Atividades biologicas avaliadas in vitro de especies do genero Erythroxylum: uma revisao de literatura

Introdução: o gênero Erythroxylum é composto por 230 espécies distribuídas em regiões subtropicais da América do Sul, que são utilizadas pela população tradicional para o tratamento de diversos acometimentos, como febre, asma, sinusite, gripe, sangramento, amenorreia, afecções virais, dentre outros. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as atividades biológicas in vitro de espécies do gênero Erythroxylum. Metodologia: para o presente estudo foram utilizadas as bases eletrônicas: LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect e BIREME. Os descritores consultados foram: Erythroxylum AND in vitro. Resultados e discussão: um total de 64 artigos foram selecionados para compor a revisão após emprego da ferramenta PRISMA e serem avaliados quanto aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Esse levantamento demonstrou que diversas espécies do gênero Erythroxylum apresentaram suas propriedades biológicas validadas através de estudos in vitro, com destaque para as atividades antioxidante, antibiótica, anticâncer, anti-hipertensiva, antidiabética e neuroprotetora. Conclusão: mais estudos devem ser realizados a fim de elucidar as propriedades biológicas de Erythroxylum sp., visto que apenas 30 espécies do gênero foram estudadas até o presente momento.

SUMMARY Introduction: The genus Erythroxylum is composed of 230 species distributed in subtropical regions of South America, these are used by the traditional population for the treatment of various disorders, such as fever, asthma, sinusitis, flu, bleeding, amenorrhea, viral disorders, among others. Aim: To carry out a systematic literature review on the in vitro biological activities of species of the genus Erythroxylum. Methodology: For this study, the following electronic databases were used: LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect and BIREME. The descriptors consulted were: Erythroxylum AND in vitro. Results and discussion: A total of 64 articles were selected to compose the review after using the PRISMA tool and to be evaluated for inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study demonstrated that several species of the genus Erythroxylum presented their biological properties validated through in vitro studies, with emphasis on the antioxidant, antibiotic, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic and neuroprotective activities. Conclusion: Further studies should be carried out in order to elucidate the biological properties of Erythroxylum sp., since only 30 species of the genus have been studied so far.

Introducción: el género Erythroxylum está compuesto por 230 especies distribuidas en las regiones subtropicales de América del Sur, estas son utilizadas por la población tradicional para el tratamiento de diversos trastornos, como fiebre, asma, sinusitis, gripe, hemorragias, amenorrea, trastornos virales, entre otros. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre las actividades biológicas in vitro de especies del género Erythroxylum. Metodología: para este estudio se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas: LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect y BIREME. Los descriptores consultados fueron: Erythroxylum AND in vitro. Resultados y discusión: un total de 64 artículos fueron seleccionados para componer la revisión después de utilizar la herramienta PRISMA y para ser evaluados por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Este estudio demostró que varias especies del género Erythroxylum presentaron sus propiedades biológicas validadas a través de estudios in vitro, con énfasis en las actividades, antioxidante, antibiótica, anticancerígena, antihipertensiva, antidiabética y neuroprotectora. Conclusión: se deben realizar más estudios para dilucidar las propiedades biológicas de Erythroxylum sp., ya que hasta el momento solo se han estudiado 30 especies del género.

Double-blind evaluation of homeopathy on cocaine craving: a randomized controlled pilot study / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Brazil is among the nations with the greatest rates of annual cocaine usage. Pharmacological treatment of cocaine addiction is still limited, opening space for nonconventional interventions. Homeopathic Q-potencies of opium and Erythroxylum coca have been tested in the integrative treatment of cocaine craving among homeless addicts, but this setting had not proven feasible, due to insufficient recruitment.</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study investigates the effectiveness and tolerability of homeopathic Q-potencies of opium and E. coca in the integrative treatment of cocaine craving in a community-based psychosocial rehabilitation setting.</p><p><b>DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS</b>A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, eight-week pilot trial was performed at the Psychosocial Attention Center for Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAPS-AD), Sao Carlos/SP, Brazil. Eligible subjects included CAPS-AD patients between 18 and 65 years of age, with an International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnosis of cocaine dependence (F14.2). The patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: psychosocial rehabilitation plus homeopathic Q-potencies of opium and E. coca (homeopathy group), and psychosocial rehabilitation plus indistinguishable placebo (placebo group).</p><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</b>The main outcome measure was the percentage of cocaine-using days. Secondary measures were the Minnesota Cocaine Craving Scale and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores. Adverse events were reported in both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study population comprised 54 patients who attended at least one post-baseline assessment, out of the 104 subjects initially enrolled. The mean percentage of cocaine-using days in the homeopathy group was 18.1% (standard deviation (SD): 22.3%), compared to 29.8% (SD: 30.6%) in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Analysis of the Minnesota Cocaine Craving Scale scores showed no between-group differences in the intensity of cravings, but results significantly favored homeopathy over placebo in the proportion of weeks without craving episodes and the patients' appraisal of treatment efficacy for reduction of cravings. Analysis of 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores found no significant differences. Few adverse events were reported: 0.57 adverse events/patient in the homeopathy group compared to 0.69 adverse events/patient in the placebo group (P = 0.41).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A psychosocial rehabilitation setting improved recruitment but was not sufficient to decrease dropout frequency among Brazilian cocaine treatment seekers. Psychosocial rehabilitation plus homeopathic Q-potencies of opium and E. coca were more effective than psychosocial rehabilitation alone in reducing cocaine cravings. Due to high dropout rate and risk of bias, further research is required to confirm our findings, with specific focus on strategies to increase patient retention.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b>RBR-2xzcwz (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br).</p>

