Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: a clinical analysis based on 10 years of published data in China / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) to provide a reference for the early diagnosis and timely treatment of DNM.@*Methods@#Data on DNM in China was electronically retrieved from the core databases and comprehensively reviewed from June 2012 to June 2023. The infection, pathogenic microorganisms, main symptoms, comorbidities and treatment methods of DNM were analyzed.@*Results@#The data of a total of 781 DNM patients, with an average age of (52.97 ± 5.64) years, were retrieved, including 554 males and 227 females. Odontogenic source, tonsillitis, pharyngeal abscess, sialoadenitis, upper respiratory tract infection, foreign body injury, or iatrogenic traumatic procedures are common causes. Among these, odontogenic infection is the most common source. Streptococcus sp. (n = 217) and Staphylococcus sp. (n = 82) were most isolated, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (equally n = 59). A total of 69.4% (542/781) of DNM patients recruited in this study were discovered to have various comorbidities, and more than one-third of these patients (n = 185) had diabetes. Of the broad antibiotics, carbapenem was most frequently used as treatment, and vancomycin was the most frequently coadministered. The mediastinal drainage approach varies widely, and the optimal regimen is still unknown. Seventy-two patients were treated with video-assisted thoracoscopic/mediastinoscopic surgical drainage, 22 patients were treated with percutaneous catheter drainage, 30 underwent the transcervical approach, and 40 underwent thoracotomy. A total of 617 patients who were selected underwent the appropriate combined operation for surgical drainage according to the specific location of the infected focus. The overall mortality rate of all 781 DNM patients included was 11.2%.@*Conclusion@#The most effective diagnosis and treatment of DNM is a high degree of clinical vigilance followed by prompt and adequate drainage with intensive care, including hemodynamic monitoring, nutritional support, computer tomographic scanning repeated as necessary, and combined use of systemic antibiotics.

Meta-analysis of Distribution Frequency of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome in Primary Osteoporosis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the distribution of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） syndromes of primary osteoporosis（POP） in China by using evidence-based medicine methods， and to understand the distribution law of the syndromes. MethodChina National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI）， VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database（VIP）， WanFang Data Knowledge Service Platform（WanFang） and China Biology Medicine（CBM） were searched to obtain representative literature， and each database was searched from the 1994 World Health Organization defined diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis until May 1， 2023. Two researchers independently screened literature according to the criteria， extracted data， and cross-checked them. Meta analysis was conducted using R4.1.3， and subgroup analysis was performed. ResultA total of 56 Chinese papers were included， involving 14 415 patients. After standardized classification of syndromes， 11 articles were excluded， and Meta analysis results of the ultimately included 45 Chinese articles showed that the distribution frequencies of liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome， spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in 12 723 patients were 27%［95% confidence interval（CI） 0.24-0.31］， 32%（95% CI 0.29-0.36）， 36%（95% CI 0.30-0.42）. Subgroup analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the three TCM syndromes in the north and south（P<0.05）. In addition， the incidence of TCM syndrome fractures in different types of POP was 15%（95% CI 0.09-0.24） for liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome， 20%（95% CI 0.12-0.30） for spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome， and 31%（95% CI 0.25-0.39） for kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. ConclusionThe distribution of syndromes in POP patients is mainly kidney deficiency， accompanied by liver and spleen dysfunction. Liver-kidney Yin deficiency syndrome， spleen-kidney Yang deficiency syndrome and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome are all the main syndromes of POP and osteoporotic fractures， and kidney deficiency and blood stasis syndrome is most closely related to the development of osteoporotic fractures. The reference standards for syndrome determination among the included studies are inconsistent， and in the future， it is necessary to focus on their determination standards to obtain consensus research results， at the same time， conduct large-scale syndrome research to obtain representative research results， providing a basis for clinical practice and research.

Clinical Evidence Mapping of Chinese Patent Medicines Combined with Western Medicine in Treatment of Hypertension / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo systematically collect， analyze， and evaluate the randomized controlled trials （RCT） of Chinese patent medicine combined with western medicine in the treatment of hypertension， map the evidence， and provide reference for the future clinical research and formulation of guidelines and policies. MethodThe relevant articles were retrieved from China Biology Medicine disc， China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， VIP， Wanfang Data， PubMed， Embase， and Cochrane Library with the time interval from inception to December 31， 2022. The RCT of Chinese patent medicines combined with western medicine in the treatment of hypertension were included. The research characteristics and methodological quality were analyzed and evaluated. ResultA total of 330 RCTs of treating hypertension with Chinese patent medicines combined with Western medicine were included in this study， all of which were published in Chinese. These RCTs involved 88 Chinese patent medicines and 37 788 patients， and 46% of RCT had the sample size ≥100 patients. Eighty-seven percent of RCT showed the study period within 3 months. All the interventions in the RCTs were Chinese patent medicine + western medicine vs western medicine. Among the evaluation indicators， blood pressure， response rate， TCM syndrome score， endothelial cell function， and safety were mainly concerned. In terms of methodological quality， most articles did not mention the generation of random sequences， allocation concealment， or blinding method. The blinding evaluation of outcomes showed low risks of bias， and there was insufficient information to judge whether there was selective bias or other bias. ConclusionThere were many Chinese patent medicines used in combination with western medicine in the treatment of hypertension， and they were mainly taken orally. The existing RCT had problems such as small sample size， unclear clinical value positioning， imperfect design failing to reflect the value of Chinese patent medicines， unreasonable measurement indicators， and non-standard measurement methods. Future research should solve the above problems， improve the research quality， value， and authenticity， and enhance the reliability and extension of evidence.

