Relationship between skin-to-skin contact during the first hour of life and duration of exclusive breastfeeding / Relación entre el contacto piel con piel durante la primera hora de vida y la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva

Abstract Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (BF) has the greatest potential impact on child mortality of any preventive intervention. Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) during the first hour of life is beneficial for initiating BF; however, routine separation of mother and infant is still common. This work aimed to demonstrate that SSC during the first hour of life is associated with a greater frequency and duration of exclusive BF. Methods: This is an observational case-control study. We reviewed the medical records of patients born between 2016 and 2022 classified as cases or controls based on the history of SSC in the first hour of life. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28. Results: We included 362 medical records, of which 200 (55.2%) had SSC and were considered cases; the 162 (44.8%) who did not have SSC were considered controls. Those who received SSC were more likely to receive exclusive BF at 3 (163 [81.5%] vs. 94 [58%], p < 0.001) and 6 months of age (147 [73.5%] vs. 83 [51.2%], p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who received SSC in the first hour of life were more likely to receive exclusive BF at 3 and 6 months of age. Promoting and respecting this practice is essential to increase the possibility of a newborn to be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life.

Resumen Introducción: La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) es la intervención preventiva con mayor impacto en mortalidad infantil. El contacto piel con piel (CPP) durante la primera hora de vida es un periodo crítico para establecer la lactancia; sin embargo, la separación rutinaria del recién nacido de su madre es frecuente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue demostrar que el CPP durante la primera hora se asocia con mayor frecuencia y duración de LME. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional de casos y controles. Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes de nuestra consulta pediátrica que nacieron entre 2016 y 2022. Se clasificaron como casos y controles de acuerdo con el antecedente de haber recibido CPP durante la primera hora de vida. Se realizó el análisis estadístico en SPSS version 28. Resultados: Se incluyeron 362 expedientes, de los cuales 200 (55.2%) recibieron CPP en la primera hora de vida y fueron considerados casos; los 162 (44.8%) que no lo hicieron fueron considerados controles. Aquellos que recibieron CPP tuvieron con mayor frecuencia LME a los 3 (163 [81.5%] vs. 94 [58%], p < 0.001) y 6 meses de edad (147 [73.5%] vs. 83 [51.2%], p < 0.001). Conclusiones: La frecuencia con la cual los pacientes lograron tener lactancia materna exclusiva a los 3 y 6 meses es mayor en aquellos en los que se respeta el CPP en la primera hora de vida. Promover y respetar esta práctica es fundamental para incrementar las probabilidades de que los lactantes reciban LME durante sus primeros 6 meses de vida.

Assistência pré-natal e amamentação exclusiva na atenção primária à saúde em um município do Sudoeste da Bahia / Prenatal care and exclusive breastfeeding in primary health care in a municipality in the Southwest of Bahia

Introdução: o aleitamento materno exclusivo deve ser promovido e fortalecido em todas as esferas públicas, especialmente na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), que tem o pré-natal como elemento importante para assistência e acompanhamento da mulher durante a gestação. Objetivo: identificar a associação entre assistência pré-natal e amamentação exclusiva em crianças menores de seis meses acompanhadas na APS em um município do Sudoeste da Bahia. Metodologia: estudo transversal, envolvendo 75 mães/crianças de zero a seis meses cadastradas no programa de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento do serviço de saúde do município de Jequié, Bahia, no período de março a agosto de 2018. Empregou-se o Teste de Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, para avaliar associação entre variáveis da assistência pré-natal e amamentação exclusiva. Resultados: a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo registrado neste estudo foi de 36%.Observou-se que,mães com mais de seis consultas de pré-natal durante a gestação apresentaram maior prevalência de amamentação exclusiva (55,2%; p=0,019). A variável orientações sobre amamentação exclusiva no pré-natal não foi estatisticamente associada ao desfecho (0,457), porém descritivamente identificou-se que as mães que tiveram orientações durante o pré-natal apresentaram tendência de amamentar exclusivamente (56,7%; p= 0,457). Conclusão: a assistência pré-natal pode ser considerada elemento protetor na prática da amamentação exclusiva, e por isso a promoção e apoio ao aleitamento materno deve ser fortalecida na APS.

