Dormancy of Floral Buds of Rabbiteye Blueberry in a Mild Winter Climate

Abstract Blueberry is an important fruit crop, with many health benefits. Despite its importance, much remains to be studied concerning the dormancy dynamics in rabbiteye cultivars growing in a mild winter climate. In this research, the dormancy in blueberry, rabbiteye cultivars 'Bluegem', 'Climax', 'Delite', and 'Powderblue', was studied in a mild winter region. The single-node cuttings biological test and the evaluation of the hydric status were performed in dormant winter reproductive buds. These experiments were performed during fall and winter in one year (2016). Moreover, chilling hours under or equal to 7.2 ºC were measured, and chill units were calculated according to Utah Model [1], Modified Utah Model [2], and Blueberry Model [3]. In conclusion, the four cultivars showed a similar pattern, revealing a dormant state in the initial sampling dates and a released dormancy in the final treatments, showing the decrease of dormancy in June and July. However, Delite was earlier than the other cultivars. Bluegem and Delite required 134.0 chilling hours, 127.0 chill units (Utah Model), 198.5 chill units (Modified Utah Model), and 971.5 chill units (Blueberry Model) for 50% of their green tip buds reach the opened bud stage. Climax required 44.0, -11.0, 56.5, and 440.5, respectively. And Powderblue required 44.0, 5.5, 77.0, and 725.0 respectively. This study can bring some insights into crop management and production of this important fruit crop, especially in a global climate-changing scenario, related to flowering and dormancy control, as well as helping to select suitable cultivars to a region, concerning chilling requirements.

Estudio fitoquímico de hojas de Cavendishia compacta (Ericaceae) y evaluación de su actividad antiinflamatoria / Phytochemical study of leaves of Cavendishia compacta (Ericaceae) and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory activity

RESUMEN Se realizó el estudio fitoquímico de hojas de Cavendishia compacta. La separación de extractos y fracciones por cromatografías en columna, capa delgada y capa delgada preparativa, permitieron obtener una mezcla de diterpenos conformada por kaurano, rimuneno y biformeno; una mezcla de compuestos aromáticos constituida por acetofenona y benzaldehído; una mezcla de triterpenos constituida por α-amirina y β-amirina y el aislamiento de morina y miricetina. La actividad antiinflamatoria se evaluó al extracto etanólico y las fracciones de hexano, dicolorometano y acetato de etilo, utilizando el modelo de edema auricular inducido por TPA, siendo el extracto etanólico y la fracción de dicolorometano los que presentaron un efecto antiinflamatorio moderado de 49,3% y 39,8% respectivamente.

Summary The phytochemical study of leaves of Cavendishia compacta was carried out. The separation of extracts and fractions by column chromatography, thin layer and preparative thin layer allowed to obtain a mixture of diterpenes consisting of kaurane, rimunene and biformene; a mixture of aromatic compounds constituted by acetophenone and benzaldehyde; a mixture of triterpenes constituted by α -amirine and β-amirin and the isolation of morine and myricetin. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated to the ethanolic extract and fractions of hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate using the model of atrial edema induced by TPA, being the etha-nolic extract and the fraction of dicholoromethane those that presented a moderate anti-inflammatory effect of 49.3 % and 39.8% respectivel.

Estudio químico preliminar y evaluación de la actividad antioxidante, antialimentaria y tóxica, de la especie Pernettya prostrata (Ericaceae) / Preliminary chemical study and evaluation of antioxidant, antifeedant and toxic activity of the species Pernettya prostrata (Ericaceae)

Introducción: los estudios fitoquímicos y propiedades biológicas de la especie Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) DC. (Ericaceae) han sido preliminares, y muchos de los resultados publicados no son muy confiables. Por lo anterior, la planta se convierte en objeto de estudio promisorio e interesante. Objetivo: realizar el análisis fitoquímico preliminar y la evaluación de algunas propiedades biológicas de extractos y fracciones de la especie P. prostrata. Métodos: a los extractos etanólicos de parte aérea y frutos se les determinaron los posibles constituyentes mediante un análisis fitoquímico preliminar, y se evaluó la actividad antioxidante mediante la captación del radical libre DPPH, la actividad tóxica frente a Artemia salina y antialimentaria frente a Sitophilus zeamais y Tribolium castaneum. Resultados: las pruebas fitoquímicas preliminares sugieren la presencia de flavonoides, taninos triterpenos y/o esteroides en los extractos etanólicos de frutos y parte aérea, obtenidos de P. prostata. Del estudio fitoquímico realizado sobre el extracto etanólico de frutos se aisló e identificó escualeno y β-1-O-metoxiglucopiranosa. Los compuestos aislados e identificados no arrojaron resultados promisorios frente a los ensayos biológicos realizados. Los extractos etanólico de frutos (72,8 ppm) y parte aérea (60,9 ppm) presentan similar actividad antioxidante. La fracción metanólica es la de mayor actividad antioxidante con CI50 (86,2 ± 8,8 ppm) y PI (89,8 %), mayores a los del ácido ascórbico usado como patrón (CI50 = 49,3 ± 0,2 ppm). No se observó actividad tóxica y antialimentaria de los extractos y fracciones evaluados. Conclusiones: el presente trabajo realiza aportes al conocimiento químico y de las propiedades biológicas de la especie P. prostrata, mediante el aislamiento e identificación de dos sustancias nuevas y la determinación de la actividad antioxidante de algunos extractos y fracciones.