Quality of systematic reviews on the treatment of vesiculobullous skin diseases. A meta-epidemiological study

Abstract Background Systematic reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are considered high-level evidence to support a decision on therapeutic interventions, and their methodological quality is essential to provide reliable and applicable results. Objective This meta-epidemiological study aimed to map and critically appraise systematic reviews assessing treatments for vesiculobullous skin diseases. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search strategy on MEDLINE (via Pubmed) in December 2022 without restrictions to find systematic reviews evaluating pharmacological interventions for vesiculobullous skin diseases. The methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool, and additional information was extracted. We identified nine systematic reviews published between 2002 and 2021, seven assessing pemphigus. Results According to the AMSTAR-2 tool, 55.6% were classified as critically low quality, 22.2% as moderate quality, 11.1% as low and 11.1% as high quality. No review assessed the certainty of the evidence (GRADE); 86% of pemphigus reviews had at least two overlapping RCTs. There were some limitations regarding methodological flaws and the AMSTAR-2 tool use Conclusions These findings reveal a frail methodological quality of systematic reviews about vesiculobullous diseases treatment that may impact the results. Therefore, methodological rigor is mandatory for future systematic reviews to avoid duplication of effort and increase the certainty of the evidence supporting decision-making.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: History and scenario of patient blood management in the world and in Brazil

Abstract Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a multidimensional approach that seeks to optimize the use of blood and its components in patients. This matter emerged as a response to the need to reduce unnecessary exposure to blood transfusions and their potential risks. In the past, blood transfusion was often overused resulting in complications and high costs. The advent of Patient Blood Management has caused a paradigm shift, highlighting anemia prevention, bleeding control and maximizing the production of blood cells by the organism itself. Patient Blood Management guidelines include the early identification of anemia, strategies to minimize blood loss during surgery, intraoperative blood conservation techniques, preoperative hemoglobin optimization and evidence-based approaches to the rational use of blood transfusions. Aiming to improve clinical outcomes, decrease transfusion-related complications and reduce associated costs, this multidisciplinary approach counts on doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals. Based on research and clinical evidence, Patient Blood Management continues to evolve thereby promoting safer, more effective patient-centered practices. Its implementation has proven beneficial in various medical contexts thereby contributing to improvements in the quality of care provided to patients. Our goal with this Consensus is to present readers with a broad and diverse view of Patient Blood Management so that they have the building blocks to implement this new technique.

Consensus of the Brazilian association of hematology, hemotherapy and cellular therapy on patient blood management: Antifibrinolytics

Abstract The use of strategies to reduce blood loss and transfusions is essential in the treatment of surgical patients, including in complex cardiac surgeries and those that use cardiopulmonary bypass. Antifibrinolytics, such as epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TXA), are widely used in these procedures, as well as in other types of surgeries. These medicines are included in the World Health Organization (WHO) list of 'essential medicines'. Scientific evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of EACA in reducing bleeding and the need for transfusions in heart surgery. EACA is highly recommended for use in heart surgery by the American Society of Anesthesiology Task Force on Perioperative Blood Management. Regarding the safety of EACA, there is no robust evidence of any significant thrombotic potential. TXA has also been shown to be effective in reducing the use of blood transfusions in cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries and is considered safer than other antifibrinolytic agents. There is no evidence of any increased risk of thromboembolic events with TXA, but doses greater than 2 g per day have been associated with an increased risk of seizures. It is also important to adjust the dose in patients with renal impairment. In conclusion, antifibrinolytics, such as EACA and TXA, are effective in reducing blood loss and transfusion use in cardiac and non-cardiac surgeries, without causing serious adverse effects.

Antecedentes históricos e implicaciones bioéticas de la medicina basada en la evidencia

Introducción: El desarrollo histórico de la medicina basada en la evidencia está interrelacionado con el desarrollo de la investigación científica y su implementación en la práctica médica. Durante este proceso se validó el método científico y se refuerza la necesidad de controles éticos. Objetivo: Recorrer el desarrollo histórico de la medicina basada en la evidencia y enfatizar en las implicaciones bioéticas para una adecuada implementación en aras de contribuir al perfeccionamiento de las ciencias médicas. Métodos: En la implementación clínica de la medicina basada en la evidencia, el nivel de evidencia científica durante la evaluación de la literatura se jerarquiza, y esto ayuda a los profesionales en la toma de decisiones clínicas. Focalizar la implementación de un medio diagnóstico o una medida terapéutica según la gradualidad y calidad de la evidencia sin más, con una visión que deja fuera los valores morales, el contexto social y la participación del propio paciente, y excluir los distintos obstáculos sociales, culturales y económicos constituye una brecha existente durante la implementación de manera aislada de la medicina basada en la evidencia y es aquí donde la bioética es fundamental, debe conceptualizarse no solo para proteger al paciente sino que debe dar respuesta ante la complejidad tecnológica y científica. Conclusiones: La medicina basada en la evidencia trae consigo una mayor calidad de la práctica clínica y, a la vez, plantea la necesidad de asumir una ética de atención al paciente. Debe ser una práctica que integre lo científico con lo axiológico, conceptualizando en salud una bioética basada en la evidencia.

Introduction: The historical development of evidence-based medicine is interrelated with the development of scientific research and its implementation in medical practice. During this process, the scientific method was validated and the need for ethical controls is reinforced. Objective: To review the historical development of evidence-based medicine and to emphasize on the bioethical implications for an adequate implementation in order to contribute to the improvement of medical sciences. Methods: In the clinical implementation of evidence-based medicine, the level of scientific evidence during the assessment of literature is hierarchized, which helps professionals make clinical decisions. Focusing the implementation of a diagnostic means or a therapeutic measure according to the gradualness and quality of evidence with no more, under a vision rulingout moral values, the social context and the participation of patientsthemselves, as well as excluding the various social, cultural and economic obstacles, represents a gap existing during the isolated implementation of evidence-based medicine. At this point, bioethics is paramount; it must be conceptualized not only to protect the patient, but it must respond in the face of technological and scientific complexity. Conclusions: Evidence-based medicine brings about higher quality of clinical practice and, at the same time, raises the need to assume ethics of patient care. It should be a practice that integrates the scientific with the axiological, conceptualizing evidence-based bioethics in health.