Evaluation of the effect of coca leaf powder consumption on bone turnoverin postmenopausal women / Evaluación del efecto del consumo de hoja de coca pulverizada en marcadores de recambio óseo en mujeres posmenopáusicas

Introduction: Every year, about 25 million women all over the world experience menopause. Nearly 30% of them will suffer from osteoporosis. Conventional treatments tend to have side effects. In Peru, we have Erythroxylum coca, a vegetal alternative high in calcium, fiber and polyphenols. Objectives: To test the effects of the consumption of coca leaf powder in postmenopausal women and analyze the antioxidant capacity of coca leaf powder. Design: Quantitative, quasi-experimental, pre-test post-test study. Institution: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Participants: Volunteer postmenopausal women. Methodology: Unique and self-controlled treatment of 25 volunteers who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty one completed the treatment, which consisted of the daily ingestion of 4 g of coca leaf powder mixed with water for a period of 90 days. They kept their regular diet and lifestyle. Three blood samples per volunteer were taken before, after 45 and 90 days of treatment. Main outcomes: We measured procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTX1), beta-crosslaps (ßCTX) and human bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in the volunteers. TEAC-ABTS (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) and polyphenols were determined in coca leaf powder. Results: A significant decrease in the bone resorption indicator NTX1 (from 12.719 to 0.9945 ng/mL; p<0.05) was found. The bone formation indicator P1NP had a positive median difference. Coca leaf powder showed antioxidant capacity (TEAC-ABTS of 2.74 μmol/mL, FRAP of 73.60 mg AAE/g); the content of polyphenols was 3 089.34 mg AG/100 g. These results show coca leaf powder could potentially benefit bone metabolism. Conclusion: The incorporation of coca leaf powder into the regular diet for a period of 90 days generated a change in the indicators of bone density in women.

Introducción. Anualmente, cerca de 25 millones de mujeres en el mundo ingresan a la menopausia; alrededor de 30% sufrirá osteoporosis. Los tratamientos convencionales suelen tener efectos colaterales. En el Perú, existen alternativas en los recursos vegetales, como el Erythroxylum coca, con alto contenido de calcio, fibra y polifenoles. Objetivos. Evaluar el efecto del consumo de coca pulverizada en mujeres posmenopáusicas, y analizar la capacidad antioxidante de la coca pulverizada. Diseño. Estudio cuantitativo, cuasiexperimental, preprueba-posprueba. Institución. Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Participantes. Mujeres posmenopáusicas voluntarias. Metodología. Siendo un único tratamiento y autocontrolado, se seleccionaron 25 voluntarias que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Terminaron 21. Se les proporcionó hoja de coca pulverizada para un consumo diario de 4 g en agua durante 90 días. Todas continuaron con su dieta normal y estilo de vida. Se tomaron tres muestras de sangre por voluntaria, al inicio, antes del consumo del pulverizado, a los 45 días y a los 90 días. Principales medidas de resultados. En las voluntarias, se midió propéptido N-terminal de procolágeno tipo 1 (P1NP), telopéptido N-terminal del colágeno tipo 1 (NTX1), beta-crosslaps (ßCTX) y fosfatasa alcalina ósea (BALP). En el micropulverizado, ABTS (capacidad antioxidante equivalente al trolox), FRAP (antioxidante potencial de reducción de hierro) y polifenoles. Resultados. Existió reducción significativa del marcador de resorción ósea NTX1 (de 12,719 a 0,9945 ng/ mL; p<0,05). El marcador de formación ósea P1NP mostró una diferencia positiva de medianas. El extracto de coca exhibió capacidad antioxidante (TEAC-ABTS de 2,74 μmol/mL, FRAP de 73,60 mg AAE/g); el contenido de polifenoles fue 3 089,34 mg AG/100 g. Estas características podrían contribuir con los beneficios potenciales en el metabolismo óseo. Conclusiones. La complementación de la dieta por 90 días con coca indujo cambios en indicadores de recambio óseo.

