salud de Colombia (ONS), con el fin de promover, mejorar y fortalecer la colaboración, intercambio de información y planificación conjunta de acciones. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal de análisis de redes sociales mediante herramientas de minería de texto del lenguaje de programación R. Se analizaron las categorías de agua y saneamiento, clima, calidad del aire, radiaciones electromagnéticas e intoxicaciones químicas de un corpus documental de 99 textos de los actores de la red general de conocimiento en salud pública del ONS. Se calcularon medidas de centralidad y prestigio y se graficaron redes dirigidas multicapa con Power BI. Resultados: Los actores con mayor centralidad en la red fueron: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Superintendencia de Salud, Profamilia, universidades de Antioquia y La Salle, ONS, Observatorio de Salud Ambiental de Bogotá, Organización Panamericana de la Salud y Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las cinco categorías analizadas presentaron bajas centralidades de grado, y las categorías de agua y clima mostraron mayor participación de los actores (más nodos e interacciones). Conclusiones: El análisis de redes sociales permitió identificar temas relevantes de salud ambiental entre los actores de la red del ONS, además de actores clave para desarrollar espacios de interacción y gestión del conocimiento. Acorde con las limitaciones del análisis, se sugiere la inclusión de aproximaciones bibliométricas para la actualización de las interacciones de la red.

Introduction: Positive and negative interactions between the human beings and the environment have an impact on the general health of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to use knowledge management and social transformation, in order to limit exposure to environmental risk factors by creating a favorable environment for healthcare. This should be carried out through multidisciplinary and intersectorial actions, such as the collaborative work of knowledge networks. Objective: To describe the interactions between the actors within the Environmental Health Knowledge Network Colombia's National Observatory of Health (ONS acronym in Spanish), in order to promote, improve and strengthen collaboration, information exchange and planning of collaborative actions. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study to analyze social interactions through text mining tools by R, programmer language. Categories analyzed: Water and sanitation, climate, air quality, electromagnetic radiation and chemical poisoning. Data source: a documentary corpus of 99 texts done by actors of Environmental Health Knowledge Network of Colombia's ONS. We calculated centrality and prestige measures. We used Power BI in order to plot multi-layered directed networks. Results: Actors with greatest centrality in the network: Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Health Superintendency, Profamilia, Antioquia and La Salle universities, National Health Observatory, Bogota's Observatory of Environmental Health, the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization. The five categories analyzed provides a low centrality degree, and water and climate categories presented greater participation by actors (more nodes and links). Conclusions: Social interactions analysis provides the identification of relevant environmental health issues in Colombia and key actors in order to develop interaction spaces for knowledge management. The analysis had limitations that suggest the inclusion of bibliometric approaches for updating the interactions within the network.

Declaración de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría sobre la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles: la necesidad de fortalecer conocimientos y reforzar estrategias / Statement of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría on the prevention of noncommunicable diseases: the need to strengthen knowledge and reinforce strategies

Investigaciones de las últimas décadas revelaron que un ambiente adverso en la etapa de desarrollo puede producir una mayor susceptibilidad hacia fenotipos relacionados con enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, hipertensión, trastornos neuroconductuales y otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Estas enfermedades, cuyo aumento ocurre especialmente en países con alta vulnerabilidad social, provocan muertes prematuras y constituyen la primera causa de muerte en la vida adulta, además de un elevado costo para la salud pública. Consciente de la necesidad de prevenir estas enfermedades desde los primeros mil días de vida, la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría creó la Subcomisión DOHaD y formuló una declaración para la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles a la que adhirieron otros países de Latinoamérica. La aplicación de las estrategias declaradas con acciones interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales sostenidas en el tiempo contribuirá a construir salud, a disminuir la carga de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y al mayor bienestar y productividad para los pueblos.

Research in recent decades has revealed that an adverse environment in the developmental stage can produce a greater susceptibility to phenotypes related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, or neurobehavioral disorders, among other chronic noncommunicable diseases. These diseases, whose tendency is increasing especially in countries with high social vulnerability, cause premature deaths and constitute the first cause of death in adult life as well as a great cost to public health. Aware of the need to prevent these diseases from the first thousand days of life, the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría created the DOHaD Committee and formulated a statement for the prevention of NCDs, to which Latin American countries also adhered. We believe that the application of the declared strategies with interdisciplinary and intersectoral actions sustained over time will contribute to building health, reducing the burden of NCDs, and to greater wellbeing and productivity for the people

Evolución 2010-2019 de la mortalidad neonatal en la cuenca Matanza Riachuelo. Comparación con Argentina, provincia de Buenos Aires y Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 2019 / Evolution of neonatal mortality in the Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin between 2010 and 2019. A comparison of Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires, and the City of Buenos Aires, 2019

Introducción. La tasa de mortalidad neonatal (TMN) es un indicador de condiciones socioeconómicas, ambientales y sanitarias. La cuenca Matanza Riachuelo (CMR) es la más contaminada de Argentina. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la mortalidad neonatal (MN) en la CMR entre los años 2010 y 2019, sus características, y compararla con datos globales de Argentina, de la provincia de Buenos Aires (PBA) y de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) en 2019. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de estadísticas vitales del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Resultados. En 2019, la TMN en la CMR fue del 6,4 ‰; en Argentina, del 6,2 ‰; en PBA, del 6 ‰, y en CABA, del 5,1 ‰. El riesgo de MN en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA (RR: 1,32; IC95% 1,08-1,61). Entre 2010 y 2019, disminuyó la TMN en la CMR, en PBA y en Argentina; pero no en CABA. El riesgo de MN por afecciones perinatales en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA (RR: 1,30; IC95% 1,011,67). El riesgo de muerte para nacidos vivos (NV) con muy bajo peso al nacer (MBPN) en la CMR fue mayor que en CABA (RR: 1,70; IC95% 1,33-2,18) y menor que en Argentina (RR: 0,78; IC95% 0,70-0,87). Conclusión. La evolución 2010-2019 de la TMN fue similar en la CMR, en Argentina y en PBA. En 2019 la estructura de causas y el riesgo de MN fueron similares en la CMR, en PBA y en Argentina, con mayor riesgo por afecciones perinatales y de los NV con MBPN. La TMN de NV de MBPN fue menor en la CMR que en Argentina.