Repercussions of the Emergency neurological life support on scientific literature: a bibliometric study / Repercussões do Emergency neurological life support na literatura científica: um estudo bibliométrico

Abstract Background In 2012, the Neurocritical Care Society launched a compilation of protocols regarding the core issues that should be addressed within the first hours of neurological emergencies - the Emergency neurological life support (ENLS). Objective We aim to evaluate this repercussion through a bibliometric analysis. Methods We searched Scopus on October 2022 for articles mentioning ENLS. The following variables were obtained: number of citations; number of citations per year; number of publications per year; year of publication; research type; research subtype; country of corresponding author and its income category and world region; journal of publication and its 5-year impact factor (IF); and section where ENLS appeared. Results After applying eligibility criteria, we retrieved 421 articles, published from 2012 to 2022. The mean number of citations per article was 17.46 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 8.20-26.72), while the mean number of citations per year per article was 4.05 (95% CI = 2.50-5.61). The mean destiny journal 5-year IF was 5.141 (95% CI = 4.189-6.093). The majority of articles were secondary research (57.48%; n= 242/421) of which most were narrative reviews (71.90%; n= 174/242). High-Income countries were the most prominent (80.05%; n= 337/421 articles). There were no papers from low-income countries. There were no trials or systematic reviews from middle-income countries. Conclusion Although still low, the number of publications mentioning ENLS is increasing. Articles were mainly published in journals of intensive care medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, and emergency medicine. Most articles were published by authors from high-income countries. The majority of papers were secondary research, with narrative review as the most frequent subtype.

Resumo Antecedentes Em 2012, a Neurocritical Care Society lançou uma compilação de protocolos sobre as questões centrais que devem ser abordadas nas primeiras horas de emergências neurológicas - Emergency neurological life support (ENLS). Objetivo Avaliar a repercussão do ENLS por meio de uma análise bibliométrica. Métodos A base de dados Scopus foi utilizada em outubro de 2022 para a busca por artigos mencionando o ENLS. As seguintes variáveis foram obtidas: número de citações; número de citações por ano; número de publicações por ano; ano de publicação; tipo de pesquisa; país do autor correspondente e sua categoria de renda; revista de publicação e seu fator de impacto de 5 anos (IF); e seção onde o ENLS apareceu. Resultados Os 421 artigos incluídos foram publicados de 2012 a 2022. A média de citações por artigo foi de 17.46 (intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% = 8.20-26.72), enquanto a de citações por ano por artigo foi de 4.05 (IC95% = 2.50-5.61). O IF médio por revista foi de 5.14 (IC95% = 4.19-6.09). A maioria dos artigos era de pesquisa secundária (57.48%; n= 242/421), dos quais a maioria eram revisões narrativas (71.90%; n= 174/242). Os países de alta renda foram os mais prolíficos (80.05%; n= 337/421 artigos). Não houve publicações de países de baixa ou média renda. Conclusão Embora ainda baixo, o número de publicações mencionando o ENLS vem aumentando recentemente. A maioria dos artigos foram publicados em revistas de medicina intensiva, neurologia, neurocirurgia e medicina de emergência. Artigos de pesquisa secundária foram os mais comuns, com revisões narrativas sendo o subtipo mais frequente.

Uso de técnicas de estudio basadas en evidencia científica en estudiantes de medicina, Perú

Introducción: El uso de técnicas de estudio basada en evidencias por parte de los estudiantes constituye un método fundamental para el aprendizaje. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia del uso de técnicas de estudio basadas en evidencia en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en el Perú. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal con 75 estudiantes de medicina humana de la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú a través de una encuesta que recopilo las técnicas de estudio y otras variables, seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: El (58,73 %) fueron varones, un (58,7 %), no utilizó técnicas de estudio basadas en evidencia, nivel socioeconómico familiar bajo-medio (33,3 %). El material de estudio más utilizado fueron libros (58,14 ), seguido de artículos científicos (24 %); el (45,3 %) dedicaba entre 4-6 horas al estudio y el (40 %) usaba la técnica "Active recall". Por su parte, el (53,3 %) disfrutaban del estudio "algunas veces", (70,7 %) aplazaban el momento de estudiar "algunas veces" y el (62,7 %) tenían dificultad para concentrarse "algunas veces". Además, encontramos que aquellos que estudiaron menos de 2 horas prefirieron videos educativos y los estudiantes que dedicaron 6-8 horas eligieron la lectura de libros, artículos científicos y diapositivas basadas en evidencias. Así mismo los que enfrentaron dificultades 'la mayoría del tiempo' tendieron a utilizar diapositivas en exceso, mientras que los que enfrentaron dificultades 'siempre' prefirieron videos educativos (p<0,05). Discusión: El empleo de técnicas de estudio fundamentadas en evidencias por parte de los estudiantes aún no prevalece de manera mayoritaria. Solo la mitad de los estudiantes mantiene una utilización activa en su desarrollo profesional, mientras que existe desconocimiento y un nivel bajo de implementación. El entendimiento de estas variables brindará la oportunidad de establecer charlas educativas dirigidas a los futuros profesionales.