Introduction: exclusive breastfeeding should be promoted and strengthened in all public spheres, especially in Primary Health Care (PHC), which has prenatal care as an important element for the assistance and monitoring of women during pregnancy. Objective:to identify the link between prenatal care and exclusive breastfeeding in children younger than six months followed up in the PHC in a municipality in the Southwest of Bahia. Methodology: cross-sectional study, with 75 mothers/children aged zero to six months enrolled in the Growth and Development program of the health service in the municipality of Jequié, Bahia, from March to August 2018. Pearson's Chi-Square Test was used to assess the association between prenatal care variables and exclusive breastfeeding. Results: the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding recorded in this study was 36%. It was observed that mothers with more than six prenatal consultations during pregnancy had a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (55.2%; p=0.019). The variable guidance on exclusive breastfeeding during prenatal care was not statistically associated with the outcome (0.457), however it was descriptively identified that mothers who received guidance during prenatal care tended to breastfeed exclusively (56.7%; p= 0.457 ). Conclusion:prenatal care can be considered a protective element in the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, and therefore the promotion and support of breastfeeding should be strengthened in PHC.

Situación Nutricional de embarazadas y lactantes haitianos atendidos en el CESFAM "Los Castaños" de la comuna de La Florida, Región Metropolitana, Chile

En Chile, al 31 de diciembre del 2020 un 12,5% de los extranjeros eran de nacionalidad haitiana. Se desconoce el estado nutricional (EN) en embarazadas y lactantes; así como también la prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) de la población haitiana en Chile. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron comparar: (i) el EN de embarazadas haitianas y chilenas, (ii) el EN de lactantes y (iii) la duración de la LME en hijos de madres haitianas y chilenas. Para esto se analizó la base de datos de la población haitiana y chilena atendidos entre los años 2016-2019 en el Centro de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) "Los Castaños" ubicado en la comuna de La Florida. En la etapa pre-gestacional, las embarazadas haitianas presentaron mayor prevalencia de bajo peso en comparación a embarazadas chilenas (p= 0,0003), mientras que al término del embarazo presentaron una mayor prevalencia de estado nutricional normal (p= 0,0001) y menor prevalencia de obesidad (p= 0,0001). Respecto al estado nutricional de los lactantes, sólo se observaron diferencias en el primer mes de vida, donde un 82% de los lactantes haitianos tenían un EN normopeso en comparación al 24% en los lactantes chilenos (p= 0,0001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de LME hasta los 6 meses entre lactantes haitianos y chilenos (35,3% vs 30%, respectivamente). Es importante mencionar que ninguno de los dos grupos de lactantes cumplió con la meta establecida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) que propone LME en los primeros seis meses de vida hasta al menos 50%. En conclusión, se evidencian diferencias en el EN de las embarazadas y lactantes de ambos países, mientras que la prevalencia de LME en ambos grupos fue similar.

In Chile, until December 31st, 2020, 12.5% of foreign residents were from Haiti. The nutritional status (NS) in pregnant women and infants is unknown; as well as the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) of the Haitian population residing in Chile. This study aimed to compare: (i) the NS of Haitian and Chilean pregnant women, (ii) the NS of infants, and (iii) the duration of EBF in children of Haitian and Chilean mothers. We analyzed the database of the Haitian and Chilean population attended between the years 2016-2019 at the Primary Care Health Center (CESFAM) "Los Castaños" located in the commune of La Florida. During the pregestational stage, the Haitian pregnant women had a higher prevalence of low weight compared to the Chilean pregnant women (p= 0,0003), whereas, at the end of the pregnancy, they had a higher prevalence of normal nutritional status (p= 0,0001) and a lower prevalence of obesity and a tendency at the end of pregnancy. Whereas at the end of the pregnancy, Chilean women had a higher prevalence of obesity. Regarding the nutritional status of the infants, differences were only observed in the first month of life, where 82% of Haitian infants had a normal weight compared to 24% of Chilean infants (p= 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of EBF up to 6 months between Haitian and Chilean infants (35.3% vs. 30%, respectively). It is important to mention that neither of the two groups of infants met the goal established by the World Health Organization (WHO) that proposes EBF for the first six months of life up to at least 50%. In conclusion, there are differences in the NE of pregnant and lactating women in both countries, while the prevalence of EBF in both groups was similar.

