Women's experiences with mixed use of wood and gas cookstoves and fuels in rural Lambayeque, Peru / Experiencias de mujeres en el uso mixto de combustibles para cocinar en una zona rural de Lambayeque, Perú

Introduction: Despite program efforts to encourage use of clean cookstoves and fuels to mitigate climate change, many communities continue to use wood-fueled open fires. Objectives: Describe experiences of participants with mixed use of cooking and fuel technologies (e.g. open fires and chimney stoves using wood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves) in rural Lambayeque, Peru in 2018. Material and methods: Fifteen participants were interviewed using a qualitative exploratory research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Four categories emerged: decisions about acquiring cooking fuels are primarily based on cost; plastic trash is used to light wood-burning stoves; decisions to use gas over wood are based on quick food cooking time; and benefits and health problems are recognized, but mixed use of fuels persist. Conclusion:Use of both traditional wood cookstoves and plastic trash to ignite fires were used frequently because both are free or cheap. The environmental impact of cutting down trees isn't considered important, but interviewees did notice detriments to their wellbeing. Although gas stoves are used and benefits were mentioned, use of traditional stoves persists. We recommend that policy makers in Peru begin to address barriers to full adoption of new clean cooking technologies and consider governmental subsidies to meet families' spending priorities.

Introducción: A pesar de los esfuerzos del programa para alentar el uso de estufas y combustibles limpios para mitigar el cambio climático, muchas comunidades continúan utilizando fuegos abiertos a leña. Objetivo: Describa las experiencias de los participantes con el uso mixto de la cocina y las tecnologías de combustible (por ejemplo, fuegos abiertos y estufas de chimenea que usan estufas de leña y gas licuado de petróleo (GLP)) en la zona rural de Lambayeque, Perú, en 2018. Material y métodos: Quince participantes fueron entrevistados utilizando un diseño de investigación exploratoria cualitativa. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Surgieron cuatro categorías: las decisiones sobre la adquisición de combustibles para cocinar se basan principalmente en el costo; la basura plástica se usa para encender estufas de leña; las decisiones de usar gas sobre la madera se basan en el tiempo de cocción de comida rápida; y se reconocen los beneficios y los problemas de salud, pero persiste el uso mixto de combustibles. Conclusión: El uso de estufas de leña tradicionales y basura plástica para encender incendios se usaba con frecuencia porque ambos son gratuitos o baratos. El impacto ambiental de la tala de árboles no se considera importante, pero los entrevistados notaron daños en su bienestar. Aunque se usan estufas de gas y se mencionaron los beneficios, el uso de estufas tradicionales persiste. Recomendamos que los encargados de formular políticas en Perú comiencen a abordar las barreras para la adopción total de nuevas tecnologías de cocina limpia y consideren los subsidios

Avaliação da biomassa foliar de morangueiro hidropônico em diferentes ambientes protegidos / Leaf biomass evaluation of hydroponic strawberry in greenhouses

Realizaram-se experimentos na Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola na Universidade Estadual de Campinas, utilizando quatro cultivares de morangueiro [Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier], quatro sistemas de produção hidropônica (canal de 100mm, canal de 150mm, canal de 150mm, com vaso contendo fibra de coco e tubo vertical contendo casca de arroz carbonizada) e três ambientes protegidos (casa-de-vegetação sem resfriamento evaporativo do ar e sem injeção aérea de CO2, casa-de-vegetação com injeção aérea de CO2 e sem resfriamento evaporativo do ar e casa-de-vegetação com injeção aérea de CO2 e resfriamento evaporativo do ar). Foram avaliados os parâmetros foliares massa fresca foliar (MFF) e massa seca foliar (MSF) em gramas e área foliar (AF) em mm², correlacionando à biomassa da planta. O melhor sistema foi o de canais de 150mm com vaso contendo fibra de coco. O melhor ambiente foi o de resfriamento evaporativo do ar e injeção aérea de CO2.

Analyses were made in the experimental field of the Agricultural Engineering College at State University of Campinas (Unicamp). Four varieties of strawberry [Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier] were tested in four hydroponics production systems (100mm and 150mm channels and 150mm channel with a vase containing coconut fiber and a vertical pipe containing carbonized rice rusk). Three greenhouses were tested: i) a greenhouse without air evaporative cooling nor CO2 aerial injection, ii) a greenhouse with CO2 aerial injection and without air evaporative cooling and iii) a greenhouse with CO2 aerial injection and air evaporative cooling. It was analyzed the leaf fresh (MFF) and dry mass in gram (MSF) and the leaf area in mm² (AF). The best hydroponics system was 150mm channel with a vase containing coconut fiber. The best environment condition was the one with air evaporative cooling and aerial injection of CO2.