Frecuencia de y cesáreas en establecimientos públicos y privados de la Provincia de Concepción, Chile, 2001-2019 / Caesareans section frequency in public and private establishments of the Province of Concepción, Chile, 2001-2019

Introducción: El porcentaje nacional de cesárea supera las recomendaciones internacionales, alcanzando altos niveles, con consecuencias significativas en la salud de la mujer. Por esta razón es un problema necesario de analizar. Objetivo: Describir la situación epidemiológica de las cesáreas en la Provincia de Concepción, periodo 2001-2019, según establecimiento y previsión. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, ecológico, transversal. Incluye universo de partos en la Provincia de Concepción 2001-2019, datos del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS). Recopilación y análisis según técnicas descriptivas en Microsoft Excel® Resultados: En establecimientos públicos, el número de partos disminuyó un 60.6%. En establecimientos privados aumentó 4.8 veces, junto al 39% de incremento en las cesáreas. Las pacientes pertenecientes al grupo A de menores ingresos de la aseguradora de salud pública, Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA), presentaron un porcentaje estable de cesáreas, en torno al 25%, mientras que el grupo D (de mayores ingresos) aumentó un 47.8% entre los años 2005 y 2009. Entre 2002 y 2019 el porcentaje promedio de cesáreas de pacientes pertenecientes a las aseguradoras privadas, Instituciones de Salud Previsional (ISAPRE), fue del 66.5%. Conclusiones: Se observó un aumento de cesáreas muy especialmente en recintos privados. La previsión de salud es un factor que considerar, particularmente el grupo FONASA-D, que presentó la mayor alza en las cesáreas, incluso más que las gestantes de ISAPRE. El porcentaje alarmante de cesáreas, especialmente en establecimientos privados, debe ser preocupación prioritaria para nuestro sistema de salud.

Introduction: The national caesarean section rate exceeds international recommendations, reaching elevated levels, with significant consequences on women's health. For this reason it is a necessary problem to analyze. Objective: To describe the epidemiological situation of caesarean sections in the Province of Concepción, period 2001-2019, according to establishment and forecast. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, ecological, longitudinal study. Includes universe of births in the Province of Concepción 2001-2019, data from the Department of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS). Collection and analysis according to descriptive techniques in Microsoft Excel®. Results: In public establishments, the number of deliveries decreased by 60.6%. In private establishments it increased 4.8 times, together with the 39% increase in cesarean sections. Patients belonging to group A with the lowest income of the public health insurer, National Health Fund (FONASA), presented a stable percentage of caesarean sections, around 25%, while group D (with the highest income) increased 47.8% between 2005 and 2009. Between 2002 and 2019, the average percentage of caesarean sections of patients belonging to private insurers, Institutions of Social Security (ISAPRE), was 66.5%. Conclusions: An increase in caesarean sections was observed, especially in private facilities. Health insurance is a factor to consider, particularly the FONASA-D group, which presented the highest increase in cesarean sections, even more than ISAPRE pregnant women. The alarming percentage of caesarean sections, especially in private establishments, should be a priority concern for our health system.

Contaminação parasitária em hortaliças comercializadas no município de Jataí-GO / Parasitic contamination in vegetables commercialized in the city of Jataí-GO

Introdução: a prevalência de doenças parasitárias transmitidas por alimentos tem apresentado um aumento significativo em nível mundial, destacando principalmente as hortaliças, consumidas in natura, em razão da sociedade moderna que procura hábitos de vida mais saudáveis. Objetivo:avaliar a contaminação de hortaliças comercializadas no município de Jataí, GO, por enteroparasitos. Metodologia: foi realizada uma pesquisa experimental para detecção de estruturas parasitárias em hortaliças de cultivo tradicional e hidropônico, obtidas de nove estabelecimentos: três supermercados, três hortas e três feiras livres. Foram obtidas 54 amostras de alface (Lactuca sativa), 54 de rúcula (Chicarium sp.) e 18 de agrião (Nasturtiumofficinale). As amostras foram lavadas com água destilada e solução Tween 80 e submetidas as técnicas de sedimentação espontânea e por centrifugação. Foi realizado um mapeamento da área de estudo para identificação da localização dos estabelecimentos. Resultados: a positividade para estruturas parasitárias foi de 94,4% (119/126). A alface apresentou maior prevalência de parasitos 96,2% (52/54). Foi observada diferença estatística significativa ao comparar o emprego das duas técnicas (p < 0,05). Ashortaliças submetidas a técnica de sedimentação espontânea apresentaram maior positividade 115/126 (91,3%). Não foi observada diferença estatística significante quanto ao tipo de cultivo, porém, houve forte associação em relação ao local de cultivo e contaminação das hortaliças (OR: 3,625). Verificou-se maior percentual de positividade nos estabelecimentos localizados próximos aos rios. Conclusão: a positividade de enteroparasitos detectada nas hortaliças foi alta, ressaltando a necessidade de implementar medidas que visam a conscientização da população, em relação às práticas de higienização das hortaliças antes do consumo.