Metabolitos en las hojas de Erythroxylum coca Lam y Erithroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron y evaluacón de sus propiedades biológicas mediante bioensayos / Metabolites detected in Erythroxylum coca Lam y Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron leaves and evaluation of their biological activities by bioessay

Objetivo: Realizar el screening fitoquímico y determinar la actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana de los flavonoides y alcaloides aislados de extractos etanólicos de las hojas de Erythroxylum coca Lam y Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron. Materiales y Métodos: La capacidad antioxidante de los flavonoides y alcaloides aislados fue evaluada mediante el ensayo de DPPH, utilizando como control positivo a la vitamina C, y la actividad antibacteriana mediante el cálculo del halo de inhibición (mm) ante S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus y E. coli. Resultados: Los alcaloides de E. coca presentaron mayor actividad antibacteriana frente a S. epidermidis y P. aeruginosa, y los flavonoides de E. novogranatense tuvieron mayor actividad frente a S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa y S. aureus. E. novogranatense mostroun EC50 de 271,20 µg/mL para extracto crudo y 250,29 µg/mL para flavonoides, mientras que E. coca presento un EC50 de 172,59 µg/mL para extracto crudo y 611,29 µg/mL para flavonoides. Conclusión: En ambas especies se identificaron alcaloides (cocaína y benzoilecgonina), flavonoides (chalconas y flavonoles), fenoles y carbohidratos. Los flavonoides de Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron, y el extracto de Erythroxylum coca Lam presentaron mayor actividad antioxidante. El extracto de Erythroxylum coca Lam mostro mayor actividad antibacteriana frente a S. aureus, S. epidermidis y E. coli, excepto para P. aeruginosa. Los alcaloides de Erythroxylum coca Lam, exhibieron buena actividad frente a S. epidermidis y P. aeruginosa; excepto para E. coli, donde Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron tuvo mejor desempeño. Los flavonoides aislados de Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron mostraron actividad frente a S. epidermidis.

Análisis de cocaína en diferentes muestras por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de llama (CG-FID) / Analysis of cocaine in different samples by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) / Análise de cocaína em diferentes amostras por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID)

En este estudio se realizó la validación de los métodos establecidos por la UNODC para la cuantificación y extracción de benzometilecgonina (cocaína) presente en las hojas de Erythhroxylum coca, en té de coca y en clorhidrato de cocaína. El primer método de extracción, recomendado por la UNODC, es una extracción solido-líquido (ESL), sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos indican que esta no es lo suficientemente eficiente para lograr una señal de analito distinguible de la relación señal a ruido (S/N) para las muestras de hojas de Erythhroxylum coca y té de coca. El segundo método propuesto es la extracción soxhlet, los resultados indican que esta resulta más eficiente para aislar y cuantificar el analito de interés por cromatografía de gases acoplada a un detector de ionización por llama (CG-FID). Después de someter las muestras al proceso de extracción soxhlet y cuantificación por CG-FID se encontró que la hoja de té posee 7,66×10² mg de cocaína/kg de muestra, las hojas de coca 17,15 mg de cocaína/kg de muestra y el clorhidrato de cocaína 7,15×10(5) mg de cocaína/kg de muestra. El método de análisis escogido se caracteriza por arrojar bajos límites de detección (0,169 mg/L) y por poseer parámetros estadísticos y cromatográficos ideales.

In this study validate the methods established by the UNODC for quantification and extraction benzometilecgonina (cocaine) in the leaves of Erythhroxylum coca, coca tea and cocaine hydrochloride. The first extraction method recommended by the UNODC is a solid-liquid extraction (ESL), however, the results indicate that this is not efficient enough to achieve analyte signal distinguishable from the signal to noise ratio (S/N) for samples Erythhroxylum coca leaves and coca tea. The second proposed method is soxhlet extraction, the results indicate that this is more efficient to isolate and quantify the analyte of interest by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). After submitting the samples to the soxhlet extraction process and quantification by GC-FID it found that tea leaf has 7.66×10² mg of cocaine/kg sample, coca leaves 17.15 mg of cocaine/kg sample and cocaine hydrochloride concentration corresponded to 7.15×10(5) mg of cocaine/kg sample. The chosen analysis method is characterized by low detection limits shed (1.69 mg/L) and possessing ideal chromatographic and statistical parameters.

Neste estudo validaram-se os métodos estabelecidos pelo UNODC para a quantificação e extração de benzometilecgonina (cocaína) nas folhas de Erythhroxylum coca; em chá de coca e cloridrato de cocaína. O primeiro método de extração recomendado por UNODC é uma extração sólido-líquido (ESL), no entanto, os resultados indicam que esta não é suficientemente eficaz para atingir um sinal de analito distinguível da relação sinal-ruído (S/N) para amostras de folhas Erythhroxylum coca e chá de coca. O segundo método proposto é uma extração soxhlet, os resultados indicam que este é mais eficiente para isolar e quantificar o analito de interesse por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um detector de ionização de chama (GC-FID). Depois de enviar as amostras para o processo de extração soxhlet e quantificação por GC-FID descobriu-se que as folhas de chá têm 7,66×10² mg de cocaína/kg de amostra, as folhas de coca 17,15 mg de cocaína/kg de amostra e o cloridrato de cocaína 7,15×10(5) mg de cocaína/kg de amostra. O método de análise escolhido é caracterizado por ter baixos limites de detecção (1,69 mg/L) e possuir parâmetros estatísticos e cromatográficos ideais.