Breastfeeding practices and head circumference in young children: a systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To review observational studies on the association between breastfeeding (BF) practices and head circumference (HC) of children < 2 years old. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases of health sciences: PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), Web of Science and Scopus. We selected observational studies published in any language from January 01, 2010 to November 19, 2021, from different populations that investigated the association between BF practice and HC among healthy children < 2 years old. Titles and abstracts were screened independently by two evaluators. RESULTS From the 4,229 articles identified, 24 were included in this review: 6 cross-sectional, 17 longitudinal, and 1 case-control. The studies varied in their definition of the variables for BF and in reporting its practice, frequency, duration, and feeding method. Regarding HC, the authors analyzed the mean differences, abnormal values (z-score above + 2SD or below -2SD according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards, 2007), and longitudinal growth parameters. The findings of this review suggest that BF may have a positive relationship with HC at the beginning of life. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BF, especially exclusive BF, may play a protective role against abnormal HC values in young children. However, more robust evidence with standardized BF indicators and WHO growth standards (2007) are required.

Prácticas de lactancia materna y morbilidad del lactante

La lactancia materna (LM), es la opción más segura para garantizar buena salud y crecimiento de los niños pequeños. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo, en un consejo popular urbano, perteneciente al Policlínico Docente "Jimmy Hirzel", municipio Bayamo, provincia Granma, período enero 2018 - diciembre 2020, con el objetivo de determinar la relación entre prácticas de lactancia materna y la morbilidad del lactante. La muestra incluyó 231 niños de 12 meses de edad, y sus madres, que cumplieron criterios de selección. Variables estudiadas: en la madre (prácticas de lactancia materna exclusiva y causas del abandono de la misma); y en el niño (morbilidad durante el primer año de vida). Las medidas de resumen empleadas fueron, de la estadística descriptiva, los números absolutos y porcientos y de la estadística inferencial, la prueba de Chi cuadrado con nivel de significación del 5%. Como resultados relevantes, el 45% de las madres ofreció a sus hijos lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) por seis meses, siendo la hipogalactia la causa principal del abandono de la misma (60/126); el 44.8% de los niños que recibió LME enfermó durante el primer año de vida, y el 90.5% de los que no la recibió. Las infecciones respiratorias agudas constituyeron la primera causa de morbilidad, afectando más a niños sin LME (76.2%). Se concluyó que las prácticas de lactancia materna se asociaron significativamente a la morbilidad del lactante (p˂0.05).

SUMMARY Breastfeeding (BF) is the safest option to ensure good health and growth for young children. A retrospective, descriptive observational study was carried out in an urban popular council, belonging to the Jimmy Hinzel polyclinic, Bayamo municipality, Granma province, period January 2018-December 2020, with the aim of determining the relationship between breastfeeding practices and infant morbidity. The sample included 231 12-month-old children and their mothers who met selection criteria. Variables studied: in the mother (exclusive breastfeeding practices and causes of abandonment); and in the child (morbidity during the first year of life). The summary measures used were, from descriptive statistics, absolute numbers and percentages and from inferential statistics, the Chi-square test with a significance level of 5%. As relevant results, 45% of mothers offered their children exclusive breastfeeding (SCI) for six months, with hypogalactia being the main cause of abandonment (60/126); 44.8% of children who received SCI became ill during the first year of life, and 90.5% of those who did not. Acute respiratory infections were the leading cause of morbidity, affecting more children without SCI (76.2%). It was concluded that breastfeeding practices were significantly associated with infant morbidity (p˂0.05).

O aleitamento materno (AM) é a opção mais segura para garantir boa saúde e crescimento para crianças pequenas. Foi realizado um estudo observacional retrospectivo, descritivo, em um conselho popular urbano, pertencente à policlínica Jimmy Hinzel, município de Bayamo, província de Granma, no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2020, com o objetivo de determinar a relação entre as práticas de aleitamento materno e a morbidade infantil. A amostra incluiu 231 crianças de 12 meses de idade e suas mães que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Variáveis estudadas: na mãe (práticas de aleitamento materno exclusivo e causas de abandono); e na criança (morbidade no primeiro ano de vida). As medidas-resumo utilizadas foram, a partir da estatística descritiva, números absolutos e percentuais e da estatística inferencial, o teste Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Como resultados relevantes, 45% das mães ofereceram aos filhos aleitamento materno exclusivo (LM) por seis meses, sendo a hipogalactia a principal causa de abandono (60/126); 44,8% das crianças que receberam LM adoeceram no primeiro ano de vida e 90,5% das que não receberam. As infecções respiratórias agudas foram a principal causa de morbidade, acometendo mais crianças sem LM (76,2%). Concluiu-se que a prática do aleitamento materno associou-se significativamente à morbidade infantil (p˂0,05).