Introduction: the prevalence of parasitic diseases transmitted by food has shown a significant increase worldwide, especially vegetables, consumed in natura, due to modern society that seeks healthier lifestyles. Objective: to evaluate the contamination of vegetables commercialized in the city of Jataí, GO, by enteroparasites. Methodology: an experimental research was carried out to detect parasitic structures in vegetables of traditional and hydroponic cultivation, obtained from nine establishments: three supermarkets, three vegetable gardens and three street markets. Fifty four samples of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), 54 of arugula (Chicarium sp.) and 18 of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) were obtained. The samples were washed with distilled water and Tween 80 solution and submitted to spontaneous sedimentation and centrifugation techniques. A mapping of the study area was carried out to identify the location of the establishments. Results: positivity for parasitic structures was 94.4% (119/126). Lettuce had a higher prevalence of parasites 96.2% (52/54). A statistically significant difference was observed when comparing the use of the two techniques (p < 0.05). Vegetables submitted to the spontaneous sedimentation technique showed higher positivity 115/126 (91.3%). There was no statistically significant difference regarding the type of cultivation, however, there was a strong association in relation to the place of cultivation and contamination of vegetables (OR: 3.625). There was a higher percentage of positivity in establishments located near the rivers. Conclusion: the positivity of intestinal parasites detected in vegetables was high, highlighting the need to implement measures aimed at raising awareness of the population regarding the practices of cleaning vegetables before consumption.

Consumer perspectives on the inclusion of nutritional warnings in retail food establishments

ABSTRACT The present work aimed to assess Uruguayan consumers support of the inclusion of nutritional warnings on four types of retail food establishments and to obtain consumer insights on how the warnings could be implemented in such establishments. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 547 participants recruited via an advertisement on social media. Participants were requested to indicate their degree of agreement with the implementation of nutritional warnings in bakeries, delicatessens, fast-food restaurants and while ordering food online, and to provide ideas on how to include this information for each establishment. Results suggested that the inclusion of nutritional warnings in retail food establishments was positively perceived by participants. Participants highlighted that warnings should be highly visible to customers while making purchase decisions, so they become a relevant cue for making food choices. In particular, the retail display case and menu boards were identified as key locations for warnings in bakeries, delicatessen, and fast food restaurants, respectively. These results contribute valuable insights on how to implement the extension of nutritional warnings to unpackaged foods or foods made and packaged at the point of purchase.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los consumidores uruguayos en relación a la implementación de advertencias nutricionales en cuatro puntos de venta de comida y generar ideas sobre cómo podría implementarse esta medida. Se realizó un estudio online con una muestra no probabilística de 547 participantes, reclutados utilizando publicidad en redes sociales. Los participantes indicaron su grado de acuerdo con la implementación de advertencias nutricionales en panaderías, rotiserías, lugares de venta de comida rápida y sitios de pedidos online, y proporcionaron ideas sobre cómo incluir esta inforamción en cada punto de venta. Los resultados sugieren que la población tiene una perecpeción positiva sobre la inclusión de advertencias nutricionales en puntos de venta de comida. Los participantes destacaron la importancia de incluir esta información en un lugar visible al momento de elegir los productos, de forma que pueda ser tenida en cuenta al tomar las decisiones. En particular, las vitrinas y la cartelería/pizarras fueron identificados como lugares estatégicos para la inclusión de advertencias nutricionales en panaderías/rotiserías y puntos de venta de comida rápida, respectivamente. Los resultados proporcionan valiosa información para extender la inclusión de advertencias nutricionales a puntos de venta de comida.

Revisión, diseño y construcción de un instrumento de medición para evaluar las competencias laborales del personal farmacéutico ambulatorio / Review, design, and construction of a measuring instrument to assess the labor competencies of outpatient pharmacy staff

Resumen Introducción: La medición y evaluación de las competencias laborales, en el personal farmacéutico ambulatorio, debe combinar aspectos relacionados con los conocimientos (que sabe), habilidades (como lo hace) y actitudes (de que modo lo hace). Objetivo: Identificar y seleccionar las directrices y recomendaciones sobre las competencias laborales que requiere el personal farmacéutico ambulatorio, y construir un instrumento para su medición. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión estructurada en dos fases: a) se revisaron y seleccionaron las funciones/dominios, los criterios de desempeño (habilidades y actitudes), los conocimientos, los marcos de competencias establecidas a nivel internacional, y los instrumentos de medición reportados en la literatura; y b) se identificaron las competencias laborales necesarias de acuerdo con la normatividad colombiana y con los procesos de los Establecimientos Farmacéuticos ambulatorios (droguerías y farmacias-droguerías). Finalmente, se construyó el instrumento de medición por un panel de expertos. Resultados: Se identificaron las competencias laborales establecidas por las organizaciones de regulación internacional. Se revisaron 993 artículos que reportaban la medición y evaluación de las competencias, seleccionándose y analizándose 9 referencias. Se analizaron los marcos de competencias de diferentes países. Se analizaron las regulaciones en Colombia sobre el tema. El instrumento construido contiene 101 competencias distribuidas en los siguientes componentes: a) suministro de cuidados al paciente; b) personales; c) solución de problemas; y d) gestión y organización. Conclusión: Directrices y recomendaciones internacionales, además, la normatividad colombiana para identificar las competencias laborales que requiere el personal farmacéutico para el correcto funcionamiento de los Establecimientos Farmacéuticos ambulatorios, y partir de esto, se construye un instrumento de medición para evaluarlas.

