RESUMO
Resumen (analítico) En este artículo se explora una serie de experiencias escolares que viven las y los jóvenes de secundaria que, después de haber estado por un tiempo significativo en escuelas estadounidenses, han retornado y ahora cursan estudios en instituciones mexicanas. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa; se empleó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y se tomó como punto de partida la etnografía escolar. La población estuvo conformada por veinte estudiantes retornados de cinco secundarias públicas de Mexicali, Baja California, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario. Asimismo, se realizaron nueve entrevistas en profundidad. Los principales resultados obtenidos señalan la clasificación de las experiencias escolares identificadas por los propios estudiantes retornados, divididas en infraestructura de la escuela, discontinuidad del sistema educativo y cultura escolar.
Abstract (analytical) This paper describes the secondary school experiences of Mexican young people after having spent a significant period of time attending American schools. The methodology used in the study was qualitative, supported by a sociodemographic survey inspired based on an ethnography of the schools. The population for the study consisted of 20 returned students studying in five public schools in Mexicali, Baja California, who responded to the questionnaire; besides. Nine indepth interviews of these students were conducted. The responses of the returned students highlighted differences in school infrastructure, discontinuity in the educational system and school culture.
Resumo (analítico) Neste artigo exploram-se as experiências escolares de jovens mexicanos de ensino médio retornantes ao sistema de ensino mexicano após longos períodos de imigração nos Estados Unidos. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, apoiada num questionário sociodemográfico e inspirada na etnografia escolar, enquanto a população do estudo consistiu de 20 estudantes retornantes localizados em cinco escolas públicas de ensino médio em Mexicali, Baja California, com quem o questionário foi trabalhado. Além disso foram aplicadas nove entrevistas em profundidade. O principal resultado obtido é a classificação das experiências escolares identificadas pelos proprios estudantes retornantes, dividindo-se na infraestrutura da escola, a discontinuidade do sistema educacional e na cultura escolar.
Assuntos
Estudantes , Inquéritos e Questionários , PopulaçãoRESUMO
El interés para realizar esta investigación surgió a partir de que Argentina recibe un número creciente de estudiantes de otros países latinoamericanos, atraídos por el idioma, el prestigio académico y las condiciones económicas. Como resultado del contacto intercultural, los estudiantes atraviesan el proceso psicológico denominado aculturación, que implica cambios afectivos, comportamentales y cognitivos. En virtud de lo antedicho, este estudio se propuso identificar predictores de adaptación sociocultural en función de variables sociodemográficas, culturales y psicológicas de estudiantes que decidieron realizar sus estudios universitarios en Argentina. Participaron 216 estudiantes migrantes que se encontraban cursando diferentes carreras universitarias, el 57% eran mujeres (n = 124) y el 43% varones (n = 92), con un promedio de edad de 24.18 años (DE = 4.55). El 86% (n = 186) había nacido en Latinoamérica. El restante 14% provenía de países de Europa y Asia. El tiempo promedio de residencia en Argentina era de 3.31años. Se emplearon diferentes instrumentos diseñados ad hoc y/o adaptados para medir las variables involucradas en el estudio. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, no se pudo corroborar la influencia por parte de variables sociodemográficas (edad y tiempo de residencia). En cambio, entre las variables culturales se constató que percibir bajos niveles de discriminación y ansiedad intergrupal predice buenos niveles de adaptación sociocultural. En cuanto a las variables psicológicas, se corroboró que el apoyo social y la satisfacción percibida contribuyen a la adaptación sociocultural. En términos globales, las variables culturales y psicológicas predicen con mayor éxito la adaptación sociocultural en relación alas sociodemográficas.