Introduction. The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) is an indicator of socioeconomic, environmental, andhealth care conditions. The Matanza-Riachuelo River Basin (MRRB) is the most polluted in Argentina.Objective. To analyze neonatal mortality (NM) in the MRRB between 2010 and 2019 and compare itwith overall data for Argentina, the province of Buenos Aires (PBA), and the City of Buenos Aires (CABA)in 2019.Population and methods. Descriptive study based on vital statistics provided by the Ministry of Health. Results. In 2019, the NMR was 6.4‰ in the MRRB, 6.2‰ in Argentina; 6‰ in PBA; and 5.1‰ in CABA.The risk of NM in the MRRB was higher than in CABA (RR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08­1.61). Between 2010and 2019, the NMR decreased in the MRRB, PBA, and Argentina; but not in CABA.The risk of NM due to perinatal conditions in the MRRB was higher than in CABA (RR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.01­1.67).The risk of death among very low birth weight (VLBW) live births (LBs) in the MRRB was higher than in CABA(RR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.33­2.18) and lower than in Argentina (RR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70­0.87).Conclusion. The evolution of NMR between 2010 and 2019 was similar in the MRRB, Argentina, andPBA. In 2019, the structure of causes and the risk of NM were similar in the MRRB, PBA, and Argentina,with a higher risk due to perinatal conditions and among VLBW LBs. The NMR among VLBW LBs waslower in the MRRB than in Argentina

Vigilância Popular da Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho (VPSAT): uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Popular Health, Environmental and Occupational Surveillance: an integrative literature review

Resumo Objetiva-se identificar concepções, experiências, métodos e técnicas em Vigilância Popular da Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho (VPSAT). Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa com os descritores: participação da comunidade, vigilância em saúde, vigilância da saúde, saúde ambiental e saúde do trabalhador, envolvendo cinco bancos de dados: Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde, EBSCOhost, Embase, Scopus e Web Of Science. A revisão selecionou 15 estudos, a partir dos critérios de inclusão: experiências de vigilância com protagonismo comunitário; e exclusão: pesquisas sem dados primários e desenvolvidas apenas pelo serviço de saúde. Identificaram-se como bases teóricas e metodológicas dos estudos a ciência cidadã, educação popular e justiça ambiental; e experiências como mapeamentos e monitoramentos participativos; métodos como pesquisa-ação, "faça você mesmo" e investigação baseada na comunidade; e técnicas como "Photovoice" e Jornal Comunitário. Destacam-se as comunidades urbanas de baixa renda, indígenas, jovens e trabalhadores como protagonistas. O reconhecimento da VPSAT como importante fonte de dados e de intervenção pelos sistemas de saúde públicos e pela academia contribui para que a vigilância em saúde seja mais dialógica e efetiva.

Abstract The objective is to identify concepts, experiences, methods, and techniques in Popular Health, Environmental and Occupational Surveillance (VPSAT). This is an integrative review that used the descriptors: Community Participation, Public Health Surveillance, Environmental Health, and Occupational Health, using five databases: Virtual Health Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. The review selected 15 studies, based on the inclusion criteria: surveillance experiences with community protagonism; and exclusion criteria: research without primary data and developed only by the health service. The theoretical and methodological bases of the studies were identified as citizen science, popular education, and environmental justice; experiences such as participatory mapping and monitoring; methods such as action research, 'do-it-yourself', and community-based research; and techniques such as "Photovoice" and Community Journal. Low-income urban communities, indigenous peoples, young individuals, and workers stand out as the protagonists. The recognition of the VPSAT as an important source of data and intervention by public health systems and academia contributes to making health surveillance more dialogic and effective.

O potencial da mediação de conflitos para o controle dos vetores das arboviroses nas favelas brasileiras / The conflict mediation potential to control arboviruses vectors in Brazilian slums

RESUMO Este ensaio parte da premissa de que a melhor estratégia para controlar os mosquitos vetores das arboviroses, e alcançar efetivos resultados profiláticos no complexo ambiente urbano das favelas brasileiras, é promover rotineiras ações de manejo ambiental inseridas em uma orientação integrada e interdisciplinar. Essa premissa se sustenta na complexa realidade social e urbana das favelas, no histórico de insucessos das ações de controle dos vetores em obter eficazes resultados profiláticos e nos exemplos bem-sucedidos de manejo ambiental no País. O método profilático alternativo utilizado no Brasil com base na liberação de mosquitos, em particular infectados com Wolbachia é comentado, mas ainda não possui resultado profilático nas favelas brasileiras. A partir dessa premissa, argumentamos que existe um grande potencial de utilizar habilidades na mediação de conflitos para buscar efetivas e factíveis ações de manejo ambiental na eliminação dos criadouros urbanos dos vetores das arboviroses nas favelas onde residem muitas comunidades socialmente vulneráveis.

ABSTRACT This essay starts from the premise that the best strategy to control mosquito vectors of arboviruses and achieve effective prophylactic results in the complex urban environment of Brazilian slums is to promote routine environmental management actions within an integrated and interdisciplinary approach. This premise is based on the complex social and urban reality of the slums, on the history of failures of vector control actions to obtain effective prophylactic results, and on the successful examples of environmental management in the country. The alternative prophylactic method used in Brazil based on the release of mosquitoes, in particular, infected with Wolbachia, is commented on, but still lacks prophylactic results in Brazilian slums. From this premise, we argue that there is great potential for using conflict mediation skills to pursue effective and feasible environmental management actions to eliminate urban breeding sites for arboviruses vectors in the slums where many socially vulnerable communities reside.