Abstract Introduction: The measurement and evaluation of labor competencies, in outpatient pharmacy staff, must combine aspects related to knowledge (who knows), skills (as it does) and attitudes (in what way it does). Objective: Identify and select the guidelines and recommendations on labor competencies required by outpatient pharmacy staff and build an instrument for their measurement. Methodology: A structured review was carried out in two phases: a) the functions/ domains, performance criteria (skills and attitudes), knowledge, competency frameworks established internationally, and measurement instruments reported were reviewed and selected in the literature; and b) the necessary labor competencies were identified in accordance with Colombian regulations and with the processes of the outpatient Pharmaceutical Establishments (drugstores and pharmacies-drugstores). Finally, the measuring instrument was built by a panel of experts. Results: Labor competencies established by international regulation organizations. were identified. A total of 993 articles were reviewed that reported the measurement and evaluation of competencies, selecting and analyzing 9 references. Competency frameworks from different countries were analyzed. The regulations in Colombia on the subject were analyzed. The constructed instrument contains 101 competencies distributed in the following components: a) provision of patient care; b) personal; c) troubleshooting; and d) management and organization. Conclusion: The international guidelines and recommendations were reviewed and analyzed, in addition, the Colombian regulations to identify the labor competencies required by the pharmacy staff for the correct functioning of the outpatient Pharmaceutical Establishments, and from this, an instrument was built of measurement to evaluate them.

Visión del profesorado de educación física hacia su asignatura en Chile / Physical education teacher's vision towards its subject in Chile

RESUMENEN: El propósito de este estudio es determinar cómo los profesores de Educación Física perciben su asignatura, en cuánto a los factores que afectan la calidad de la clase, las condiciones del establecimiento educacional, y el apoyo que se recibe de la autoridad educativa, según sexo y establecimiento educacional en donde los docentes se desempeñan. Se encuestó a 93 profesores de Educación Física, de 6 Regiones de Chile, pertenecientes a establecimientos Municipales, Particulares Subvencionados y Particulares Privados. Los resultados más significativos revelan que el profesorado de Educación Física considera que el factor predominante sobre la calidad de la clase tiene relación con la falta de motivación por parte de los estudiantes, y el que menos afecta es el poco conocimiento de algunas áreas por parte de los docentes. Profesores y Profesoras consideran que sus establecimientos cuentan con las condiciones para desarrollar una buena clase y también tienen el apoyo de las autoridades educativas. Como conclusión, se logró identificar que no existen grandes diferencias en cuanto a la visión del profesor de Educación Física en Chile según sexo, sin embargo, se detectaron mayores diferencias según tipo de establecimiento donde los docentes se desempeñan.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to determine how Physical Education teahers perceive their subject, in terms of the factors that affects the quality of the class, the conditions of educational establishment, and the support received from the educational authority, according to the sex and the educational establishment where teachers work. 93 Physical Education teachers from 6 different regions of Chile, belonging to Municipal establishments, particular subsidized and private individuals, were surveyed. The most significant results reveal that physical education teachers believe that the factor that most affects the quality of the class, is related to the lack of motivation from the students, and the factor which least affects is the little knowledge about some areas on the part of teachers. Teachers consider that their establishments have the conditions to develop a good lesson and also have the support from educational authorities. As conclusion, it was possible to identify that does not exist great differences in terms of the vision of Physical education teacher in Chile according to the sex, however, huge differences were detected according to the type of establishments where the teachers work

Estudo das publicações científicas (2002-2017) sobre ideação suicida, tentativas de suicídio e autonegligência de idosos internados em Instituições de Longa Permanência / Study of scientific publications (2002-2017) on suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and self-neglect of elderly people hospitalized in Long-Term Care Establishments

Resumo Apresenta-se um estudo sobre trabalhos científicos sobre ideação, tentativa de suicídio e autonegligência de idosos residentes em ILPI de 2002 a 2017. Foram estudados documentos das fontes: BVS/SP, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed, e Web of Science com os seguintes descritores: tentativa de suicídio, ideação suicida, autonegligência, idoso, instituição de longa permanência, e seus correspondentes em língua inglesa, espanhola e francesa. Encontraram-se 26 artigos sobre a temática. Existe consenso entre os autores, cujos textos foram analisados, sobre os fatores que levam os idosos ao comportamento suicida: depressão, doença e dor, luto complicado e traumático, ansiedade e desespero após recuperação de episódio depressivo, condições de vida precária, morte de parentes próximos e amigos, conflitos familiares, história familiar de eventos autoinfligidos. Os fatores de proteção encontrados são religiosidade, estilo de vida otimista, satisfação com a vida e investimento na autonomia e no poder dos relacionamentos e da comunicação e tratamento farmacológico acompanhado para transtornos mentais como depressão.

Abstract This is a study on scientific work on the ideation, suicide attempt and self-neglect of elderly residents in LTCEs from 2002 to 2017. Documents were retrieved from the following sources: BVS/SP, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science, with the following descriptors: suicide attempt, suicidal ideation, self-neglect, elderly, long-term care establishment, and their correspondents in Portuguese, Spanish and French. Twenty-six papers on the subject were found. There is a consensus among the authors, whose texts are analyzed here, concerning the factors that lead the elderly to suicidal behavior: depression, illness and pain, complicated and traumatic mourning, anxiety and despair after recovery from depressive episode, poor living conditions, death of close relatives, friends, family conflicts, family history of self-inflicted events. The protection factors found are religiosity, optimistic lifestyle, satisfaction with life and investment in the autonomy and power of relationships and communication and monitored drug therapy for mental disorders such as depression.