Determinação de parâmetros farmacognósticos para as folhas de Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hilaire (Erythroxylaceae) coletadas no município de Goiânia, GO. / Determination of pharmacognostic parameters for the leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hilaire (Erythroxylaceae) collected in the city of Goiania, GO

RESUMO As plantas medicinais representam um dos principais recursos terapêuticos utilizado pelo homem para a cura e prevenção de doenças, no entanto, para que o tratamento seja seguro e eficaz é necessário conhecer seus componentes químicos. Dessa forma, o intuito deste trabalho foi determinar os parâmetros farmacognosticos para o estabelecimento do controle de qualidade da droga vegetal composta pelas folhas de Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil., pertencentes à família Erythroxylaceae ocorrente no Cerrado. Para tanto, foram coletadas folhas adultas nas proximidades da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-GO. Foram determinados o teor de umidade por meio de balança com irradiação de raios infravermelho e o teor de cinzas totais. Na prospecção fitoquímica foram pesquisadas as classes de metabólitos secundários e realizou-se o doseamento de fenóis totais, flavonoides e taninos totais. Os resultados dos testes de pureza realizados, teor de umidade e teor de cinzas totais, estão de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pelas especificações farmacopeicas. As análises fitoquímicas evidenciaram a presença de flavonoides, taninos, cumarinas, saponinas e resinas. No doseamento de fenóis totais, taninos e flavonoides presentes nas folhas de E. suberosum A. St.-Hil. obteve-se respectivamente 17,97%, 6,31%, 3,87%. Estes resultados confirmam os dados da literatura quanto à presença destes compostos em Erythroxylaceae, pois de acordo com nas folhas de E. tortuosum obteve-se valores de 10%, 8,4% e 0,064% de Fenóis, Taninos e flavonoides, respectivamente e nas folhas de E. deciduum foram encontrados 12,04% de fenóis totais, 0,87% de taninos e 1,37% de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados no presente trabalho também se tornam relevantes quando comparadas as quantidades desses metabólitos com espécies clássicas na biossíntese de compostos fenólicos como o teor de taninos de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville e em Eugenia uniflora L. foi de 29,9% e 2,96%, respectivamente. Teores de flavonóides que variaram entre 0,65% a 0,79% na Calendula officinalis L. e Ginkgo bilobaL. 0,59%, 0,75% e 0,79%. Sendo assim, a quantidade considerável de compostos fenólicos obtida em E. suberosum A. St.-Hil. sugere que a espécie possua um importante potencial terapêutico e quem sabe potencial antioxidante, a ser explorado em estudos posteriores.

ABSTRACT Medicinal plants represent a major therapeutic resources used by man for the cure and prevention of diseases, however, that the treatment be safe and effective it is necessary to know their chemical components. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the pharmacognostic parameters for the establishment of the plant drug quality control made by the leaves of Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil., belonging to the family Erythroxylaceae occurring in the Cerrado. To this end, adult leaves were collected near the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia-GO. It was determined the moisture content through scale radiating infrared rays and the content of total ash. The phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites classes were surveyed and performed the determination of total phenols, flavonoids and total tannins. The results of the purity tests, moisture content and total ash content, are in accordance with the limits established by the pharmacopeic specifications. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins and resins. The determination of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids quantities present in the leaves of E. suberosum A. St.-Hil. were obtained respectively as 17.97%, 6.31%, 3.87%. These results confirm the literature data for the presence of these compounds in Erythroxylaceae, since according to the leaves of E. tortuosum yielded values of 10%, 8.4% and 0.064% of phenols, tannins and flavonoids, respectively. On the E. deciduum leaves were found 12.04% of total phenols, tannins 0.87% and 1.37% of flavonoids. The results of this work also become relevant when comparing the amounts of these metabolites with classic species in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds such as tannins content in barbatimão and pitanga was 29.9% and 2.96%, respectively. Flavonoid contents ranging from 0.65% to 0.79% in calendula and ginkgo 0.59%, 0.75% and 0.79%. Thus, considerable amount of phenolic compounds obtained in E. suberosum. A. St. Hil. It suggests that the species has an important therapeutic potential and who knows antioxidant potential to be explored in further studies.

Determination of rutin in Erythroxylum suberosum extract by liquid chromatography: applicability in standardization of herbs and stability studies / Determinación de rutina en el extracto Erythroxylum suberosum por cromatografía líquida: aplicación de la normalización de las hierbas y los estudios de estabilidad

In this study, a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) technique for determination of rutin in Erythroxylum suberosum extract was developed and validated. A regression analysis was performed, with the observation of good linearity (r = 0.9997). The values obtained for precision and accuracy determination are in agreement with ICH guidelines. The detection and the quantitation limits of rutin were 0.19 ug/mL and 0.60 ug/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that the developed method is a reliable HPLC technique for determination of rutin in E. suberosum extract. In addition, the applicability of this method in stability studies and standardization of herbs was investigated.

En este estudio, la técnica de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución en fase reversa para la determinación de la rutina en el extracto Erythroxylum suberosum fue desarrollada y validada. Se realizó un análisis de regresión, con la observación de una buena linealidad (r = 0,9997). Los valores obtenidos para la precisión y la determinación de la precisión están de acuerdo con las directrices ICH. La detección y cuantificación de los límites de la rutina fueron 0,19 ug / mL y 0,60 ug / mL, respectivamente. Los resultados demostraron que el método desarrollado es una técnica fiable de HPLC para la determinación de la rutina en el extracto de E. suberosum. Además, se investigó la aplicabilidad de este método en los estudios de estabilidad y la estandarización de hierbas.