Effects of Exposure to Incense Smoke Associated with Impaired Lung Function and Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review

The community uses incense (bakhour) through ceremonies, traditional health practices, and aromatherapy. Nevertheless, evidence from experiments and studies of populations suggests that a habit of burning incense makes the lungs work less well. The study investigated the relationship between exposure to incense smoke and impaired lung function and respiratory diseases. Data tracing was carried out systematically following PRISMA guidelines from January to April 2022 and registered in the PROSPERO database. The articles select-ed in this review were cross-sectional, cohort, observational, and experimental studies based on the criteria: (1) animals or humans exposed to incense smoke; (2) exposure to incense smoke which was carried out in-doors or outdoors; (3) the selected articles which were included in the original type of article; (4) the publica-tion year between 2016-2021 and the selected articles entered into reputable journals (Scopus and Web of Science). JBI guidelines and synthesis guidelines without meta-analysis (SWiM) to determine the level of evi-dence and minimize bias and interpretation of results. This study describes respiratory symptoms or diseases, home use of incense, and lung function measurement. Six articles were included; 6 (100%) reported using in-cense indoors, and 5 (83%) reported using incense outside the home. Respiratory symptoms and diseases caused by exposure to incense sticks are 5 (83%) shortness of breath, 6 (100%) wheezing, asthma, and in-flammation of the lungs, 2 (33%) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 4 (67%) allergic rhinitis. In-cense smoke particles decrease lung function based on FVC, FEV, PEFR, and FEF values of 25-75%. The results indicate that smoking incense adversely affects lung function and leads to respiratory diseases. The communi-ty and related parties can minimize and conduct education and prevention related to simultaneous incense exposure in the community to reduce the burden of diseases and disorders due to respiratory incense smoke in areas that use it daily.

Anamnesis ambiental como parte de la consulta pediátrica: estudio piloto / Environmental history-taking as part of pediatric consultations: a pilot study

Introducción. La salud ambiental infantil es la rama de la pediatría que estudia la influencia del medioambiente en la salud y la enfermedad de los niños. Las exposiciones ambientales globales representan una seria amenaza para la salud, lo que justifica una mayor investigación y acción. Objetivo. Evaluar la salud ambiental de una muestra de niños que viven en áreas urbanas y rurales de la ciudad de Uruguaiana, Brasil. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron padres/tutores (n = 714) de niños atendidos en el Policlínico Infantil de la Ciudad de Uruguaiana de enero a octubre de 2021, que respondieron la anamnesis ambiental en pediatría (Sociedad Brasileña de Pediatría). Los datos obtenidos se analizaron según la residencia en zona urbana o rural, o el ingreso familiar. Resultados. Al comparar los habitantes de la zona urbana (n = 660) con los de la zona rural (n = 54), verificamos que entre los de la zona rural fue significativamente mayor la actividad con productos químicos (15 % vs. 32,7 %; p = 0,004), vivir cerca de plantación (7,5 % vs. 74,5 %; p <0,001) o con fuente de contaminación (4,8 % vs. 32,7 %; p <0,001), tener perro (62 % vs. 87,3 %; p <0,001), usar plaguicidas (0,6 % vs. 32,7 %; p <0,001) y exposición a contaminación química (2,6 % vs. 18,2 %; p <0,001). En el área urbana predominó la exposición al tránsito de vehículos cerca de la vivienda (85 % vs. 48,1 %; p <0,001), renta media inferior a 3 salarios mínimos (90 %) y baja escolaridad. Conclusión. Realizar la anamnesis ambiental es fundamental para la detección de amenazas ambientales presentes en los lugares donde los niños y adolescentes viven, aprenden, juegan y estudian.

Introduction. Children's environmental health studies the influence of the environment on health and disease in children. Global environmental exposures pose a serious threat to health, warranting further research and action. Objective. To assess the environmental health of a sample of children living in urban and rural areas in Uruguaiana, Brazil. Population and methods. We included parents/legal guardians (n = 714) of children seen at Policlinica Infantil de Uruguaiana between January and October 2021, who completed the environmental history- taking in pediatrics (Brazilian Society of Pediatrics). Collected data were analyzed based on place of residence (urban or rural) or household income. Results. The comparison between inhabitants of the urban area (n = 660) and the rural area (n = 54) established that, among those living in the rural area, activity with chemical substances (15% versus 32.7%; p = 0.004), living near a plantation (7.5% versus 74.5%; p < 0.001) or near a source of contamination (4.8% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001), having a dog (62% versus 87.3%; p < 0.001), using pesticides (0.6% versus 32.7%; p < 0.001), and exposure to chemical contamination (2.6% versus 18.2%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher. In the urban area, exposure to vehicle traffic near the house (85% versus 48.1%; p < 0.001), an average income below 3 minimum wages (90%), and a low level of education predominated. Conclusion. Environmental history-taking is critical for the detection of environmental threats present in the areas where children and adolescents live, learn, play, and study

Boas práticas sobre o gerenciamento de residuos em saúde: uma revisão integrativa / Good practices on health waste management: an integrative review / Buenas prácticas sobre la gestión de los desechos de salud: un examen integrativo

Objetivo: objetivo identificar na literatura científica as boas práticas utilizadas em ambientes hospitalares sobre o processo de gerenciamento de resíduos em saúde. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, em abril de 2022. Utilizaram-se os descritores Waste Management, Medical Waste, Solid Waste Processing, Hospitals, combinados com o operador booleano AND. Foram encontrados 95 artigos e selecionados 12. Resultados: as boas práticas utilizadas pelos profissionais em ambientes hospitalares que auxiliam no processo de gerenciamento de resíduos em saúde foram: implementação de política de gestão sobre resíduos em saúde e presença de orçamento especial para a gestão de resíduos, estabelecimento de subcomitês de descarte em diferentes departamentos para monitorar o descarte de resíduos médicos, presença de comitê de gerenciamento de resíduos de saúde, comitê de proteção contra radiações e de comitê de prevenção e controle de infecção, disponibilização de equipamentos de proteção individual, fichas de informação de gerenciamento de resíduo químico perigoso hospitalar, diretrizes de prevenção e controle de infecção e de instrumentos educativos, além de treinamentos específicos sobre a temática e disponibilização de locais de armazenamento de resíduos separados de resíduos perigosos. Conclusão: a gestão segura dos RSS se mostra cada dia mais muito importante no que diz respeito ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Porém, entre os artigos citados percebe-se a implementação de boas práticas mas, de forma incipiente.