Características relevantes das instalações e da gestão de abrigos públicos de animais no estado do Paraná, Brasil, para o bem-estar animal / Relevant characteristics of facilities and management of public animal shelters in the state of paraná, Brazil, for animal welfare

Animais podem ser eventualmente recolhidos em abrigos públicos no Brasil e o ambiente de alojamento afeta diretamente sua qualidade de vida. Este trabalho estudou características relevantes das instalações físicas e da gestão dos estabelecimentos vinculados ao poder público municipal que abrigam cães, gatos e cavalos no estado do Paraná. Foram registrados 17 municípios com 20 abrigos, dos quais 18 participaram da pesquisa. Todos os municípios mantinham cães, sete (41,2%) mantinham gatos e oito (47,1%) mantinham cavalos. Todos os abrigos apresentavam recintos coletivos; dois (11,8%) de cães e cinco (71,5%) de gatos mantinham um animal por recinto; quatro (22,2%) mantinham recintos sem visualização além do próprio recinto; 11 (64,7%) realizavam limpeza adequadamente; cinco (29,4%) abrigos de cães e um (14,3%) de gatos não tinham área para quarentena ou isolamento sanitário; camas estavam disponíveis em 15 (88,2%), cinco (71,4%) e um (12,5%) dos recintos de cães, gatos e cavalos, respectivamente. Os abrigos de animais no Paraná devem banir recintos de isolamento social, incluir uma cama por animal e socializar os animais. Adicionalmente, há oportunidade de aumentar o grau de bem-estar animal por meio de melhorias no manejo dos animais e no manejo sanitário, as quais não dependem de reformas nas instalações.(AU)

Animals may be eventually collected by public shelters in Brazil and the shelter's environment directly affects their quality of life. This work studied relevant characteristics of the physical facilities and the management of establishments liked to the municipal public power that shelter dogs, cats and horses in the state of Paraná. It was registered 17 municipalities with 20 shelters, of which 18 participated in the research. All the municipalities maintained dogs, seven (41.2%) maintained cats and eight (47.1%) kept horses. All the shelters had social housing; two (11.8%) of dogs and five (71.5%) of cats housing one animal per pen; four (22,2%) there were pens that didn't have visualization for outside; 11 (64.7%) had cleaning correctly; five (29.4%) shelters that sheltered dogs and one (14.3%) that sheltered cats didn't have area for quarantine and isolation restroom; beds were available in 15 (88.2%), five (71.4%) and one (12.5%) of the pens of dogs, cats and horses, respectively. Animal shelters in Paraná should ban pens isolation, include one bedding per animal and socialize the animals. In addition, there is an opportunity to increase the animal welfare through improvements in animal management and sanitary management, which do not depend on the housing improvements.(AU)

Efecto convergencia en Colombia de las NCIF, en los establecimientos bancarios emisores de valores acciones / Effect of convergence in Colombia of the IFRS in banking establishments that issue securities / Efeito da convergência na Colombia do NCIF, nos estabelecimentos bancários que emitem títulos

RESUMEN En este artículo, se socializan los resultados, la metodología, el marco referencial del proyecto de investigación titulado Efecto convergencia, en Colombia, de las NCIF, en los establecimientos bancarios emisores de valores. El análisis de la convergencia de las Normas de Contabilidad y de Información Financiera (NCIF) se hizo según la Ley 1314 de 2009, reglamentadas por el Decreto 2420 de 2015 y anteriores; y con las instrucciones de la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia (SFC). Lo que se pretendía era identificar: a) las variaciones en los elementos en el estado de situación financiera para la elaboración del Estado de Situación Financiera de Apertura (ESFA), en el período de transición, al 31 de diciembre de 2014; b) el comportamiento del otro resultado integral (ORI), en los períodos 2015 y 2016, con el nuevo modelo. El trabajo incorpora el análisis de siete entidades objeto del estudio, con base en la información financiera en los años 2013, 2014, 2015 y 2016. Se concluye que las variaciones no fueron tan significativas, en tanto que el ORI tuvo aumento del 21,64% en los períodos 2015 y 2016. CÓDIGOS JEL M4

ABSTRACT In this article, the Results, the Methodology, the Referential Framework of the research project titled Effect convergence, in Colombia, of the NCIF, in the banking establishments that issue securities are socialized. The analysis of the convergence of the Accounting and Financial Information Standards (NCIF) was done according to Law 1314 of 2009, regulated by Decree 2420 of 2015 and earlier; and with the instructions of the Financial Superintendence of Colombia (SFC). The purpose was to identify: a) the changes in the elements in the statement of financial position for the preparation of the Opening Financial Statements (ESFA), in the transition period, as of December 31, 2014; b) the behavior of other comprehensive income (ORI), in the periods 2015 and 2016, with the new model. The work incorporates the analysis of seven entities object of the study based on the financial information in the years 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. It is concluded that the variations were not as significant, while the ORI had an increase of 21.64 % in the periods 2015 and 2016. CLASSIFICATION M4