Antinociceptive activity of the extract of Erythroxylum caatingae / Actividad antinociceptiva del extracto de Erythroxylum caatingae

The genus Erythoxylum plants are popularly used as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and diuretic agentes, and for treating of respiratory problems. This study investigated the antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of Erythroxylum caatingae (EcME) in chemical (formalin test and acetic acid test) and thermal models (hot plate test) of nociception. Intraperitoneal pre-treatment with EcME reduced the number of abdominal contortions and the licking time in the second phase of the formalin test. EcME did not show a significant effect in the hot plate test, rota-rod test, and the elevated plus maze test. These findings indicate that the antinociceptive activity of EcME is not because of a depressor effect on the central nervous system, and EcME is not a muscle relaxant. Nevertheless, Erythroxylum caatingae demonstrated peripheral antinociceptive activity, which confirms its popular use and contributes to the scientific knowledge of the species.

El género Erythoxylum es popularmente utilizado como agente anti-inflamatorio, antibacteriano y para el tratamiento de problemas respiratorios. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la actividad antinociceptiva del extracto metanólico Erythroxylum caatingae (EcME), utilizando modelos químicos (prueba de la formalina y prueba de ácido acético) y térmico (prueba de la placa caliente) de nocicepción. El pretratamiento EcME por la vía intraperitoneal (i.p.), fue capaz de reducir el número de contorsiones abdominales y el tiempo de lamida en la segunda fase del test de formalina. EcME no tuvo efecto significativo en el test de la placa caliente, Rota-Rod y Laberinto en Cruz Elevado, mostrando que el efecto antinociceptivo no está relacionado con un efecto depresor del sistema nervioso central o miorelajante. Los datos experimentales muestran que Erythroxylum caatingae posee una actividad antinociceptiva periférica que confirma su uso popular, contribuyendo para el conocimiento científico de la especie.

Evaluación de la respuesta glucemica post-ingesta de la hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) en personas sin antecedente patológico metabólico / Evaluation of the glycemic response post-intake coca leaf (Erythroxylum coca) in people without metabolic pathologic background

Considerando la veracidad de los beneficios de la hoja de Coca (Erythroxylum coca), este estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar la respuesta glucémica post ingesta de hoja de coca en personas sin previa patología metabólica. La metodología empleada es experimental, tipo ensayo clínico de campo. De una población de 345 personas de la Escuela Militar de Sargentos del Ejército de la ciudad de Cochabamba - Bolivia, se seleccionaron a 90 personas, de sexo masculino entre 18 a 25 años, sin antecedentes personales patológicos, con índices antropométricos normales y glucemia en ayunas de 60 a 100 mg/dl . La muestra se dividió en un grupo control, un grupo post-ingesta de mate de 5 gr. de hoja de coca y otro grupo post-masticación de 5 gr. de hoja de coca, durante una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa, evaluada por la toma glucemia capilar en ayunas y dos horas postprandial. Se analizaron: el promedio, desviación estándar y prueba t student. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: Glucemia postprandial del grupo control 100,4 (± 11,9) mg/dl y (p=2,129), en el grupo de mate de coca 81,8 (±7,5) mg/dl y (p=0,003), y en el grupo de masticación de hoja de coca 82,07 (± 8,8) mg/dl y (p=0,082). Se concluye que la hoja de coca (Erythroxylum coca) reduce la glucemia postprandial en este grupo, siendo estadísticamente significativa en las dos formas de consumo mate y masticación en comparación que el grupo control.

Considering the veracity of the benefits of coca leaf (Erythroxylum coca), this study aims to evaluate the glycemicresponse post ingestion of coca leaf in people without metabolic pathologic background. It was used an experimental field trial type study. In a population of 345 people from the Military Academy Army of Sergeants in Cochabamba - Bolivia, 90 male people of 18 to 25 years old were selected with no medical history, normal anthropometric measures normal glucose on of 60 to 100 mg/dl.The sample was divided in a control group post-intake mate of 5 gr. coca and a post-chewing group 5 gr. coca leaf during an oral glucose tolerance test assessed by fasting capillary blood glucose two hours postprandial. It has been analyzed the mean, standard deviation and test student t. Most important result was: In the control group a postprandial glycemic of 100.4 (± 1 1.9) mg / dl (p = 2.129), the coca tea group was 81.8 (± 7.5) mg / dl (p = 0.003), group the chewing coca leaf was 82.07 (± 8.8) mg / dl (p = 0.082). It was been concluded that Coca (Erythroxylon coca) reduces postprandial glycemic in people without metabolic pathologic background, and it's statistically significant in the two ways of cultural consumption in the compering groups.