Introduction: studies about the phytochemistry and biological properties of the species Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) DC. (Ericaceae) conducted so far have been preliminary and many of the results published are not totally reliable. Therefore, the plant is an interesting and promising object of study. Objective:carry out the preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of some biological properties of extracts and fractions of P. prostrata. Methods: preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted of ethanolic extracts from the aerial parts and fruits for determination of possible constituents. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH free radical capture. Toxic activity against Artemia salina and antifeedant activity against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum were also determined. Results: preliminary phytochemical tests suggest the presence of flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and/or steroids in ethanolic extracts from fruits and aerial parts of P. prostrata. Squalene and β-1-O-methoxy-glucopyranose were isolated and identified from the phytochemical study of the fruit ethanolic extract. The compounds isolated and identified did not reveal any promising results in the biological assays performed. Ethanolic extracts from fruits (72.8 ppm) and aerial parts (60.9 ppm) exhibited similar antioxidant activity. The methanolic fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 (86.2 ± 8.8 ppm) and IP (89.8 %), greater than those in the ascorbic acid used as a standard (IC50 = 49.3 ± 0.2 ppm). No toxic or antifeedant activity was found in the extracts and fractions evaluated. Conclusions: the present paper makes a contribution to knowledge about the chemical composition and biological properties of the species P. prostrata through isolation and identification of two new substances, and determination of the antioxidant activity of some extracts and fractions.

Two new compounds from the flowers of Rhododendron molle / 中国天然药物

AIM@#To study the chemical constituents of the flowers of Rhododendron molle.@*METHODS@#Compounds were isolated by repeated chromatography over silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. Structures were elucidated based on spectral techniques, mainly 1D- and 2D-NMR and mass spectrometric analyses.@*RESULTS@#Two compounds (1 and 2) were isolated.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Compounds 1 and 2 were identified as two new compounds: 2α, 10α-epoxy-3β, 5β, 6β, 14β, 16α-hexahydroxy-grayanane and benzyl 2, 6-dihydroxybenzoate-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively.

A New Phenylpropanol Glycoside from Twigs and Leaves of Rhododendron primulaeflorum / 中草药·英文版

ObjectiveTo study the constituents in the twigs and leaves of Rhododendron primulaeflorum.MethodsThe constituents were separated and purified with chromatographic methods.Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (1D,2D NMR,IR,and HR-ESI-MS) and chemical analyses.Results One new phenylpropanol glycoside,4-hydroxyl-5-methoxyl-phenylpropanol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1),and its aglycone (2) were successfully isolated from the twigs and leaves of R.primulaeflorum.ConclusionCompound 1 is a new phenylpropanol glycoside.Compounds 1 and 2 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Micropropagação como técnica de rejuvenescimento em mirtilo (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivar climax / Micropropagation as a rejuvenation technique in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivar climax

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar o rejuvenescimento do material vegetal através da técnica de micropropagação na produção de mudas de mirtilo, cv. Climax. Os tratamentos aplicados constituíram-se de dois tipos de citocininas (zeatina e 2iP), em quatro concentrações (0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5 mg.L-1) e duas fontes de explantes (plantas micropropagadas e plantas obtidas através da germinação de sementes in vitro). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4x2. Aos 60 dias após a instalação do experimento avaliou-se o número médio de brotos e de gemas por explante, o comprimento médio dos brotos e a taxa de multiplicação. Concluiu-se que plantas de mirtilo, micropropagadas na presença de citocinina e submetidas a sucessivas repicagens, demonstram elevada habilidade de rejuvenescimento in vitro do material adulto, podendo ser comparadas às plantas obtidas de semente, tanto na capacidade de emitir novas brotações, quanto no número de gemas e taxa de multiplicação.

This experiment was installed aiming to evaluate the plant rejuvenation capacity of rabbiteye blueberry seedlings cultivar Climax by using micropropagation technique. The treatments consisted of two cytokinin types (zeatin and 2iP), in four concentrations (0; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 mg.L-1) and two sources of explants (micropropagated plants and plants from in vitro seeds germination). The experiment was carried out in a 2x4x2 factorial arranged in a randomized complete design. After 60 days from experiment installation it was assessed the shoots average number and shoots average length, buds average number and the multiplication rate. In conclusion, the present results suggest that the micropropagated rabbiteye blueberry plants in the presence of cytokinin and submitted at successive cuttings showed a high in vitro rejuvenation ability of the adult material, which might be compared to the plants germinated in vitro, in the capacity of emitting new shoots as well as in the buds number and multiplication rate.

Phenolic glucosides from the leaves of Pieris japonica / 药学学报

The aim of the study is to investigate chemical constituents of the leaves of Pieris japonica. The isolation and purification of the constituents were performed by various chromatography and spectral analysis. Three new phenolic glucosides, erythro-syringoylglycerol 4-O-β-D-glucoside (1),1-(2-β-D-glucopyranoxyl-4-methoxyl-6-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxyl-1-propanone (3),erythro-1-(4-hydroxyl-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(3-β-D-glucopyranoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]-1,3-propanediol (4), along with five known phenolic glucosides, syringoylglycerol 8-O-β-D-glucoside (2), magnolenin C (5), syringaresinol mono-β-D-glucoside (6), 3-(4-hydroxyl-3-methyphenyl)-1-propanol-1-O-β-D-glucoside (7) and 3,5-dimethoxyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 4-O-β-D-glucoside (8) were isolated and identified from the plant leaves. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited significantly (P<0.01) the proliferation of murine T and B cells at concentration of 1×10-6 mol·L-1, in vitro.