RESUMO Neste artigo, os resultados, a metodologia, o referencial do projeto de pesquisa intitulado Efeito convergência, na Colômbia, do NCIF, nos estabelecimentos bancários que emitem titulos, são socializados. Análise da convergência das Normas Contabilisticas e de Relato Financeiro (NCRF) foi feita de acordo com a Lei 1.314 de 2009, regulamentada pelo Decreto 2.420 de 2015 e mais cedo; e com as instruções da Superintendência Financeira da Colombia (SFC). O objetivo foi identificar: a) as mudanças nos elementos no balanço patrimonial para a preparação das Demonstrações Contábeis de Abertura (ESFA), no período de transição, em 31 de dezembro de 2014; b) o comportamento de outro resultado abrangente (ORI), nos períodos de 2015 e 2016, no novo modelo. O trabalho incluia análise de sete entidades em estudo, com base em informações financeiras em 2013, 2014, 2015 e 2016. Concluiu-se que as mudanças não foram tão significativos, enquanto o ORI tinha aumentado 21,64 % nos períodos 2015 e 2016. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL M4

Adquisición de medicamentos por la población del Consejo Comunal Despertar el Carmen Barrio Unión, Petare, Municipio Sucre, Estado Miranda, Marzo-Septiembre 2016 / Acquisition of medicines by the population of the Despertar el Carmen Community Council Barrio Unión, Petare, Sucre Municipality, Miranda State, March-September 2016

El objetivo principal del presente trabajo Especial de Grado se basó en evaluar la adquisición de medicamentos por la población del Consejo Comunal Despertar El Carmen. Barrio Unión, Petare, Municipio Sucre, Estado Miranda, marzo­septiembre 2016. Esta investigación es de campo, transversal y tipo descriptiva, se utilizó el programa Epidat 4.2 con una muestra de 300 personas entre las edades comprendidas de 18 años a mayores de 70 años sobre una población de 1756 habitantes. Los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron lo siguiente: un promedio de 79,26% obtienen medicamentos en establecimientos oficiales y/o no oficiales, predominado el sexo femenino 57,38% sobre 42,62% de masculino, el rango de edad con mayor incremento de adquisición es 18-29 años 24,47%. La población adquiere medicamentos bajo prescripción médica 46,89% y 53,11% por automedicación. En cuanto a medicamentos detallados 13,67% son obtenidos variando las unidades según su necesidad. Señalan además los habitantes de adquirir con mayor frecuencia en Farmacias 80,57%, Ambulatorios y Centros de Diagnósticos Integrales 5,27%, sin embargo, también son obtenidos en las Bodegas cercanas a sus viviendas y otros establecimientos sin poseer las medidas sanitarias, de origen ilícito y con posibles riesgos a la salud. El nivel de información de los habitantes obtenidos en el estudio es similar con el de consumo debido a la necesidad o dolencia que esté presente, arrojando confianza al consumir medicamentos en establecimientos. Es importante realizar mayor vigilancia por parte de los entes gubernamentales y farmacéuticos en establecimientos no autorizados de comercializar medicamentos ilícitos; estos no cumplen con las normas y medidas sanitarias establecidas en el país. Los entes gubernamentales y profesionales de salud deben comunicar a la población mediante talleres, charlas, conferencias educativas de los riesgos que pueden implicar el adquirir medicamentos en establecimientos no autorizados, evitar uso irracional y lo sustancial de estar informado en medicamentos.

The main objective of the present Special Degree work was based on evaluating the acquisition of medicines by the population of the Community Council Awakening The Carmen. Neighborhood Union, Petare, Sucre Municipality, Miranda State, March-September 2016. This research is cross-sectional and descriptive, using the Epidat 4.2 program with a sample of 300 people between the ages of 18 and over 70 Years over a population of 1756 inhabitants. The results of the investigation showed the following: an average of 79.26% obtained medications in official and / or nonofficial establishments, predominantly female 57.38% of male 42.62%, the age range with the highest increase of acquisition is 18-29 years 24.47%. The population acquires medicines under prescription 48.15% and 51.85% by self-medication. As for detailed medicines 13.67% are obtained by varying the units according to their need. They also point out that the inhabitants are more frequent in Pharmacies 80.57%, outpatient clinics and Comprehensive Diagnostic Centers 5,27%, however, they are also obtained in the Bodegas near their homes and other establishments without owning the sanitary measures, of Illicit origin and with possible risks to health. The level of information of the inhabitants obtained in the study is similar to that of consumption due to the need or ailment that is present, giving confidence when consuming drugs in establishments. It is important to carry out more vigilance on the part of governmental and pharmaceutical entities in unauthorized establishments to market illicit drugs; These do not comply with the norms and sanitary measures established in the country. Government agencies and health professionals should communicate to the population through workshops, lectures, educational conferences on the risks that may involve the purchase of medicines in unauthorized establishments, avoiding irrational use and the substance of being informed in medicines

Evaluación de la estrategia contra el sobrepeso y obesidad en establecimientos de consumo escolar en planteles de educación básica de Villahermosa, Tabasco / Evaluation of the strategy against obesity and overweight in school consumption establishments of basic education in Villahermosa, Tabasco / Avaliaçâo da estratégia contra o peso excessivo e a obseidade em estabelecimentos escolares do ensino básico em Villahermosa, Tabasco / Évaluation de la stratégie contre le surpoids et l'obésité dans les établissements de consommation scolaire des ecoles elementaires de Villahermosa, Tabasco