Hepatoprotective effect of leaves of Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. on paracetamol induced toxicity

Objective: To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of leaves ofErythroxylum monogynum Methods: Methanolic extract of leaves of E. monogynum was given in doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for 7 d and toxicity was induced by paracetamol (2 mg/kg) on Day 8. Silymarin (50 mg/kg) was used as reference standard. After 24 h of toxicity induction blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexsus and analyzed for serum parameters like serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminse, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Livers isolated were studied for histopathological changes. (E. monogynum) on paracetamol induced toxicity. Results: Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of E. monogynum leaves showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols and saponins. Prior administration of this extract restored the elevated levels serum markers as compared to toxic group which is also confirmed by the histopathological changes observed.Conclusions:The present study showed that methanolic extract of leaves of E. monogynum possess hepatoprotective action against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity.

A remarkable leaf mine induced by Tachygonus sp.n. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae: Rhamphini) on Erythroxylum subsessile (Erythroxylaceae) with a description of the new species / Mina foliar singular induzida por Tachygonus sp. n. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Tachygoninae) em Erythroxylum subsessile (Erythroxylaceae) com descrição da nova espécie

In this study, we describe and present original data on the bionomics and ecology of Tachygonus erythroxyli Hespenheide, New Species, on Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.). Thirty individuals of E. subsessile were analysed every two months, from October, 2006 to October, 2007 at the National Park of Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ) Carapebus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Females of T. erythroxyli lay their eggs singly on the upper surface of the host's leaves. The mine of T. erythroxyli is expanded with three bubbles, each one representing one larval instar. These mines occur throughout the year in at least half of the host plants and are markedly more abundant in summer. We obtained three parasitoid species, making a total of 53% of the rate of parasitism. Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae) was the most prevalent and represented 88% of the parasitoids. The great abundance of Tachygonus mines, their high frequency in their host plant, and local monophagy of this leaf miner weevil suggest a close association between T. erythroxyli and Erythroxylum subsessile.

No presente estudo, foram descritos e apresentados os primeiros dados sobre bionomia e ecologia de Tachygonus erythroxyli Hespenheide, New Species, em Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.). Trinta indivíduos de E. subsessile foram amostrados a cada dois meses, de outubro de 2006 a outubro de 2007, no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ), Carapebus-Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Fêmeas de T. erythroxyli colocam ovos isolados na face superior das folhas do seu hospedeiro. A mina de T. erythroxyli é do tipo expandida e apresenta um formato de três bolhas, sendo que cada bolha corresponde a um estádio da larva. Essas minas ocorrem ao longo de todo o ano em pelo menos metade das plantas hospedeiras, sendo marcadamente mais abundantes no verão. Foram obtidas três espécies de parasitoides que, juntas, demonstraram uma taxa de parasitismo de 53%. Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae) foi a mais abundante e representou 88% dos parasitoides. A grande abundância de minas de Tachygonus, a alta frequência em seu hospedeiro e a monofagia local desse besouro minador de folhas sugere uma forte associação entre T. erythroxyli e Erythroxylum subsessile.

Erythroxylum pungens elicits vasorelaxation by reducing intracellular calcium concentration in vascular smooth muscle cells of rats

The cardiovascular effects elicited by the ethanolic extract obtained from the roots of Erythroxylum pungens O.E. Schulz, Erythroxylaceae (EEEP) and the vasorelaxant effect induced by its main tropane alkaloid (pungencine) were investigated. In normotensive rats, administration of EEEP (1, 10, 30 and 60 mg/kg i.v., randomly) produced dose-dependent hypotension (-2±1, -7±0.5 -17.6±1, -24±1 Δ mmHg, n=5) followed by tachycardia (3±0.5, 7±2, 7.1±1, 10±5 Δ bpm, n=5). In intact phenylephrine (Phe, 10 µM)-pre-contracted rings, EEEP (0.01-500 µg/mL) induced concentration-dependent vasorelaxation (EC50 13.7±5.5 µg/mL, Maximal Response= 92±2.6%), and this effect was unchanged after the removal of the vascular endothelium (EC50 27.2±4.7 µg/ml, Maximal Response= 88.3±3.3 %). In KCl (80 mM)-pre-contracted-endothelium-denuded rings, EEEP elicited concentration-dependent relaxation (EC50= 128.2±11.2 µg/mL, Maximal Response 76.8±3.4%). Vasorelaxation has also been achieved with tonic contractions evoked by the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K 8644 (EC50 80.2±9.1 µg/mL, Maximal Response 86.3±8.3%). In addition, in a depolarizing medium, EEEP inhibited CaCl2 (30-500 µg/mL) induced contractions and caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the relaxation curves. Lastly, the tropane alkaloid pungencine caused vasorelaxation in mesenteric arteries resembling to the EEEP responses. These results suggests that EEEP induces hypotension and vasorelaxation, at least in part, due to the reduction in [Ca2+]i in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por folhas e frutos de Erythroxylum deciduum (cocão) em ovinos no Estado de Santa Catarina / Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by the leaves and fruits of Erythroxylum deciduum (Cocão) in sheep in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Descreve-se uma enfermidade em ovinos de ocorrência sazonal, caracterizada por manifestações nervosas e morte rápida, nos municípios de Rancho Queimado e Ponte Alta do Sul, no estado de Santa Catarina. A doença foi reproduzida experimentalmente em ovinos com a administração de folhas de Erythroxylum deciduum coletados durante o verão, com doses letais a partir de 10g/kg de peso vivo. Em um único experimento com os frutos a dose de 15g/kg foi letal. O início da manifestação dos sinais clínicos, ocorreu entre 0 e 2 horas após a administração das folhas ou dos frutos e a evolução da doença foi de 10 minutos a 18 horas. Doses de até 20g/kg de folhas coletadas no período de inverno, produziram alterações clínicas discretas em dois ovinos. Os sinais clínicos foram depressão, sonolência e, quando os animais eram movimentados, incoordenação motora, desequilíbrio, quedas, dificuldade para se levantar e estação com os membros abertos. Também foi observado: salivação intensa, regurgitação, bruxismo, aumento das frequências cardíaca e respiratória. Os sinais clínicos se agravavam quando os animais eram movimentados e geralmente resultavam em morte. Os animais que morreram pelas intoxicações espontânea e experimental, não tinham alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas significativas. O corte das árvores de E. deciduum faz com que o tronco rebrote, favorecendo a ingestão da planta pelos ovinos. Este fato e a disponibilidade de frutos maduros que caem ao chão podem ser responsabilizados pela doença de ovinos com sinais nervosos e ausência de lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, que ocorrem nos meses de verão, no Estado de Santa Catarina.