Introduction: The use of evidence-based techniques by students is a fundamental method for learning. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of the use of evidence-based study techniques in medical students from a university in Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out with 75 students of human medicine from the National University of Central Peru through a survey that collected study techniques and other variables, selected by non-probabilistic sampling. Results: (58.73%) were male, one (58.7%), did not use evidence-based study techniques, low-medium family socioeconomic level (33.3%). The most used study material was books (58.14%), followed by scientific articles (24%); (45.3%) spent between 4-6 hours studying and (40%) used the "Active recall" technique. For their part, (53.3%) enjoyed studying "sometimes", (70.7%) postponed studying "sometimes" and (62.7%) had difficulty concentrating "sometimes". Furthermore, our findings indicate that those who studied for less than 2 hours preferred educational videos, while students who dedicated 6-8 hours chose to engage with reading books, scientific articles, and evidence-based slides. Similarly, those encountering difficulties 'most of the time' tended to overuse slides, whereas those facing difficulties 'always' favored educational videos (p<0.05). Discussion: The use of evidence-based techniques by human medicine students is still not the majority, only half maintain active use in their professional training, it is unknown or its implementation has a low level. Knowing these variables will make it possible to carry out schemes and educational talks in future professionals.

Impact of the "Journal Club" activity among medical students' knowledge of scientific methodology / Avaliação de impacto da atividade "journal club" no conhecimento de metodologia científica entre os estudantes de medicina

Introduction: The Journal Club is an environment for exchanging information within the medical context concerning updated literature and evidence-based medicine. Considering the importance of constantly updating the acquired knowledge and scenarios of social isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Journal Club event was held virtually, aiming to expand the understanding of the scientific methodology among medical students by understanding the differences among each type of evidence pyramid study by reading and discussing scientific articles. Methodology: An analytical, prospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2021. The Journal Club event took place in nine classes where each type of evidence pyramid study was addressed. The sample included 20 medical students. A questionnaire was used at the beginning and end of the event to assess the participants' knowledge from the classes taught and was divided into two parts: participant identification data and 19 questions regarding the types of studies present on the pyramid of evidence. Results: It was found that after the pre- and post-event analysis of the questionnaire among the 19 questions, correct answers increased in 17, among which 3 obtained a statistically significant value: questions 1 (p = 0.031), 15 (p = 0.039), and 18 (p = 0.016). Discussion: An increase in the number of correct answers was noted between pre- and post-classes, which may indicate an improved understanding of the subject among students. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the students had little involvement in scientific research (only 25% had ever been involved in a project). Conclu-sion: Based on the analysis of the participants' performance in the pre- and post-event questionnaires, it can be concluded that the medical students were able to expand their knowledge of scientific methodology (AU).

Introdução: O Journal Club é um ambiente para troca de informações dentro do contexto médico, diante de uma literatura atualizada e medicina baseada em evidências. Tendo em vista a importância da atualização constante de conhecimentos adquiridos e o cenário de isolamento social imposto pela pandemia da COVID-19, o evento Journal Club foi realizado virtualmente, com o objetivo de ampliar o entendimento sobre metodologia científica entre estudantes de medicina por meio da compreensão das diferenças de cada tipo de estudo da pirâmide de evidências a partir da leitura e discussão de artigos científicos. Metodologia: Estudo analítico, prospectivo e transversal realizado em outubro de 2021. O evento Journal Club ocorreu em nove aulas onde foram abordados cada tipo de estudo da pirâmide de evidência. A amostra foi composta por 20 estudantes de medicina. Um questionário foi aplicado no início e ao final do evento para avaliar o conhecimento dos participantes a partir das aulas ministradas, e foi dividido em duas partes, a primeira com dados de identificação do participante e a segunda com 19 questões sobre os tipos de estudos presentes na pirâmide de evidência. Resultados: Observou-se que, após a análise do questionário pré e pós-evento, dentre as 19 questões realizadas, houve um aumento de acertos em 17 entre as quais 3 obtiveram um valor estatístico significativo: questões 1 (p= 0,031), 15 (p=0,039) e 18 (p= 0,016). Discussão: Notou-se aumento dos acertos de questões entre o pré e pós-aulas, podendo indicar uma melhora no entendimento por parte dos acadêmicos acerca do assunto. Além disso, o estudo mostrou uma baixa atuação dos acadêmicos em pesquisas científicas (apenas 25% já se envolveram em algum projeto). Conclusão: A partir da análise do desempenho dos participantes nos questionários pré e pós-evento é possível afirmar que os estudantes de medicina conseguiram ampliar seu conhecimento sobre metodologia científica (AU).

Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory profiles of bacterial infection or colonization among patients hospitalized in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 intensive care units (ICUs) in Southeast Pará / Perfis clínico, epidemiológico e laboratorial de infecção ou colonização bacteriana em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) COVID-19 e não COVID-19 no sudeste do Pará

Objectives: To compare the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory profiles of bacterial infection or colonization among patients hospitalized in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 intensive care units (ICUs) in Southeast Pará, Brazil. Methods:This was a retrospective analytical study based on the analyses of electronic medical records and microbiological reports of patients admitted to the ICU of a regional hospital located in Pará in the Brazilian Amazon due to complications associated with COVID-19 and other causes from March 2020 to December 2021. The sample consisted of data from the medical records of 343 patients collected after approval by the ethics and research committee (opinion number 5281433) was granted. The data extracted from the bacteriological and antibiogram culture reports were analyzed to characterize the clinical-epidemiological profile of the patients. The data were transferred and tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2019 to conduct a descriptive analysis, and the associated statistical analyses were performed using Stata 17.0 statistical soft-ware. Results: Of the total patients, 59.5% were hospitalized in the COVID-19 ICU and 40.5% were hospitalized in the non-COVID-19 ICU. Most individuals admitted to the COVID-19 ICU and non-COVID-19 ICU were aged between 66 and 78 years and between 54 and 66 years, respectively. The hospitalization duration in the COVID-19 ICU was fewer than 15 days, whereas that in the non-COVID-19 ICU was 15 to 30 days. Deaths were more frequent in the Covid-19 ICU compared to the non-Covid-19 ICU (64% versus 41%). In contrast, hospital discharge was more frequent in the non-Covid-19 ICU (58.3% versus 34.8%).The most prevalent comorbidity in both ICUs was circulatory system disease. Gram-negative bacteria were the most frequent etiological agent in both groups and were present in 63.1% of the cultures analyzed. Regarding the phenotypic profile of resistance, carbapenemase production was detected in 43.0% of the cultures analyzed. Multidrug resistance against antimicrobial drugs was more frequent in the non-COVID-19 ICU (55.7%). Most of the antimicrobial drug prescriptions for were empirical. Conclusions: The recurrence of secondary infections and bacterial colonization in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ICU patients should not be underestimated. The clinical, microbiological, and bacterial resistance profiles elucidated in this study highlight the need to develop and implement holistic and assertive strategies to control and mitigate these problems. Which will contribute to an improved prognosis for patients and quality of life patients (AU).