Resumen: Objetivo Evaluar el cumplimiento de la "Estrategia contra el sobrepeso y la obesidad" en Establecimientos de consumo escolar de planteles de educación básica de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo transversal; se empleó muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se estudiaron 15 escuelas primarias públicas; la obtención de datos se realizó por un Cuadro de autoevaluación validado, que contempla características físicas y de higiene de los establecimientos (fijos o móviles), con observación de los alimentos y bebidas que se venden o distribuyen, y examina la preparación, manejo y venta de alimentos. Resultados: El 60 % de los establecimientos fijos o móviles carece de espacios seguros. Ofrecen 60 % más productos procesados, que alimentos preparados artesanalmente; además, 60 % de los alimentos preparados artesanalmente no son productos permitidos, siendo la técnica culinaria más empleada la fritura; el 73.3 % expenden refrescos embotellados. El 100 % de los establecimientos evaluados no desempeñan el lavado de manos del personal. Discusión: En México, la epidemia de obesidad es un problema en todos los grupos de edad y experimenta una velocidad de aumento que no ha sido registrada en ningún otro país. Internacionalmente, existe evidencia para establecer la contribución de esta enfermedad al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y su carga a los sistemas de atención a la salud. Conclusión: Los resultados revelan que los establecimientos de consumo escolar de educación básica de Villahermosa, Tabasco, no cumplen con los lineamientos del programa en la prevención o disminución del sobrepeso u obesidad.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the compliance of the "Strategy against overweight and obesity" in school establishments consumption of basic education schools in Villahermosa, Tabasco. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive cross-sectional study; non probabilistic for convenience sampling was used, 15 public elementary schools were studied; data collection was performed by a panel of validated self-assessment, which includes physical and hygiene in establishments (fixed or mobile), with observation of food and beverages sold or distributed characteristics and examine the preparation, handling and sale food. Results: 60% of fixed or mobile establishments lack of safe spaces. They offer 60% more processed products, foods prepared by hand; in addition, 60% of prepared food products by hand are not allowed, most of them use frying cooking technique; 73.3% retailed bottled soft drinks. 100% of establishments evaluated do not play with hand washing staff. Discussion: In Mexico, the obesity epidemic is a problem in all age groups and experience a speed increase has not been registered in any other country. Internationally, there is evidence to establish the contribution of this disease to chronic disease and its burden on care systems health. Conclusions: The results show that establishments of basic school consumption in Villahermosa, Tabasco, do not carry out with the program guidelines for the prevention or reduction of overweight or obese.

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o cumprimento da "Estratégia contra o sobrepeso e a obesidade" nos estabelecimentos escolares do Ensino Básico em Villahermosa, Tabasco. Materiais e métodos: Foi usado um estudo transversal e uma amostra não probabilística. Foram estudadas 15 escolas públicas e a recolha de dados foi realizada usando um Índice de Auto-Avaliação validado, que incluiu caraterísticas físicas e a higiene existentes nos estabelecimentos (fixo ou móvel), bem como a observação de alimentos e bebidas vendidos ou distribuídos e confirmação da preparação, manipulação e venda de alimentos. Results: Em 60% dos estabelecimentos fixos ou móveis não existem espaços seguros. Eles oferecem mais de 60% de produtos processados, em vez de alimentos preparados manualmente; Além disso, 60% dos produtos de alimentos preparados manualmente não são produtos legalmente permitidos e a maioria deles são confecionados usando o "fritar"; 73,3% das bebidas correspondem a refrigerantes. Em 100% dos estabelecimentos avaliados os técnicos não costumam proceder à lavagem das mãos. Discussao: No México, a epidemia de obesidade é um problema em todas as faixas etárias e assiste-se a um aumento significativo que não foi registrado em qualquer outro país. Internacionalmente, esta doença tem fortes contributos em várias doenças crônicas e é elevada a sua carga nos sistemas de saúde. Conclusao: Os resultados mostram que os estabelecimentos de Ensino Básico existentes em Villahermosa, Tabasco, não seguem as diretrizes do programa para a prevenção ou redução de excesso de peso ou obesidade.

Résumé Objectif: Évaluer l'application de la «Stratégie de lutte contre le surpoids et l'obésité" dans les établissements de consommation scolaire des écoles élémentaires de Villahermosa, Tabasco. Matériel et méthodes: Une étude observationnelle, descriptive et transversale a été menée avec un échantillonnage de convenance sélectionné dans quinze écoles primaires publiques. La collecte des données a été réalisée avec un formulaire d'auto-évaluation validé incluant le registre de caractéristiques physiques et d'hygiène des établissements, fixes ou mobiles, basé sur l'observation des aliments et des boissons vendues ou distribués, et l'examen de la préparation, la manipulation et la vente alimentaire. Résultats: 60% des établissements, fixes ou mobiles, manquent d'espaces sûrs. Ces établissements offrent 60% plus de produits alimentaires transformés que d'aliments préparés artisanalement. De plus, 60% des produits alimentaires préparés artisanalement ne sont pas autorisés. La technique de cuisson la plus utilisée est la friture. 73,3% des établissements vendent des boissons gazeuses. Dans 100% des établissements évalués, le personnel ne respecte pas les règles du lavage de mains. Discussion: Au Mexique, l'épidémie d'obésité est un problème dans tous les groupes d'âge qui s'aggrave à une vitesse jamais enregistrée dans un autre pays. Sur le plan international, il existe des preuves de la contribution de l'obésité aux maladies chroniques et de son impact sur les systèmes de santé. Conclusion: Les résultats montrent que les établissements de consommation scolaire des écoles élémentaires de Villahermosa, Tabasco, ne respectent pas les lignes directrices du programme pour la prévention ou la réduction de la surcharge pondérale ou de l'obésité.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding food hygiene among food handlers: A cross sectional study