Objective: objective: to identify in the scientific literature the good practices used in hospital environments on the process of waste management in health. Method: This is an integrative review, carried out in the LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in April 2022. The descriptors Waste Management, Medical Waste, Solid Waste Processing, Hospitals, combined with the Boolean operator AND were used. 95 articles were found and 12 were selected. Results: the good practices used by professionals in hospital environments that assist in the process of waste management in health were: implementation of management policy on waste in health and presence of special budget for waste management, establishment of disposal subcommittees in different departments to monitor the disposal of medical waste, presence of health waste management committee, radiation protection committee and infection prevention and control committee, provision of personal protection equipment, information sheets for management of hazardous chemical waste in hospital, guidelines for infection prevention and control and educational instruments, besides specific training on the subject and provision of separate waste storage sites for waste from hospital waste dangerous. Conclusion: the safe management of SSR is becoming increasingly important in terms of the environment and public health. However, the articles mentioned include the implementation of good practices, but in a nascent way.

Propósito: identificar en la literatura científica las mejores prácticas utilizadas en los ambientes hospitalarios en el proceso de manejo de residuos en salud. Método: Se trata de una revisión integrada realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science en abril de 2022. Se utilizaron los descriptores Gestión de Residuos, Residuos Médicos, Procesamiento de Residuos Sólidos, Hospitales, combinados con el operador Y booleano. Se encontraron 95 artículos y se seleccionaron 12. Resultados: las buenas prácticas utilizadas por los profesionales en los entornos hospitalarios que ayudan en el proceso de gestión de los desechos en la salud fueron: aplicación de la política de gestión de los desechos en la salud y presencia de un presupuesto especial para la gestión de los desechos, establecimiento de subcomités de eliminación en diferentes departamentos para supervisar la eliminación de los desechos médicos, presencia de comités de gestión de los desechos sanitarios, comité de protección radiológica y comité de prevención y control de las infecciones, suministro de equipo de protección personal, información sobre la gestión de los desechos químicos peligrosos hospitalarios herramientas educativas, así como capacitación específica sobre el tema y suministro de sitios de almacenamiento de desechos separados para desechos peligrosos. En conclusión, la gestión segura de las denuncias de infecciones de transmisión sexual es cada vez más importante en lo que respecta al medio ambiente y la salud pública. Sin embargo, entre los artículos citados figura la aplicación de buenas prácticas, pero de manera incipiente.

Whole-genome sequencing for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Ecuador: present and future implications / Secuenciación del genoma completo para la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Ecuador: implicaciones actuales y futuras / Sequenciamento do genoma completo para vigilância da resistência aos antimicrobianos no Equador: implicações presentes e futuras

ABSTRACT Whole-genome sequencing is becoming the gold standard for pathogen characterization and offers considerable advantages for understanding the evolution and dissemination of new determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Despite the benefits of whole-genome sequencing for pathogen characterization, implementation costs and lack of expertise may limit its use by public health laboratories. This article reviews the advantages of whole-genome sequencing for pathogen characterization and the current status of the use of whole-genome sequencing for antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Ecuador. A roadmap is suggested for including whole-genome sequencing for pathogen characterization based on the needs of the health reference institutions through alliances with Ecuadorian universities. Establishing a partnership between public health institutions and academia would be valuable for clinicians, policy-makers, and epidemiologists who could then take reasonable measures in those areas and establish a basis for adapting One Health strategies to tackle antimicrobial resistance in Ecuador.

RESUMEN La secuenciación del genoma completo, que está pasando a ser el estándar de referencia para la caracterización de agentes patógenos, ofrece ventajas considerables para comprender la evolución y la diseminación de los nuevos determinantes de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Sin embargo, a pesar de los beneficios que genera, los costos de ejecución y la falta de experiencia pueden limitar su uso por parte de los laboratorios de salud pública. En este artículo se evalúan las ventajas de la secuenciación del genoma completo para la caracterización de agentes patógenos y el estado actual del uso de la secuenciación del genoma completo en la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Ecuador. Se propone una hoja de ruta para incluir la secuenciación del genoma completo para la caracterización de agentes patógenos según las necesidades de las instituciones de salud de referencia, lo que se haría por medio de alianzas con universidades ecuatorianas. Establecer una asociación entre las instituciones de salud pública y los círculos académicos sería sumamente valioso para los médicos, los responsables de las políticas y los epidemiólogos, que podrían adoptar medidas razonables en sus ámbitos y sentar una base para adaptar las estrategias de "Una salud" a fin de abordar la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en Ecuador.

RESUMO O sequenciamento do genoma completo está se tornando o padrão ouro para a caracterização de patógenos e oferece vantagens consideráveis para a compreensão da evolução e disseminação de novos determinantes de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Apesar dos benefícios do sequenciamento do genoma completo para a caracterização de patógenos, os custos de implementação e a falta de especialização podem limitar seu uso pelos laboratórios de saúde pública. Este artigo analisa as vantagens do sequenciamento do genoma completo para a caracterização de patógenos e a situação atual do uso desta técnica para a vigilância da resistência aos antimicrobianos no Equador. Sugere-se um roteiro para incluir o sequenciamento de genomas completos para caracterização de patógenos com base nas necessidades das instituições de saúde de referência, por meio de alianças com universidades equatorianas. A criação de uma parceria entre instituições de saúde pública e entidades acadêmicas seria valiosa para clínicos, formuladores de políticas e epidemiologistas, que poderiam, assim, tomar medidas razoáveis nessas áreas e estabelecer uma base para adaptar estratégias de Saúde Única para combater a resistência aos antimicrobianos no Equador.