Objetivos: Comparar o perfil clínico, epidemiológico e laboratorial das infecções ou colonizações bacterianas entre pacientes internados em UTI COVID-19 e não-COVID-19 no Sudeste do Pará, Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo analítico retrospectivo baseado na análise de prontuários eletrônicos e laudos microbiológicos de pacientes internados em um hospital regional localizado no Pará, na Amazônia brasileira, devido a complicações associadas à COVID-19 e outras causas no período de março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. A amostra foi constituída por dados dos prontuários de 343 pacientes coletados após aprovação pelo Comitê de ética em Pesquisa (parecer número 5281433). Os dados extraídos dos laudos de cultura bacteriológica e antibiograma foram analisados para caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e inferenciais utilizando o Stata 17.0 statistical software. Resultados: Do total de pacientes, 59,5% estavam internados na UTI COVID-19 e 40,5% na UTI não-COVID-19. A maioria dos indivíduos apresentavam idades entre 54 e 78. O tempo de internação na UTI COVID-19 foi inferior a 15 dias, enquanto na UTI não-CO-VID-19 foi de 15 a 30 dias. Os óbitos foram mais frequentes na UTI Covid-19 em relação à UTI não-Covid-19 (64% versus 41%). Em contrapartida, a alta hospitalar foi mais frequente na UTI não Covid-19 (58,3% versus 34,8%). A comorbidade mais prevalente em ambas as UTIs foi a doença do aparelho circulatório. As bactérias Gram-negativas foram os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes em ambos os grupos e estiveram presentes em 63,1% das culturas analisadas. Em relação ao perfil fenotípico de resistência, a produção de carbapenemase foi detectada em 43,0% das culturas analisadas. A multirresistência aos antimicrobianos foi mais frequente na UTI não COVID-19 (55,7%). A maioria das prescrições de antimicrobianos foram empíricas. Conclusões: A recorrência de infecções secundárias e colonizações bacterianas em pacientes com COVID-19 e não COVID-19 em UTIs não devem ser subestimadas. Os perfis de resistência bacteriana elucidados neste estudo destacam a necessidade da implementação de estratégias holísticas e assertivas visando o controle e mitigação dessa problemática, o que contribuirá para a melhoria do prognóstico, bem como, a qualidade e segurança dos paciente (AU).

¿Cuántos Tipos de Revisiones de la Literatura Existen? Enumeración, Descripción y Clasificación. Revisión Cualitativa / How Many Types of Literature Reviews are There? Listings, Description and Classification

La expansión y consolidación de la práctica clínica basada en la evidencia ha llevado entre otras, a la necesidad de realizar una variedad cada vez mayor de tipos de revisión de la literatura científica; lo que permite avanzar en el conocimiento y comprender la amplitud de la investigación sobre un tema de interés, teniendo en cuenta que una de las propiedades del conocimiento es su carácter acumulativo. Sin embargo, la diversidad de la terminología utilizada genera confusión de términos y conceptos. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue proporcionar un listado de los tipos de revisiones de la literatura más frecuentemente utilizados con sus características y algunos ejemplos de ellas. Revisión cualitativa. Se examinaron de forma dirigida las bases de datos PubMed, WoS y Scopus, en búsqueda de términos asociados a tipos de revisiones y síntesis de la literatura científica. Se encontraron 21 tipos de revisión; y 29 variantes y sinonimias asociadas; las que ilustran los procesos de cada una de ellas. Se da una descripción general de las características de cada cual, junto con las fortalezas y debilidades percibidas. No obstante, se verificó que sólo algunos tipos de revisión poseen metodologías propias y explícitas. Este enfoque, proporciona un punto de referencia para quienes realizan o interpretan revisiones en el ámbito sanitario, y sugiere dos tipos de propuestas de clasificación.

SUMMARY: The expansion and consolidation of evidence-based clinical practice has led, among other things, to the need to carry out an increasing variety of types of literature reviews, which allows advancing in knowledge and understanding the breadth of research on a topic of interest. However, the diversity of the terminology used generates confusion of terms and concepts. The aim of this manuscript was to provide a list of the most frequently used review types with their characteristics and some examples. Qualitative review. PubMed, WoS and Scopus databases were examined in a directed way, searching for terms associated with types of reviews and syntheses of the scientific literature. Twenty-one types of review, and 29 variants and associated synonymies were found; those that illustrate the processes of each of them. An overview of the characteristics of each is given, along with perceived strengths and weaknesses. However, it was verified that only some types of review have their own explicit methodologies. This approach, provides a point of reference for those who perform or interpret reviews in the health field and suggests two classification proposals.