Background and objectives: Food is an important basic necessity, its procurement, preparation and consumption is vital for the sustenance of life. However, diseases that spread through food are common and persistent problems result in appreciable morbidity and occasionally in death. Eating establishments provide food on a large scale and are important from the point of view of epidemiology of food borne diseases in the community. This study is carried out to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) regarding food hygiene among food handlers working in food establishment in Nehru Nagar, Belgaum City.Material and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in food establishment in Nehru Nagar, Belgaum City. Sample is a subset of a population selected to participate in a study. Total number of food establishment’s functioning in Nehru Nagar is 103. . From each food establishment’s one cook, one helper and one service staff was selected randomly. Hence the total number of samples in the study is 103x 3= 309. Pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to gather information regarding practices of food hygiene. Data were coded and entered into SPSS sheet and analyzed by using SPSS software (SPSS 20.0 Version). Proportions were calculated wherever required from frequency tables. Chi square test was used.Results: The maximum number of subjects 251(81.2%) had average knowledge, 237 (76.7%) had average attitude and 262 (84.8%) had average practice. There is a statistically significant association found between demographic variables such as, nationality, religion, education, marital status, duration of employment, with knowledge of food handlers at the p < 0.05 level of significance.Conclusion: The food hygiene is an important aspect in food establishments made it compulsory for food handlers to provide clean food and free from contamination.

Associations between Exposure to Unhealthy Food Outlets Within Residential District and Obesity: Using Data from 2013 Census on Establishments and 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. METHODS: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ≥ 19 years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. RESULTS: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. 631.6 µgRE/day) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). CONCLUSIONS: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

Diagnóstico do gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde em estabelecimentos públicos de municípios que recebem Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços ecológico no Estado de Minas Gerais / Diagnostic management of medical waste in public establishments of municipalities that receive Ecological ICMS in the State of Minas Gerais

RESUMO O maior problema do descarte dos resíduos de serviço de saúde (RSS) é seu potencial de risco. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação das diretrizes da Resolução CONAMA nº 358/2005 em estabelecimentos públicos de serviços de saúde localizados em 48 municípios mineiros, contemplados pelo recebimento de Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS) ecológico. O estudo foi realizado a partir da aplicação, nas Secretarias Municipais de Saúde das cidades pesquisadas, de um questionário sobre o gerenciamento dos RSS. No geral, foram observadas maiores dificuldades na fase intraestabelecimento, que envolve a elaboração e a implantação do Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS). A fase extraestabelecimento tem sido cumprida na maior parte dos municípios, provavelmente devido ao recebimento do ICMS ecológico, que inclui a destinação dos resíduos.

ABSTRACT The biggest problem of waste of health service (HCW) is their potential risks. Thus, this work has as objective the assess of applicability of CONAMA Resolution 358/2005 in the public healthcare establishments, located in 48 municipalities that receive Ecological ICMS in the state of Minas Gerais. The study was accomplished through a survey about healthcare waste management that was sent to the Municipal Healthcare Secretaries of the surveyed municipalities. In general, greater difficulties in intra-establishment phase were observed, involving the development and implementation of PGRSS. Extra-establishment phase, have been fulfilled in most municipalities, probably because of Ecological ICMS they received, including the disposal of waste.

La internación psiquiátrica por razón penal en España: ejecución de la medida en el ámbito penitenciario / Psychiatric internment for criminal reasons in Spain: measure enforcement or implementation in the prison environment / O internamento psiquiátrico devido à razão penal na Espanha: execução da medida no âmbitopenitenciário

La inimputabilidad o semiimputabilidad del sujeto aquejado de un trastorno psíquico que comete una infracción penal, es asumida por la mayoría de las naciones desde antiguo, aunque las respuestas penales ante tal tipo de conductas difieren de manera considerable. El objetivo es analizar la ejecución de medidas de seguridad privativas de libertad (internación/internamiento) en España, para sujetos inimputables del delito por razón de trastorno psíquico y para aquellos con trastorno psíquico sobrevenido a la sentencia. El Método seguido ha consistido en estudiar la normativa aplicable a dichas medidas y la práctica de su ejecución, con especial mención a la implementación de determinados programas de tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de relieve la existencia de un aceptable marco normativo, que incluye numerosas alternativas al internamiento, y el éxito del Programa de "Salidas Terapéuticas". Se concluye que: a) el marco legal es el adecuado, aunque demanda reformas en la esfera del control judicial; b) es plausible continuar con el programa de salidas de pacientes, y c) es preciso reforzar los mecanismos y recursos de rehabilitación social pospenitenciaria.

The unimputability or semi-unimputability of a patient with a psychic disorder having committed a criminal offense has been assumed by must nations for a long time, although the judicial responses in the face of such kind of conducts differ in a very significant way. The objective here is to analyze the enforcement of security measures involving deprivation of liberty (internment/detention) in Spain for unimputable individuals, i.e. not subject to criminal liability because of their psychic disorder and for those with some sudden mental illness subsequent to the sentence. The method followed here has consisted of studying the legislation or rules applicable to any such measures and their, with particular reference to the implementation of certain treatment programs. The results obtained highlight the existence of an acceptable normative framework including a good number of alternative measures to detention, as well as the success of the "salidas terapéuticas" (therapeutical leaves of absence or releases from the detention premises). It has been concluded that: a) the legal framework is the appropriate, although it calls for reforms within the judicial control sphere; b) the continuation of the patients' leaves of absence program is commendable and plausible, and c) it is necessary to reinforce post-rehabilitation mechanisms and resources.