The interest of this research arises from that Argentina received a growing number of students from other Latin-American countries. International migration has risen exponentially in recent decades due to advances in technology and communications. According to the International Organization for Migration (OIM, 2010), the estimated number of international migrants in the world for that year was 214 million, doubling the previous two decades. Globalization has promoted exchanges among different cultures, but also caused the collision between different value systems, beliefs and customs that, in many cases, generates situations of confusion or discomfort in people (Furnham & Bochner, 1986). Approximately 2.9million people each year decide to make or complete their studies in other countries (OECD, 2008). Argentina receives an increasing number of students from other Latin-American countries, attracted by the language, the academic prestige of the local universities and the favorable economic conditions (Filmus, 2007). At the present, international students represent 1.6% of university students in Argentina. Therefore, Argentina is the fourth host country of America, after United States, Canada and Uruguay. As a result of intercultural contact, students go through the psychological process called acculturation, which involves affective, behavioral and cognitive changes. Taking into account the antecedents mentioned, this research proposed to identify predictors of socio-cultural adaptation based on socio-demographic, cultural and psychological variables, in international students who decided to make their university studies in Argentina. The participants of the study were 216 migrant students who were studying different careers. 57% were women (n = 124) and 43% males (n = 92) with an average age of 24.18 years (SD = 4.55). 86% (n = 186) were born in Latin-America. The remaining 14% came from Europe and Asia. The average residence time in Argentina was 3.31 years. The reasons for their arrival in Argentina were diverse, 50% (n = 108) of them considered that Argentina was a good place to study for its academic prestige and low costs. The remaining half was divided between family reasons (n = 47, 21%), to have a different cultural experience (n = 30, 14%), for student exchange (n = 19, 9%) or others reasons (n = 13, 6%). Regarding socio-economic status, the majority of respondents said they were in the middle class (n = 107, 50%) and upper middle (n = 82, 38%). Different instruments, designed ad hoc or adapted, were used to measure the variables involved in the study. To measure cultural variables were used instruments to assess perceived cultural distance, frequency of contact with foreigners and local habitants, intergroup anxiety and perceived discrimination. To measure psychological variables, were used instruments to assess social supportand life satisfaction. Besides, were used instruments to assess the level of socio-cultural adaptation. Based on results obtained, it could not be verified influence by socio-demographic varia bles (age and residence time). In contrast, among the cultural variables it was found that low levels of perceived discrimination an inter-grupal anxiety predicts good levels of socio-cultural adaptation. Regarding psychological variables, it was confirmed that social support and perceived satisfaction contribute to this adaptation. In summary, cultural and psychological variables predict most successful socio-cultural adaptation than socio-demographic variables. One of the limitations of the study was the low inclusion in the sample of immigrants from countries with greater cultural distance. Futures studies can focuses on the analysis of the processes of adaptation with foreign students with language and customs more distant than Latin-American students. Other future re search can study the perceptions of those who receive foreign students (host country) and analyze their relationship and influence on the perception of discrimination and prejudice from immigrants.
RESUMO
Amizades internacionais entre pessoas de diferentes países são pouco investigadas, especialmente no Brasil. Este trabalho investigou as amizades de universitários de Guiné-Bissau e de São Tomé e Príncipe residindo no Brasil com base no modelo de Hinde (1997). Doze entrevistas foram conduzidas sobre a rede de amigos e as amizades mais próximas. A maioria dos amigos era da mesma nacionalidade ou brasileiros, residia na mesma cidade e foi conhecida no Brasil. Os resultados referem-se a interesses comuns e atividades compartilhadas, dificuldades da amizade e episódios marcantes. A maioria das amizades foi relevante para a adaptação ao Brasil, mas apenas parte influenciou a forma de ver o país. Conclui-se que os amigos são fundamentais para a adaptação social e cultural desses estudantes e servem de base para a cooperação cultural e científica. Outros estudos e programas sociais para promover amizades entre brasileiros e africanos estudando no Brasil são necessários.
International friendships between people from different countries are poorly investigated, especially in Brazil. This study investigated the friendships of college students from Guine-Bissau and são Tome and Principe studying in Brazil based on the model proposed by Hinde (1997). Twelve interviews have been conducted about friendü's network and close friendships. Most friends belonged to the same nationality or they were Brazilians, lived in the same town and were met in Brazil. Results are related to common interests and shared activities, difficulties in friendships and remarkable episodes. Most friendships were related to adaptation to Brazil, but only part influenced the way Brazil was perceived. It is concluded that friends are fundamental to social and cultural adaptation of students and they serve as a basis for cultural and scientific cooperation. Further studies and social projects are necessary to promote the friendship between Brazilian and African students living in Brazil.
Amistades internacionales entre personas de diferentes países son poco investigadas, especialmente en Brasil. Este estudio investigó las amistades de estudiantes universitarios de Guinea-Bissau y Santo Tomé y Príncipe residiendo en Brasil, con base en el modelo de Hinde (1997). Doce entrevistas fueron conducidas sobre la red de amigos y las amistades mas cercanas. La mayor parte de los amigos era de la misma nacionalidad o brasileños, vivia en la misma ciudad e fue conocida en Brasil. Los resultados indican intereses y actividades compartidos, dificultades de la amistad y episodios remarcables. La mayoría de las amistades afecto la adaptacion al país, pero sólo parte influenció la manera de ver el Brasil. Así, los amigos son fundamentales para la adaptación social y cultural de los estudiantes, sirviendo de base para la cooperación cultural y científica. Otros estudios y programas sociales son necesarios para promover las amistades entre brasileños y africanos estudiando en Brasil.