Genealogia da Prevenção Quaternária: entre o uso da Medicina Baseada em Evidências e a reformulação do cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Genealogical analysis of Quaternary Prevention: between the use of Evidence-Based Medicine and care reformulation in Primary Health Care

Resumo Realizamos uma análise genealógica da Prevenção Quaternária, instrumento da Atenção Primária à Saúde de enfrentamento à medicalização e a iatrogenia, a partir de seus enunciados e de entrevistas com seus formuladores. Identificamos que a ferramenta tem sido tanto apresentada como uma reformulação do cuidado e da relação médico-paciente, como também reduzida ao cálculo do risco-benefício por meio da aplicação atualizada de evidências científicas. Analisamos os paradoxos da Medicina Baseada em Evidências e problematizamos sua relação com a Prevenção Quaternária e a Atenção Primária à Saúde. Por fim, sugerimos questionar a verdade das evidências para o desenvolvimento de outros paradigmas de saúde.

Abstract We conducted a genealogical analysis of quaternary prevention, an instrument of primary health care to address overmedicalization and iatrogenesis, based on related statements and interviews with the creators of this concept. This tool has been used in the reformulation of care and the doctor-patient relationship, but limited to the risk-benefit assessment by using current scientific evidence. In this study, we analyze the paradoxes of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and discuss the relationship of EBM and quaternary prevention and primary health care (PHC). Finally, we suggest questioning the truth of the evidence for the development of other health paradigms.

De la bioética de protección a la medicina basada en la evidencia desde una perspectiva transdisciplinar

En el contexto de la bioética se debate con frecuencia el hecho de que, con el desarrollo de la ciencia y la técnica, de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, y los cambios relacionados con el ecosistema, se hace necesario garantizar el respeto de la vulnerabilidad humana y la integridad personal al aplicar y fomentar el conocimiento científico, la práctica médica y las tecnologías vinculadas (artículo 8 de la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos). Esta vulnerabilidad se protege a través del respeto con equidad y justicia, de los derechos básicos de cada ser humano y al garantizar la integridad personal; esta es la esencia de la bioética de protección y constituye, también, la base principal de la medicina basada en la evidencia, caracterizada por el uso consciente, explícito y juicioso de la evidencia clínica en la práctica diaria para el cuidado del paciente, en aras de ofrecer la mejor atención. Existe una necesidad inmediata de proporcionar beneficios sostenibles a las personas vulnerables en situaciones de enfermedad, por ello es vital mantener un enfoque en la salud pública cubana desde la perspectiva de la bioética de protección y la transdisciplinariedad, sustentada en una medicina basada en la evidencia, en las 3 esferas, en el proceso asistencial, en el proceso pedagógico y en el investigativo; como máximo exponente de la salud global, que tiene como esencia una visión transdisciplinaria, ya que aborda la salud desde la perspectiva del derecho universal a esta y al bienestar social.

In the context of bioethics, the fact that with the development of science and technology, of information and communication technologies, and the changes related to the ecosystem, it is necessary to guarantee respect for vulnerability and personal integrity when applying and promoting scientific knowledge, medical practice and related technologies (article 8 of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights). This vulnerability is protected through respect, with equity and justice, for the basic rights of every human being and by guaranteeing personal integrity; this is the essence of protection bioethics and also constitutes the main basis of evidence-based medicine, characterized by the conscious, explicit and judicious use of clinical evidence in daily practice for patient care, for the sake of to offer the best care. There is an immediate need to provide sustainable benefits to vulnerable people in disease situations, for this reason it is vital to maintain a focus on Cuban public health from the perspective of protective bioethics and transdisciplinarity, supported by evident-based medicine, in the 3 spheres, in the care process, in the pedagogical process and in the investigative process; as the greatest exponent of Global Health, whose essence is a transdisciplinary vision, since it addresses health from the perspective of the universal right to it and to social well-being.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el seguro social del Perú (Essalud)

El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Su objetivo es proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 7 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2022. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y flujogramas correspondientes. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. La presente GPC abordó 7 preguntas clínicas sobre fluidoterapia, momento de inicio de nutrición enteral, analgesia, tipo de nutrición, tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 8 recomendaciones (1 fuerte y 7 condicionales), 13 BPC, y 1 flujograma. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencia de la GPC para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud.

This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of acute pancreatitis in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud), to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud. A guideline development group (GEG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered relevant-primary studies were carried out in PubMed during 2022. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice, and the corresponding ow charts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. This CPG addressed 7 clinical questions on buid therapy, start of enteral nutrition, analgesia, type of nutrition, antibiotic, and surgical treatment. Based on these questions, 8 recommendations (1 strong and 7 conditional), 13 BPCs, and 1 flowchart were formulated. This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud.

Efecto de un curso sobre medicina basada en la evidencia: análisis exploratorio / Effect of a Course on Evidence-Based Medicine: Exploratory Análisis / Efeito de um curso sobre medicina baseada em evidências: análise exploratoria

Introducción. Tomar decisiones clínicas basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible es una buena práctica que favorece los resultados en salud. Su uso ha sido promovido por diferentes organismos; sin embargo, aún existen algunas barreras entre profesionales de la salud para su apropiación. El objetivo fue el análisis exploratorio del efecto de un curso sobre los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes frente a la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) en profesionales de la salud que ejercen en Bogotá, Colombia. Metodología. Estudio exploratorio que incluyó un componente cuantitativo y uno cualitativo de carácter descriptivo. El estudio se desarrolló entre agosto de 2022 y abril de 2023. Para el componente cuantitativo se construyó un cuestionario tipo test, compuesto por 38 preguntas, aplicado antes y después del curso. Respecto de lo cualitativo, se realizaron en total 6 entrevistas semiestructuradas a docentes, estudiantes y uno de los gestores del proyecto. Resultados. Los resultados cuantitativos permitieron identificar cambios relacionados con la toma de decisiones clínicas, una mejora en el conocimiento y aplicación de herramientas para la evaluación de la calidad de estudios para resolver preguntas clínicas. El componente cualitativo permitió identificar dos temáticas centrales: pedagogía de la toma de decisiones y los aspectos que posibilitan o no la implementación de estas herramientas para tomar decisiones clínicas. Discusión. Los resultados sobre los efectos del curso son similares a los reportados por otros estudios en contextos diferentes al colombiano. Se requiere investigación que a mediano y largo plazo mida el impacto de la formación en el cambio de práctica. Conclusión. El curso sugiere tener efectos en los conocimientos y habilidades para mejorar la búsqueda y evaluación de la evidencia, así como para la formulación de preguntas clínicas, la comprensión de la certeza de la evidencia y mejorar la actitud hacia el uso de la evidencia para fundamentar la toma de decisiones en la clínica. Palabras clave: Medicina Basada en la Evidencia; Capacitación Profesional; Toma de Decisiones Clínicas; Desarrollo de Personal; Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud.