A disease in sheep with seasonal occurrence in the municipalities of Rancho Queimado and Ponte Alta do Sul, State of Santa Catarina, characterized by nervous manifestations and rapid death is described. The disease was reproduced experimentally in sheep giving the leaves of Erythroxylum deciduum collected in summer, at lethal doses from 10g/kg on. In one experiment in sheep with the fruits, the dose of 15g/kg was lethal. The onset of symptoms occurred within 2 hours after administration of the leaves, and the poisoning had a course from 10 minutes to 18 hours. Doses up to 20g/kg of leaves collected in winter caused slight signs of poisoning in two sheep. In the experiments, the clinical signs were depression and somnolence, and when the animals were moved, motor incoordination, imbalance, falls, difficulty to get up, and station with open legs; intense salivation, regurgitation, bruxism, increased heart rate and breathing was also observed. The clinical signs and death were exacerbated when the sheep were moved. The animals that died by the spontaneous and experimental poisoning did not show important gross lesions or microscopic alterations. It was concluded that the cut of the tree, allows growth of sprouts from the stems, encouraging the sheep to eat the plant. This fact and the availability of ripe fruits that fall off the trees can be made responsible for the poisoning with nervous signs of sheep, which occurs during the summer months in the state of Santa Catarina.

Estrutura e composição florística da vegetação lenhosa em cerrado rupestre na transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica, Mato Grosso, Brasil / Structure and floristic composition of woody vegetation in cerrado rupestre in the Cerrado-Amazonian Forest transition zone, Mato Grosso, Brazil

O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a composição florística e a estrutura da vegetação lenhosa (incluindo monocotiledôneas e lianas) em cerrado rupestre na zona de transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica, no Parque do Bacaba, em Nova Xavantina, MT (14º 41' S e 52º 20' W) e compará-las com outros estudos de cerrado sentido restrito. Foram demarcadas aleatoriamente 10 parcelas de 20 × 50 m, nas quais foram medidos os indivíduos vivos e mortos em pé com diâmetro mínimo a 30 cm do solo (DAS) > 3 cm. O cerrado rupestre apresentou alta densidade (3.766 indivíduos vivos), riqueza florística (85 espécies, 67 gêneros e 34 famílias) e área basal (15,72 m²ha-1), e ainda elevado valor do índice de diversidade de espécies de Shannon-Wiener (H' = 3,47) e equabilidade de Pielou (J = 0,78) em relação às áreas comparadas. As espécies com maior valor de importância foram Erythroxylum suberosum, Qualea parviflora, Anacardium occidentale, Kielmeyera rubriflora e Vatairea macrocarpa. A maior similaridade florística entre comunidades de cerrado típico e rupestre localizadas em áreas com menores altitudes do leste mato-grossense sugere que nessa região a proximidade geográfica e a altitude exercem influência sobre a composição de espécies, independentemente do substrato. A comunidade apresentou distribuição de alturas unimodal, predominando indivíduos de porte arbustivo com altura < 3 m e DAS < 5 cm. É sugerido aqui que estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos realizados em cerrado rupestre empreguem DAS mínimo de 3 cm e incluam espécies de monocotiledôneas e de lianas para representar de maneira mais realística a riqueza e composição de espécies e a estrutura da vegetação. A elevada riqueza e diversidade de espécies registrada no presente estudo podem estar relacionadas à posição pré-Amazônica deste cerrado rupestre, enfatizando a importância da manutenção do Parque do Bacaba no sentido de garantir a proteção de sua diversidade biológica.