Environmental health risk assessment in Yangtze river economic belt from 2016 to 2020 based on PSR model and Environmental health indicators / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective Based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model and Environmental health indicators (EHIs), the comprehensive environmental health risk index of the Yangtze River economic belt is assessed to evaluate the comprehensive environmental health risk of the study area from 2016 to 2020. Methods Reference to the results of the Second National Pollution Source Census, a comprehensive environmental health risk assessment system was established. Twenty three representative indicators covering the four directions of economy, society, environment and health were selected. The above indicators were standardized using the range method, and each indicator was weighted using the entropy weight method. Results From 2016 to 2020, the comprehensive risk of environmental health in the Yangtze River Economic Belt showed a downward trend. The comprehensive health risk index decreased from 0.5450 to 0.3255, and the risk level has changed from "medium risk" to "low risk". Conclusion The overall environmental health of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has been improving, but it is still necessary to note that with the economic development, the regional pressure risk index has been rising rapidly, and corresponding measures should be taken to maintain the balanced development of economic and environmental health.

Review on health effects of indoor and outdoor artificial light at night / 环境与职业医学

A growing number of urban dwellers are being exposed to excessively bright artificial night light induced by the development of high-intensity, high-density cities around the world. The adverse health effects of artificial light at night (ALAN) are increasingly becoming a global public health issue. Investigating the effects of built environment, especially ALAN, on public health has progressively developed into a cross-disciplinary research hotspot since the World Health Organization launched the Healthy Cities Project. Numerous studies found the links between ALAN and multiple negative health outcomes. However, to date, no review has summarized the health impacts of ALAN in China. This article systematically outlined the progress of research on the health effects of indoor and outdoor ALAN, including sleep disorders, obesity, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, cognitive function, and mental health. We pointed out the limitations of current research such as errors in exposure assessment, lack of research in developing countries, weak causal argument, and difficulty in controlling confounding factors. Future research should improve study design, conduct quantitative studies, and explore potential mechanisms, so as to provide scientific evidence for improving urban lighting planning and urban architectural design.

Teaching environmental health in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai and its association with screening myopia applying multilevel models / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the status of teaching environmental health in primary and secondary schools and explore its association with myopia, so as to provide a basis for precision myopia prevention and control.@*Methods@#From September to October 2020, a stratified cluster sampling method was used in 16 districts of Shanghai. After matching the teaching environment testing classrooms with the classrooms where the students were surveyed, totally 470 classrooms and 14 624 students were monitored. Trained professional technicians used laser range finder, luxmeter to measure parameters about teaching environmental health. Students were subject vision testing and questionnaires. Multilevel models was used to analyze the association between teaching environment and screening myopia.@*Results@#The qualified rates of each indicators of teaching environmental health were as follows: window to floor area ratio (93.0%), classroom area per capita (82.1%), uniformity ratio of illuminance of blackboard ( 79.7% ), blackboard size (68.7%), daylight factor (67.0%), blackboard hanging height (66.9%), average illuminance on desk (66.4%), uniformity ratio of illuminance of desk (63.6%), reflectance of blackboard (46.8%), average illuminance on blackboard (41.4%), reflectance of wall (33.2%), desk and chair allocation compliance rate (19.8%). The results of two level Logistic model analysis showed that unqualified average illuminance on blackboard was positively associated with screening myopia ( OR =1.24, 95% CI = 1.05 -1.47, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Teaching environmental health of primary and secondary schools in Shanghai is not optimistic, teaching environment especially the desk and chair allocation compliance rate need to be improved. The average illumination on blackboard is positively correlated with screening myopia, suggesting that myopia prevention and control can focus on improving the illuminance on blackboard.

Ambiente, saúde e covid-19: da crise global à existência sustentável / Environment, health, and the COVID-19: from global crisis to sustainable existence

Resumo Este ensaio busca analisar os impactos sociossanitários exercidos pelo meio ambiente, incorporando as dinâmicas trazidas pela covid-19 e evidenciando as repercussões da pandemia. O coronavírus atingiu sobretudo países que falharam na prevenção e não estabeleceram medidas de intervenção eficazes e colaborativas. A destruição da natureza se intensificou na pandemia, assim como as ameaças enfrentadas por seus defensores, o que agravou ainda mais a crise. Nesse contexto pode-se destacar os riscos apresentados aos indígenas brasileiros e aos ambientalistas latino-americanos; o surgimento de grupos perigosos; e a implementação de políticas governamentais de efeitos críticos que afetam a preservação ambiental e colocam em risco os modos de vida tradicionais. Assume-se, desse modo, que o planeta enfrenta uma crise sanitária, mas também socioeconômica e ambiental. Para que tal crise heterogênea seja superada, os esforços precisam ser multiformes, envolvendo: cuidados à saúde e aos ecossistemas; diminuição da pobreza global e da desigualdade sanitária; redução de riscos ambientais; proteção dos modos de vida tradicionais; defesa das democracias e dos direitos humanos; fomento de políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável; e cooperação internacional. Tais esforços também incidirão sobre os anos vindouros, minimizando os riscos de novas pandemias e atuando na preservação ambiental.

Abstract This essay analyzes the socio-sanitary impacts exerted by the environment, incorporating the dynamics brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and unveiling its repercussions. Countries that failed to prevent the virus spread and to established effective and collaborative intervention measures were hit the hardest. Environmental destruction reached new heights in the pandemic, as have the threats faced by its defenders, further aggravating the crisis. In this scenario one can highlight the risks posed to Brazilian Indigenous peoples and Latin American environmentalists; the emergence of dangerous groups; and the implementation of government policies with critical effects on environmental preservation that put traditional ways of life at risk. It is thus recognized that the planet faces not only a health crisis, but also a socioeconomic and environmental one. To overcome such heterogeneous crisis, efforts must be multifaceted, involving: caring for health and ecosystems; eliminating global poverty and sanitary inequality; reducing environmental risks; protecting traditional ways of life; defending democracies and human rights; and fostering sustainable development policies and international cooperation. These efforts will also affect the years to come, minimizing the risks of new pandemics and acting to preserve the environment.