Introduction. Making clinical decisions based on the best available evidence is a good practice that favors health outcomes. Different organizations have promoted its use; however, there are still some barriers to its appropriation among health professionals. The objective was the exploratory analysis of the effect of a course on knowledge, skills, and attitudes towards Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) in health professionals practicing in Bogotá, Colombia. Methodology. Exploratory study that included quantitative and qualitative components with a descriptive approach. The study was conducted between August 2022 and April 2023. For the quantitative component, a questionnaire was developed with 38 questions, applied before and after the course. In the qualitative component, 6 semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers, students, and a Project manager. Results. The quantitative results showed changes in clinical decision-making and the improvement in the knowledge and application of study quality assessment tools to resolve clinical issues. The qualitative component identified two main themes: pedagogy in decision-making and the aspects that either allow or do not allow the implementation of these tools for clinical decision-making. Discussion. The results on the effects of the course are similar to those reported by other studies in contexts other than Colombia. Research is needed in the medium and long term to measure the impact of the training on practice change. Conclusion. The course suggests effects on knowledge and skills related to searching for and evaluating evidence, formulating clinical questions, understanding the certainty of evidence, and improving attitudes toward the use of evidence to inform clinical decision-making. Keywords: Evidence-Based Medicine; Professional Training; Clinical Decision-Making; Staff Development; Outcome Assessment Health Care

Introdução. Tomar decisões clínicas baseadas nas melhores evidências disponíveis é uma boa prática que favorece os resultados em saúde. A sua utilização tem sido promovida por diferentes instâncias, contudo, ainda existem algumas barreiras entre os profissionais de saúde para a sua apropriação. O objetivo foi a análise exploratória do efeito de um curso sobre conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes em relação à Medicina Baseada em Evidências (MBE) em profissionais de saúde que atuam em Bogotá, Colômbia. Metodologia. Estudo exploratório que incluiu uma componente quantitativa e uma componente qualitativa descritiva. O estudo foi realizado entre agosto de 2022 e abril de 2023. Para a componente quantitativa foi criado um questionário do tipo teste, composto por 38 questões, aplicado antes e após o curso. Quanto aos aspectos qualitativos, foram realizadas um total de 6 entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores, alunos e um dos gestores do projeto. Resultados. Os resultados quantitativos permitiram identificar mudanças relacionadas à tomada de decisão clínica, melhoria no conhecimento e aplicação de ferramentas de avaliação da qualidade dos estudos para resolução de questões clínicas. A componente qualitativa permitiu identificar dois temas centrais: a pedagogía da tomada de decisão e os aspectos que possibilitam ou não a implementação destas ferramentas para a tomada de decisões clínicas. Discussão. Os resultados sobre os efeitos do curso são semelhantes aos relatados por otros estudos noutros contextos que não a Colômbia. É necessária investigação a médio e longo prazo para medir o impacto da formação na mudança de práticas. Conclusão. O curso sugere ter efeitos sobre conhecimentos e competências para melhorar a procura e avaliação de evidências, bem como para formular questões clínicas, compreender a certeza das evidências e melhorar a atitude em relação ao uso de evidências para fundamentar a tomada de decisões na clínica. Palavras-chave: Medicina Baseada em Evidências; Capacitação Profissional; Tomada de Decisão Clínica; Desenvolvimento de Pessoal; Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde

Adherence to evidence-based recommendations for chronic noncommunicable diseases: a multicenter cross-sectional study of Bogotá physicians / Adherencia a recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: estudio de corte transversal multicéntrico en médicos de Bogotá / Adesão às recomendações baseadas em evidências para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis: estudo transversal multicêntrico em médicos de Bogotá

Introduction. The management of patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases, when it follows evidence-based recommendations, improves clinical outcomes and health costs. Despite its importance, little is known about adherence to guidelines and the processes for its monitoring in our environment. The objective of this study was to report the applicability and adherence to a selection of recommendations from clinical practice guidelines for noncommunicable chronic diseases by doctors in Bogotá. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, the baseline of a cluster experiment that assessed the impact of disseminating recommendations on seven chronic diseases to patients, caregivers, and physicians. A total of 177 physicians from public and private health institutions were invited. Consecutive samples of their medical records were manually reviewed in predefined time ranges (up to 20 patients per physician, with up to two diseases of interest). The proportions of applicability and adherence were calculated according to 40 recommendations. Results. The 177 physicians who participated (out of 266 eligible) were from seven institutions, and 3,747 medical records (21,093 patients/recommendation) were analyzed. The general applicability was 31.9% (95% CI 31.3-32.6%), and it varied considerably by recommendation (range 0.3-100%) and disease (range 10.7-65%). Overall adherence was 42.0% (95% CI 40.8-43.2%), with higher adherence in acute coronary syndrome patients (58.4%) and lower adherence in diabetes mellitus patients (23.7%). Discussion. This is the most up-to-date, exhaustive, and representative measurement of adherence to guideline recommendations by doctors in Bogotá. Conclusions. Adherence to evidence-based recommendations for patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases in Bogotá is poor and highly variable. Keywords: Practice Guideline; Evidence-Based Medicine; Noncommunicable Diseases; Quality of Health Care; Implementation Science; Internal Medicine; Primary Health Care

