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Objective To investigate status of internet addiction and circadian typology in college students and to explore the relationship between circadian typology and internet addiction. Methods A total of 3 572 college students including freshmen and juniors was enrolled in the study. Circadian typology and internet addiction were assessed by morningness-eveningness questionnaire(MEQ) and internet addiction test (IAT) respectively. All questionnaires were self-reported. Results The score of IAT was (38. 46±11. 84) points and incidence of internet addiction was 41. 7%. Freshmen and juniors were significantly different in distribution of circadian typology and IAT scores(χ2=10. 51,P<0. 05; t=5. 90,P<0. 01). Proportion of the evening type and scores of IAT of juniors(33. 0%,(39. 66±12. 71)points) were both higher than those of freshmen(28. 3%,(37. 32±10. 82)points). For freshmen,IAT scores of evening type students((40. 79± 11. 33)points) was higher than those of intermediate type students((36. 54±10. 27)points) and morning type students((32. 27±9. 66)points),and the differences were statistically significant(F=51. 81,P<0. 01). For juniors,IAT scores of evening type students((42. 90±13. 02)points) was higher than those of intermedi-ate type students((38. 61±12. 19)points) and morning type students((34. 06±11. 92)points),and the differences were statistically significant(F=37. 80,P<0. 01). After adjusting for gender,age,grade and par-ents’ educational level by analysis of covariance,IAT scores were still statistically different in circadian ty-pology(F=93. 53,P<0. 01). Results from ordinal logistic regression showed that grade(juniors compared to freshman,OR=1. 42,P<0. 01) and circadian typology (evening type compared to morning type,OR=3. 82,P<0. 01; intermediate type compared to morning type,OR=1. 97,P<0. 01) were independent factors influen- cing internet addiction. Conclusion Internet addiction of college students is at a high level and different in grades. Compared with junior students,senior students are at a higher level of internet addiction. College students with evening type are more likely to be internet addicted.
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Objective To investigate the distribution of circadian typology of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to analyze its consequent impact on glycemic control. Methods From January 2016 to June 2016, a total of 283 T2DM patients were interviewed in this study. Self designed questionnaire, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to collect information on diabetes history, circadian typology, sleep quality and depression. HbA1c and other biochemical indicators were determined. The glycemic control target was<7%. The 283 T2DM patients were divided into three groups:morning type group, evening type group and neither type group according to MEQ score. Results Of the 283 subjects, 97 (34.3%) were classified as morning type, 42 (14.8%) as evening type, and 144 (50.9%) as neither. Participants with evening type were younger, shorter diabetes duration, more depressive symptoms, higher perceived sleep debt, higher FBG and higher HbA1c than those with morning type. The binary Logistic regression analysis showed that HbAlc≥7%was associated with higher FBG, higher PSQI score, higher sleep debt, lower HDL-C, and lower MEQ scores (OR=0.189-2.904, all P<0.05). Conclusions Evening type was associated with higher HbA1c and poorer glycemic control in T2DM patients compared with morning type and may be one of the risk factors affecting glycemic control.
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Objective To investigate the distribution of circadian typology of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to analyze its consequent impact on glycemic control. Methods From January 2016 to June 2016, a total of 283 T2DM patients were interviewed in this study. Self designed questionnaire, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to collect information on diabetes history, circadian typology, sleep quality and depression. HbA1c and other biochemical indicators were determined. The glycemic control target was<7%. The 283 T2DM patients were divided into three groups:morning type group, evening type group and neither type group according to MEQ score. Results Of the 283 subjects, 97 (34.3%) were classified as morning type, 42 (14.8%) as evening type, and 144 (50.9%) as neither. Participants with evening type were younger, shorter diabetes duration, more depressive symptoms, higher perceived sleep debt, higher FBG and higher HbA1c than those with morning type. The binary Logistic regression analysis showed that HbAlc≥7%was associated with higher FBG, higher PSQI score, higher sleep debt, lower HDL-C, and lower MEQ scores (OR=0.189-2.904, all P<0.05). Conclusions Evening type was associated with higher HbA1c and poorer glycemic control in T2DM patients compared with morning type and may be one of the risk factors affecting glycemic control.
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OBJECT: The Composite Scale by Smith et al. has been proposed as an improved measure of momingness-eveningness. This study attempted to endorse that a Korean translation of Composite Scale(KtCS) can be useful to differentiate people according to circadianrhythm types. METHOD: KtCS and Life Habit Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 561 university students. LHQ consisted of items questioning sleep habits on weekdays(bedtime, rising time and sleep length), the time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical), time of perceived peak performance(mental, physical and academic), and quality of academic performance during the morning, afternoon and evening. Subjects were categorized on the basis of their KtCS scores into evening(I) types, intermediate(I) types, and morning(M) types. The cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. In addition 7 I-type and 7 M-type subjects were selected from the student population who had participated in the previous survey and then, oral temperature of each subject was taken every hour torn 08 : 00 to 22 : 00. To assess both the internal and the external measurement properties of KtCS, descriptive statistics, reliability and validity were examined. RESULTS: The distribution of KtCS scores was significantly, negatively skewed. The KtCS scores closest to the 10th and 90th percentiles were 26 and 41 respectively. The split-half reliability(. 85), test-retest reliability( .91), and internal consistency(Cronbach alpha, .82) were obtained above the expected. Inter-item correlations were all positive and ranged from .10-.59 with a mean of .25. Item-total correlations varied from .33 to .63 with a mean of .45. Common factor analyses confirmed three factors: preferred times of performance and going to bed, arising time, and morning alertness. The validity of KtCS was further demonstrated through strong relationships between the scale and external criteria.4 discernable difference in oral temperature between the M-type and the type across morning to evening provided additional evidence for validity of the scale. CONCLUSIONS: The results would suggest the possibility that KtCS can be employed as a tool for selection of I-type people or M-type people. It is as yet, however, uncertain that KtCS might be suitable to select people for night shiftwork because the subjects of this study are limited to university students. Therefore, future research among varying types of people are required to endorse this study.