A inimputabilidade ou o semiimputabilidade do sujeito afetado por uma doença mental que comete uma infração penal, é assumida pela maioria das naçõeshámuito tempo, embora as respostas penais perante tal tipo de condutas difiram de jeito considerável. O objetivo é analisar a execução de medidas de segurança privativas da liberdade (internamento) em Espanha, para sujeitos inimputáveis do crime por causa da doença mental e para aquelas com doença mental acontecida apos à sentença. O Método seguido consistiu estudar a norma aplicável a estas medidas e à prática de sua execução, com menção especial à implementação de determinados programas do tratamento. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a existência de um quadro normativo aceitável, que inclui alternativas numerosas ao internamento, e o sucesso do programa de "saídasterapêuticas". Conclui-se que: a) o quadro legal é certo, embora precisam-se reformas na esfera do controle judicial; b) é razoável continuar com o programa das saídas dos pacientes, e c) é preciso reforçar os mecanismos e os recursos da reabilitação social pospenitenciaria.

Factores asociados a la reincidencia en delitos patrimoniales, según sexo: estudio desde la perspectiva personal de condenados(as) en dos penales de Santiago de Chile / Factors associated with recidivism or repeated serious offenses against persons or properties (“delitos patrimoniales”) depending on gender: a study from the personal perspective of male and female convicts at two correctional institutions in Santiago de Chile / Os fatores associados à reincidência em crimes patrimoniais, de acordo com o sexo: estudo desde a perspectiva pessoal dos condenados e condenadas em duas prisões de Santiago do Chile

Se indagó acerca de los factores que hombres y mujeres, de una población intrapenitenciaria del Centro de Cumplimiento Penitenciario Colina II y el Centro Penitenciario Femenino, asocian como más significativos a la hora de reincidir. La muestra estuvo conformada por 53 hombres y 53 mujeres reincidentes, condenados por delitos patrimoniales en un régimen cerrado. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron dos instrumentos: una entrevista semiestructurada y un cuestionario ad hoc. Los resultados obtenidos indican como los factores más asociados a la reincidencia: “Consumo problemático de alcohol y drogas”, “Control de impulsos” y la participación en los “Programas de reinserción laboral”. Existen diferencias según el sexo: mientras los hombres señalan como más determinantes de reincidencia la participación en los “Programas de reinserción laboral” y la escasa “Capacitación laboral”, las mujeres relacionan como más preponderantes el “Consumo problemático de alcohol y drogas” y la falta de “Control de impulsos” al momento de delinquir.

The study inquired about the factors that men and women belonging in an intra-correctional population of both the “Centro de Cumplimiento Penitenciario Colina II” and the “Centro Penitenciario Femenino” tend to associate as more significant at the time of reoffending. The sample consisted 106 persistent offenders (53 men and 53 women) convicted for offenses against persons or property within a closed system. For the gathering of information, two instruments were used: a semi-structured interview, and an ad hoc questionnaire. The results so obtained indicate how those factors more associated with recidivism such as the “problematical use of alcohol and drugs”, “poor impulse control”, and the participation in “reinsertion-to-work programs”. There are differences depending on gender: while males point out at the latter and “poor work training”, women think that most significant are “problematical use of alcohol and drugs”, and “lack of impulse control” at the time of committing a crime.

Investigação sobre os fatores que os homens e as mulheres, de uma população intra-penitentiária do Centro de Cumprimento Penitenciário Colina II e o Centro Penitenciário Feminino, associam como mais significativo na hora de reincidir. A amostra foi conformada por 53 homens e por 53 mulheres dos reincidentes, condenados por crimes patrimoniais em um regime fechado. Para a coleta da informação dois instrumentos foram usados: uma entrevista semi-estruturada e um questionário ad-hoc. Os resultados obtidos indicam os seguintes fatores como os mais associados à reincidência: “consumo problemático do álcool e drogas”, “controle dos impulsos” e a participação nos “programas do reinserção ao trabalho”. Existem diferenças segundo o sexo: enquanto os homens indicam que os fatores mais determinantes de reincidência são aqueles relacionados com a participação nos “programas do reinserção ao trabalho” e a escala de “treinamento de trabalho”, as mulheres relacionam como mais predominantes “o consumo problemático do álcool e as drogas” e a falta do “controle dos impulsos” na hora de quebrar a lei.

Environmental Bacterical Pollution in Langfang Medical Establishments: A Analysis Monitoring / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To find out the main polluting bacteria in the medical establishments in Langfang city so as to direct the work of disinfecting and reduce the rate of the nosocomical infection in the medical establishments. METHODS The environment of the medical establishments was divided to five groups, including the air, the object surface , the medical workers hands, the using disinfectant and the medical equipment. RESULTS The main polluting bacteria in the air, on the object surface and the medical equipment were the Gram-positive cocci. The main polluting bacteria in the using disinfectant was the Gram-negative bacilli. The Gram-negative bacilli were more than the Gram-positive cocci on the hands of the medical worker. The main bacteria were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter. The using disinfectant was with the maximum qualified rate (98.8%), and with only 6 samples unqualified. The air was with the minimum qualified rate (58.22%). CONCLUSIONS No spores gemma which are difficult to be killed have been found and the unqualified samples in various environment are mainly due to the weak awareness of disinfection and the careless attitude.