Introducción. El manejo de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, cuando se realiza a partir de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, mejora los desenlaces clínicos y los costos en salud. Pese a su importancia, poco se conocen la adherencia a las recomendaciones de guías y los procesos para su monitoreo en nuestro medio. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar la aplicabilidad y la adherencia a una selección de recomendaciones de guías de práctica clínica, en enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, por médicos de Bogotá. Metodología. Estudio de corte MSc.Participaron 177 médicos de instituciones de salud públicas y privadas. Se revisaron manualmente muestras consecutivas de sus historias clínicas en rangos de tiempo predefinidos (meta hasta 20 pacientes por médico, en hasta dos enfermedades de interés). Se calcularon las proporciones de aplicabilidad y adherencia en 40 recomendaciones. Resultados. Participaron 177 médicos (de 266 elegibles), de 7 instituciones, con 3,747 historias clínicas (21,093 pacientes/recomendación) analizadas. La aplicabilidad general fue 31.9% (IC95% 31.3%-32.6%), y varió considerablemente por recomendación (rango 0.3%-100%) y enfermedad (rango 10.7%-65%). La adherencia general fue 42.0% (IC95% 40.8% -43.2%), siendo mayor en síndrome coronario agudo (58.4%) y menor en diabetes mellitus (23.7%). Discusión. Esta es la medición más actualizada, exhaustiva y representativa de la adherencia a las recomendaciones de guías por parte de médicos de Bogotá. Conclusiones. La adherencia a recomendaciones basadas en evidencia, para pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles de Bogotá, es deficiente y altamente variable. Palabras clave: Guía de Práctica Clínica; Medicina Basada en la Evidencia; Enfermedades no Transmisibles; Calidad de la Atención de Salud; Ciencia de la Implementación; Medicina Interna; Atención Primaria de Salud

Introdução. O manejo de pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, quando realizado com base em recomendações baseadas em evidências, melhora os resultados clínicos e os custos de saúde. Apesar da sua importância, pouco se sabe sobre a adesão às recomendações das diretrizes e os processos para monitorá-la em nosso meio. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar a aplicabilidade e adesão a uma seleção de recomendações das diretrizes de prática clínica, em doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, por médicos em Bogotá. Metodologia. Estudo transversal (linha de base de um experimento cluster que avalia o impacto da divulgação de recomendações sobre sete doenças crônicas a pacientes, cuidadores e médicos). Participaram 177 médicos de instituições de saúde públicas e privadas. Foram revisadas manualmente amostras consecutivas de seus prontuários em intervalos de tempo pré-definidos (alvo de até 20 pacientes por médico, em até duas doenças de interesse). Foram calculadas proporções de aplicabilidade e adesão para 40 recomendações. Resultados. Participaram 177 médicos (de 266 elegíveis), de 7 instituições, com 3,747 prontuários (21,093 pacientes/recomendação) analisados. A aplicabilidade geral foi de 31.9% (IC 95% 31.3%-32.6%) e variou consideravelmente por recomendação (intervalo 0.3%-100%) e doença (intervalo 10.7%-65%). A adesão geral foi de 42.0% (IC 95% 40.8%-43.2%), sendo maior na síndrome coronariana aguda (58.4%) e menor na diabetes mellitus (23.7%). Discussão. Esta é a medição mais atualizada, exaustiva e representativa da adesão às recomendações das diretrizes por médicos em Bogotá. Conclusões. A adesão às recomendações baseadas em evidências para pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em Bogotá é fraca e altamente variável. Palavras-chave: Guia de Prática Clínica; Medicina Baseada em Evidências; Doenças não Transmissíveis; Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde; Ciência da Implementação; Medicina Interna; Atenção Primária à Saúde

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud)

Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en EsSalud. Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 9 preguntas clínicas. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y estudios primarios en PubMed entre diciembre del 2020 y agosto del 2021. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder a las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). El GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular recomendaciones, los puntos de buena práctica clínica (BPC) y los flujogramas de manejo. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 88-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021. Resultados: La presente GPC abordó 9 preguntas clínicas. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 17 recomendaciones (7 fuertes y 10 condicionales), 28 BPC, y 4 flujogramas de manejo. Conclusión: El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el manejo de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica estadíos 3b, 4 y 5 en EsSalud.

Introduction: This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of stage 3b, 4, and 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of stage 3b, 4, and 5 CKD in EsSalud. Methods: A guideline development group (GDG) was formed, including specialists and methodologists. The GDG formulated 9 clinical questions. Systematic searches for systematic reviews and primary studies were conducted in PubMed from December 2020 to August 2021. Evidence was selected to answer the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The GDG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate recommendations, points of good clinical practice (GPC), and management flowcharts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 88-IETSI-ESSALUD-2021. Results: This CPG addressed 9 clinical questions. Based on these questions, 17 recommendations (7 strong and 10 conditional), 28 GPC points, and 4 management flowcharts were formulated. Conclusion: This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of stage 3b, 4, and 5 CKD in EsSalud.

Updated Interpretation of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines (Version 3. 2023) for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer / 中国肺癌杂志

Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest morbidity and mortality in China. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main pathological subtype of lung cancer. On April 13, 2023, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) released the third edition of the 2023 NCCN Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, which reflects the latest advances in international lung cancer research. This article will interpret the main updated contents of the new edition of the guidelines, and compare it with the third edition of the NCCN guidelines in 2022, so as to provide references about the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC for clinical medical personnel in China.
.