Experiências pedagógicas para a construção da interdisciplinaridade em saúde coletiva / Pedagogical experiences for the construction of interdisciplinary in public health

RESUMO Este artigo narra a experiência de uma prática interdisciplinar de pesquisa, ensino e cooperação para a interseção entre saúde, ambiente, produção e trabalho, a partir da constituição do Laboratório de Saúde, Ambiente e Trabalho (Lasat) e sua contribuição para o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública do Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (PPGSP/IAM/Fiocruz). O Lasat foi instituído em 1997, um ano após a criação do PPGSP. Seu grupo de pesquisadores reconheceu a complexidade dos objetos de pesquisa e buscou novos marcos epistêmicos e métodos adequados seguindo a perspectiva sistêmica e interdisciplinar. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os principais conceitos operativos adotados e os produtos acadêmicos obtidos. O método foi a análise dos relatos das experiências dos pesquisadores do Lasat quanto ao percurso de formação da equipe; projetos de pesquisa realizados; disciplinas obrigatórias e opcionais regulares; e atividades de cooperação significantes. Em todas as atividades, buscou-se ilustrar como a interdisciplinaridade foi aplicada. Apresentam-se como resultados o conjunto de conceitos adotados e alguns produtos acadêmicos efetivados, concluindo com os desafios de consolidar a nova área de concentração, ampliar a rede de cooperação técnico-científica e constituir uma rede interdisciplinar de suporte para a PPGSP.

ABSTRACT This article narrates the experience of an interdisciplinary practice of research, teaching and cooperation for the intersection between health, environment, production and work from the constitution of the Laboratory of Health, Environment and Work (LASAT) and contribution to the Postgraduate Program in Public Health at the Aggeu Magalhães Institute/Oswaldo Cruz Fundation (PPGSP/IAM/ FIOCRUZ). LASAT was instituted in 1997, one year after the creation of the PPGSP. Its group of researchers recognized the complexity of its research object and sought new epistemic frameworks and adequate methods following a systemic and interdisciplinary perspective. The objective of this article is to present the main operational concepts adopted and academic products obtained. The method was the analysis of the reports of the experiences of the LASAT researchers regarding the course of formation of the own team; research projects carried out; compulsory and optional subjects offered; and significant cooperation activities. In all activities, it was sought to illustrate how interdisciplinarity was implemented. It presents as results the set of concepts adopted and some effective academic products, concluding with the challenges of consolidating the new area of concentration, expand the technical-scientific cooperation network and constitute an interdisciplinary support network for the PPGSP.

Análise de dados fora do padrão sobre a água de abastecimento da região metropolitana de Salvador / Data analysis out of standard about water supply in the metropolitan region of Salvador / Análisis de los datos fuera del estándar sobre el suministro de agua en la región metropolitana de Salvador, Brasil

Os sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde são importantes ferramentas de planejamento das ações de saúde no território brasileiro. O Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua) oferece para toda a população dados sobre a situação do abastecimento de água para consumo humano, juntamente com eventuais problemas de qualidade que possam existir. É imprescindível para os gestores da área da saúde entender os maiores problemas de cada prestador de serviço de abastecimento a fim de oferecer água de boa qualidade para todas as pessoas, pois, uma vez que se trata de um bem público, todos têm direito à água de qualidade independentemente de sua condição social. Este trabalho averiguou os dados sobre a qualidade da água do estado da Bahia no período de janeiro de 2014 a março de 2022, com o objetivo de observar qual parâmetro de qualidade é responsável pela contaminações do recurso hídrico a ser consumido pelas pessoas, tornando-o fora de padrão conforme a Portaria nº 888/2021 do Ministério da Saúde. Através de gráficos de pizza gerados pelo Excel, foram averiguados os parâmetros que mais levaram a inconformidades. Foram observados, em porcentagem, os municípios que frequentemente ultrapassaram o padrão de potabilidade dentro da região. Dentro da região metropolitana de Salvador, o parâmetro cloro residual livre se destacou, seguido de cor e coliformes totais. A oferta de água doce limpa para a população é um dos pilares da saúde pública, sendo importante a constante evolução dos sistemas de abastecimento.

The information systems of the Ministry of Health are important tools for planning health actions in the Brazilian territory. The Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA) provides the entire population with data on the situation of water supply for human consumption, alongside any water quality problems that may exist. It is essential for health managers to understand the biggest problems of each supply service provider to provide good quality water to all people, since, water being a public good, everyone has the right to quality water regardless of their social status. This work investigated the water quality data of the state of Bahia from January 2014 to March 2022, aiming to observe which quality parameter is most responsible for contaminating the water resource to be consumed by people, turning it non-standard according to Ordinance No. 888/2021 of the Ministry of Health. With pie charts generated by Excel, the parameters that most led to nonconformities were investigated. Municipalities that frequently exceed the standard of potability within the region were also observed in percentage. Within the metropolitan region of Salvador, the parameter free residual chlorine stood out, followed by color, and total coliforms. The supply of clean fresh water to the population is one of the pillars of public health, and the constant evolution of supply systems is important.