This study aimed to analyze the floristic composition and the structure of a savanna on rocky soil ("cerrado rupestre") woody vegetation (including monocots and lianas) in the Cerrado-Amazon Forest transition zone located at Parque Municipal do Bacaba, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso (14º 41' S and 52º 20' W), and compare it with other cerrado stricto sensu studies. Ten 20 × 50 m plots were randomly established, within which all live and dead woody plants with at least 3 cm of trunk diameter at 30 cm above ground level (DSH30 > 3 cm) were measured. The cerrado rupestre showed high density (3,766 live individuals), richness (85 species, 67 genera and 34 families) and basal area (15.72 m²ha-1), as well as high levels of Shannon-Wiener species diversity (H' = 3.47) and evenness (J = 0.78) indices. The most important species were Erythroxylum suberosum, Qualea parviflora, Anacardium occidentale, Kielmeyera rubriflora and Vatairea macrocarpa. The greatest floristic similarity found between typical cerrado and "cerrado rupestre" communities from lower altitude areas of Northeastern Mato Grosso suggest that, in this region, altitude and geographical distance influence the species composition, regardless of the substrate. The community presented unimodality in the heights distribution and is mostly compounded by shrubby individuals with height < 3 m and DSH < 5 cm. We suggest that floristic and phytosociological studies conducted in "cerrado rupestre" should adopt DSH > 3 cm and include monocot and liana species, so as to more realistically represent the vegetation richness, species composition and structure. The high species richness and diversity registered in this study might be related to this "cerrado rupestre" pre-Amazonian location, which emphasizes the importance of "Parque do Bacaba" maintenance as a guarantee of its biological diversity protection.

Plantas medicinales: Efecto antibacteriano in vitro de Plantago major L, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Plowman var truxillense y Camellia sinensis sobre bacterias de importancia estomatológica / Medicinal plants: Antibacterial effect in vitro de Plantago major L, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Plowman var truxillense and Camellia sinensis on stomatologic importance bacteria

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de los extractos hidroalcohólicos de tres plantas medicinales: Plantago major L. (llantén), Erythroxylum novograntense var truxillense (coca trujillo) y Camellia sinensis (té verde) mediante el método de difusión en agar con discos, sobre cinco cepas patrones de bacterias orales: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Lactobacillus acidophilus. ATCC 314, Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987, Prevotella melaninogenicus ATCC 25845 y Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586. Se obtuvieron extractos hidroalcohólicos de principios activos totales procedentes de las hojas secas de cada una de las plantas, mediante maceración alcohólica con alcohol etílico al 70 % y posterior evaporación del solvente con el empleo del rotavapor. Cada extracto se diluyó en alcohol etílico al 70 % en las concentraciones de 25 µg/mL y 50 µg/mL. Estas soluciones fueron comparadas con PerioAid® (clorhexidina 0,012 %) como control positivo y con alcohol etílico al 70 %, como control negativo. Al realizar las pruebas de sensibilidad in vitro, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: los tres extractos hidroalcohólicos en ambas concentraciones presentaron actividad antibacteriana mayor al alcohol etílico (5,8 mm) y menor que el PerioAid® (22,0 mm) sobre las cinco cepas bacterianas en estudio. La mayor actividad presentó el extracto hidroalcohólico de Camellia sinensis a 50 µg/mL, la menor actividad presento Plantago major a 25 µg/mL. Se concluye que los tres extractos hidroalcohólicos en las diluciones de 25 y 50 µg/mL presentaron actividad antibacteriana sobre Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces viscosus, Prevotella melaninogenica y Fusobacterium nucleatum. El efecto antibacteriano aumentó con la concentración en P. melaninogenica, que fue la cepa más sensible y A. viscosus la menos sensible.

Erythroxylaceae endémicas del Perú

La familia Erythroxylaceae es reconocida en el Perú por presentar un género, Erythroxylum, y 27 especies (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2004), todas arbustos y árboles. En este trabajo reconocemos cuatro especies endémicas, las cuales ocupan las regiones Desierto Cálido Tropical y Bosques Húmedos Amazónicos, entre los 150 y 720 m de altitud. Las Erythroxylaceae endémicas no se encuentran representadas en el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado.

The Erythroxylaceae are represented in Peru by 27 species in the genus Erythroxylum (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2004), all shrubs and trees. Here we recognize four endemic species, which are found in the Tropical Costal Desert and Humid Lowland Amazonian Forests regions, between 150 and 720 m elevation. No endemic Erythroxylaceae have been recorded within Peru's protected areas system.

O gênero Erythroxylum P. Browne (Erythroxylaceae) do estado do Paraná, Brasil

An inventory of the Erythroxylum's species from the State of Paraná, Brazil, was done and the following species were found: E. ambiguum Peyr., E. amplifolium (Mart.) O.E. Schulz, E. anguifugum Mart., E. argentinum O.E. Schulz, E. buxus Peyr., E. campestre A. St.-Hil., E. cuneifolium (Mart.) O.E. Schulz, E. cuspidifolium Mart., E. deciduum A. St.-Hil., E. gonocladum (Mart.) O.E. Schulz, E. nanum A. St.-Hil., E. pelleterianum A. St.-Hil., E. microphyllum A. St.-Hil., E. myrsinites Mart. and E. suberosum A. St.-Hil.. All of then are taxonomically revised and a new synonym is presented: E. cuneifolium (Mart.) O.E. Schulz var. squarrosum O.E. Schulz as synonym of E. cuneifolium (Mart.) O.E. Schulz. Is also discussed the validity of the genus name Erythroxylon Linnaeus against Erythroxylum P. Browne.