Los sistemas de información del Ministerio de Salud son herramientas importantes para planificar acciones de salud en Brasil. El Sistema de Información para la Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano (Sisagua) proporciona a toda la población datos sobre el estado del suministro de agua para consumo humano y posibles problemas de calidad que puedan existir. Es fundamental que los responsables de las áreas de salud conozcan los problemas de cada red de suministro para poder ofrecer agua de buena calidad a todas las personas, ya que debido a este es un bien público, las personas tienen derecho al agua limpia de calidad, independientemente de su condición social. Este trabajo analizó los datos de calidad del agua en el estado de Bahía, en el período de enero de 2014 a marzo de 2022, con el objetivo de observar qué parámetro de calidad indica la contaminación del recurso hídrico a ser consumido por las personas, haciéndolo fuera del estándar desde la Ordenanza n.° 888/2021 del Ministerio de Salud. A partir de gráficos circulares en Excel, se analizaron los parámetros que más generaron las no conformidades. Se observó el porcentaje de los municipios que frecuentemente excedieron el estándar de potabilidad en la región. En la región metropolitana de Salvador destacó el parámetro cloro residual libre, seguido del color y coliformes totales. El suministro de agua dulce limpia a la población es uno de los elementos clave para la salud pública, y es importante la evolución de los sistemas de suministro.

Condiciones de salud de los indígenas hitnü potencialmente expuestos a petróleo crudo (Arauca, Colombia) / Health conditions of Hitnü indigenous people potentially exposed to crude oil in Arauca, Colombia

Introducción. El pueblo hitnü vive en condiciones sanitarias precarias, con inseguridad alimentaria y víctima de la violencia sociopolítica en Arauca (Colombia). Además, se sospecha que pueden estar afectados por la exposición a los hidrocarburos del petróleo. Objetivo. Identificar los eventos de salud del perfil de morbilidad y mortalidad de los indígenas hitnü que podrían asociarse con la exposición a petróleo crudo. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con indígenas hitnü, durante febrero y marzo de 2021, época de sequía. Se aplicó un cuestionario de hogares y uno individual para recolectar datos del ambiente peridomiciliario, ocupaciones y otras actividades, así como datos sociodemográficos, signos, síntomas y hallazgos de un examen médico. La potencial asociación con los hidrocarburos se exploró considerando tres grupos, según su localización: cabecera de Arauca, resguardo Aspejená (no expuestos) y resguardos de San José del Lipa y La Vorágine (expuestos por su cercanía al río Ele y afluentes). Con listados libres, se exploraron las causas de muerte. El estudio incorporó un riguroso manejo intercultural en todos sus componentes. Resultados. Participaron 576 indígenas de 16 asentamientos. El agua consumida pudo servir como medio de exposición a los hidrocarburos. Los problemas de salud fueron muy variados e incluían enfermedades infecciosas y crónicas, malnutrición y trauma. Las masas en el cuello se asociaron con residir en los resguardos ancestrales (RP=3,86; IC95% 1,77-8,39), territorios potencialmente expuestos al petróleo. Las causas de muerte más relevantes fueron el homicidio, los tumores y la tuberculosis. Conclusión. Por su posible asociación con los hidrocarburos, es prioritario el estudio intercultural de linfoadenopatías entre indígenas potencialmente expuestos al petróleo.

Introduction. The Hitnü indigenous people live in precarious sanitary conditions, with food insecurity and being victims of sociopolitical violence in Arauca, Colombia. In addition, it is possible that they may be affected by exposure to hydrocarbons found in oil. Objective. To identify the health outcomes of morbidity and mortality profiles of the Hitnü people that could be associated with the exposure to crude oil. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out with Hitnü indigenous people, during February and March, 2021, time of drought. A household questionnaire was applied, and one individual to collect data from the environment around the house, occupations and other activities, as well as data from sociodemographic, signs, symptoms, and findings of a medical examination. The potential association with hydrocarbons was explored considering three groups: inhabitants in Arauca city, Aspejaná reserve (not exposed), and San José del Lipa and La Vorágine reserves (exposed by the Ele river and tributaries). With free listings, causes of death were explored. The study incorporated a rigorous intercultural management in all its components. Results. A total of 576 indigenous people from 16 settlements participated. The water consumed could serve as means of exposure to hydrocarbons. Health problems were very varied, including infectious and chronic diseases, malnutrition, and trauma. The masses on the neck were associated with residing in the ancestral reserves (PR = 3.86; CI95% 1.77-8.39), territories with potential exposure to crude-oil. The most relevant causes of death were homicide, tumors, and tuberculosis. Conclusion. For its possible association with exposure to hydrocarbons, it is a priority to start the intercultural study of lymphadenopathies in indigenous communities potentially exposed to crude oil.

Desarrollo de habilidades en salud ambiental en asentamientos humanos precarios de la zona de planificación territorial 2 de la parroquia rural Posorja, Guayaquil / Development of skills in environmental health in precarious human settlements in territorial planning zone 2 of the rural parish of Posorja, Guayaquil

Se estima que aproximadamente siete millones de personas mueren anualmente por la contaminación del aire ambiental y doméstico, debido a enfermedades no transmisibles, especialmente en zonas con servicios públicos precarios; además la infraestructura y condiciones de las viviendas o hacinamiento se han asociado a la aparición de enfermedades agudas y crónicas. En Ecuador, para el año 2010, se reportó más de 2,5 millones de personas en zonas de asentamientos irregulares con deficientes saneamiento ambiental. Se realizó un estudio experimental con la participación de 85 jefes de familia en las comunidades de La Unión, Nuestra señora de Lourdes, las Acacias y Brisa del mar, de la parroquia rural Posorja, del cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador, para evaluar el desarrollo de habilidades de saneamiento ambiental. Para ello, se identificaron los problemas y las prioridades en salud ambiental, posteriormente se implementó el plan de desarrollo de habilidades en salud ambiental. Se observó deficiencias en cuanto a la construcción de viviendas, acceso al agua potable, disposición de excretas y desechos sólidos. Además, posterior a las jornadas de capacitación hubo un incremento en las habilidades cognoscitivas y prácticas en salud ambiental, al comparar con las competencias previas, especialmente en aspectos relacionados con el abastecimiento de agua potable, disposición de residuos sólidos y control de fauna nociva. Se logró fortalecer el desarrollo de habilidades en saneamiento ambiental de los habitantes, lo que incide en el mejoramiento de la salud pública y calidad de vida de las comunidades en estudio(AU)

It is estimated that approximately seven million people die annually from environmental and domestic air pollution, due to non-communicable diseases, especially in areas with precarious public services; In addition, the infrastructure and conditions of the houses or overcrowding have been associated with the appearance of acute and chronic diseases. In Ecuador, for the year 2010, more than 2.5 million people were reported in areas of irregular settlements with deficient environmental sanitation. An experimental study was carried out with the participation of 85 heads of families in the communities of La Unión, Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, Las Acacias and Brisa del Mar, from the Posorja rural parish, from the Guayaquil canton, Ecuador, to evaluate the development of skills of environmental sanitation. In order to, environmental health problems and priorities were identified, and the environmental health skills development plan was subsequently implemented. Deficiencies were observed in terms of housing construction, access to drinking water, disposal of excreta and solid waste. In addition, after the training sessions, there was an increase in cognitive skills and practices in environmental health, when compared to previous skills, especially in aspects related to drinking water supply, solid waste disposal, and control of harmful fauna. It was possible to strengthen the development of skills in environmental sanitation of the inhabitants, which affects the improvement of public health and quality of life of the communities under study(AU)

Evidências do gerenciamento de resíduos dos serviços de saúde na atenção primária / Evidencia de gestión de residuos de servicios de salud en la atención primaria / Evidence of health service waste management in primary care

Objetivo: Descrever o estado das evidências relacionadas ao gerenciamento e educação em serviço da equipe interprofissional sobre Resíduos dos Serviços de Saúde (RSS), especificamente na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Método: Revisão integrativa nas bases LILACS, BDENF, PubMed®, WOS, CINAHL e SciVerse Scopus entre 2010 e 2020 nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: A amostra foi de 17 artigos de países emergentes e subdesenvolvidos, com carência de conhecimentos e inconformidades no gerenciamento e cumprimento das normativas quanto à saúde ambiental, resvalando em riscos ocupacionais. A interpretação gerou: (1) O gerenciamento e a premência da educação permanente em serviço: entre inadequações e adequações e (2) Propostas de efetivação do gerenciamento correto na Atenção Primária. Conclusão: Sintetizaram-se evidências de nível VI, descrevendo a premência de educação permanente em serviço para mudança de práticas e uma maior atenção ao Plano de Gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde na APS.

Objective: To describe the state of evidence related to the management and in-service education of the interprofessional team on Waste from Health Services (WHS), specifically in Primary Health Care (PHC). Method: Integrative review in LILACS, BDENF, PubMed®, WOS, CINAHL and SciVerse Scopus databases between 2010 and 2020 in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: The sample consisted of 17 articles from emerging and underdeveloped countries, with a lack of knowledge and nonconformities in the management and compliance with regulations regarding environmental health, slipping into occupational risks. The interpretation generated: (1) The management and urgency of continuing education in service: between inadequacies and adaptations and (2) Proposals for effective management in Primary Care. Conclusion: Level VI evidence was synthesized, describing the need for permanent in-service education to change practices and pay greater attention to the Health Services Waste Management Plan in PHC.

Objetivo: Describir el estado de la evidencia relacionada con la gestión y educación en servicio del equipo interprofesional sobre Residuos de los Servicios de Salud (RSS), específicamente en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Método: Revisión integradora en las bases de datos LILACS, BDENF, PubMed®, WOS, CINAHL y SciVerse Scopus entre 2010 y 2020 en portugués, inglés y español. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 17 artículos de países emergentes y subdesarrollados, con desconocimiento e inconformidades en la gestión y cumplimiento de las normas en materia de salud ambiental, incursionando en los riesgos laborales. La interpretación generó: (1) La gestión y urgencia de la educación permanente en servicio: entre insuficiencias y adaptaciones y (2) Propuestas para una gestión eficaz en Atención Primaria. Conclusión: Se sintetizó evidencia de nivel VI, describiendo la necesidad de educación permanente en servicio para cambiar prácticas y prestar mayor atención al Plan de Gestión de Residuos de los Servicios de Salud en la APS.

Agrotóxicos y Agroindustrias: Discursos para una vida tóxica. Análisis desde la determinación social de la salud / Agrotoxics and the Agribusiness Industry: Discourses for a toxic life. An analysis from a social determinants of health perspective

Resumen En Colombia, la agroindustria utiliza el argumento de que el control de plagas es necesario para alimentar a la población mundial, de esta forma, instala una forma de producción que usa agrotóxicos. Sin embargo, los impactos en la salud es estos productos no existen en los discursos de sus funciones asépticas. La presente investigación utilizó el análisis crítico del discurso (ACD) para caracterizar y analizar los discursos sobre las formas de producción y trabajo que favorecen la exposición a agrotóxicos y los impactos en la salud en las familias de las regiones rurales de Usme y Sumapaz, Colombia. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes técnicas de recolección de datos cualitativos: observación participante, entrevista semiestructurada e investigación documental. Los discursos muestran la interacción entre formas estructurales que definen la construcción de la realidad desde significados que transforma al sujeto rural, se construyen para el caso de la agroindustria y el uso de agrotóxicos una violencia simbólica institucional. Esta relación discursiva impone una vida cotidiana que naturaliza la exposición a los agrotóxicos y transfiere en las colectividades las responsabilidades sobre los impactos en la salud de estos productos tóxicos.

Abstract In Colombia, the agribusiness industry argues that pest control is essential to feed the world population, establishing a new model of production based on the intensive use of agrotoxics. However, the health impacts of these products are absent from the industry's discourses. This study used critical discourse analysis to analyze and characterize discourses of modes of production and work process that lead to exposure to agrotoxics and health impacts among families in rural areas of Usme and Sumapaz in Colombia. The following data collection techniques were used: participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. The discourses show that interaction between structural forms that define the construction of reality transforms subjects. In the case of agribusiness and the use of agrotoxics, this interaction constitutes institutional symbolic violence. This discursive relationship imposes an everyday life that normalizes exposure to agrotoxics and transfers the responsibility for their health impacts to rural communities.