Transcultural adaptation of a scale for exclusive breastfeeding to be used in Brazil

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale in Exclusive Breastfeeding for use in a Brazilian-Portuguese context. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation process involved the translation from original English into Brazilian Portuguese by two qualified and independent translators. Both translations were synthesized into a single version that was back-translated into English. An expert committee was created to assess linguistic equivalences, formulating a pre-final version that was tested on ten nursing women attending a maternity hospital. To assess its psychometric properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out. The population consisted of 99 nursing women from a reference maternity hospital in southern Brazil. The scale's stability and internal consistency were measured through Cronbach's alpha. The Pearson's correlation coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient between two applications were assessed to ascertain the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale in Exclusive Breastfeeding-Br scale's reliability. The construct validity was evaluated through exploratory factorial analysis. RESULTS: The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale in Exclusive Breastfeeding-Br showed a general Cronbach's alpha of 0.849. The test-retest analysis showed a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.483 and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.645. The exploratory factorial analysis showed two domains among the nine items of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale in Exclusive Breastfeeding-Br: the functional domain, including six items, and the cognitive domain, including three items, explaining 59.77% of the variance. CONCLUSION: The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale in Exclusive Breastfeeding-Br was considered adequate for the cultural context and reliable and valid for Brazilian nursing women.

Impact of a Mobile Health Intervention to Support Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Scoping Review

@#Nowadays, mobile health (mHealth) intervention has become a popular and convenient strategy to support exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). However, the effectiveness of the mHealth intervention on this topic is still ambiguous. Thus, a scoping review was done to map the available evidence and identify the impact of mHealth interventions to support EBF. A scoping review of English academic journals was conducted using four electronic databases (Scopus, EBSCOHost, Google Scholar, and Science Direct) from 2016 to 2021. Only 23 articles were eligible. The sample size ranged from 50 to 1,568 participants, aged 18 and above. About 60% of the reviewed articles showed that mHealth interventions had a significant impact on EBF. The intervention group that received the mHealth tools had longer and higher EBF rates and duration compared to the control group. Other articles did not find a significant mHealth intervention impact towards EBF; however, it increased breastfeeding efficacy, mother’s knowledge and the child’s body weight.

Fatores associados à introdução alimentar precoce em um município baiano / Factors associated with early food introduction in a municipality of baiano

Introdução: a introdução alimentar precoce é uma prática frequente no Brasil, envolta por diversos fatores de ordem social, cultural, econômica, familiar, emocional, bem como relacionados às condições de vida e assistência à saúde. Objetivo: identificar os principais fatores que se associam a introdução precoce de alimentos em crianças de zero a seis meses de vida, atendidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde de um município do Sudoeste da Bahia. Metodologia: estudo transversal, realizado com 75 mães e crianças atendidas na rede de saúde de Jequié, Bahia, no período de março a agosto de 2018. Empregou-se Regressão de Poisson com variância Robusta para avaliar a associação. Resultados: a prevalência da introdução alimentar precoce na população em estudo foi de 64%, sendo o leite de vaca, água/chá e fórmula infantil os alimentos mais prevalentes. Observou-se que a variável uso de chupeta (RP=1,21; IC95%= 1,02-1,43) apresentou associação positiva com a introdução alimentar precoce, enquanto que as variáveis uso de mamadeira (RP= 0,08; IC95%= 0,02-0,28) e orientações sobre amamentação (RP= 0,77; IC95%= 0,63-0,95) apresentaram associação negativa e inversa com o desfecho estudado. Conclusão: apesar da superioridade do leite materno sobre outras formas de nutrir as crianças menores de seis meses, os resultados deste estudo revelaram elevada prevalência de introdução alimentar precoce na população estudada e sua associação com o uso de chupetas. Sugere-se que ações de promoção e proteção da amamentação exclusiva aconteçam desde o pré-natal, evidenciando também os riscos da introdução alimentar precocemente.

Introduction: the early introduction of food is a frequent practice in Brazil, involved by several factors of social, cultural, economic, family, emotional, as well as related to living conditions and health care. Objective: to identify the main factors associated with the early introduction of food in children from zero to six months of life, attended in primary health care in a municipality in southwestern Bahia. Methodology: cross-sectional study, conducted with 75 mothers and children assisted in the health network of Jequié, Bahia, in the period from March to August 2018. Poisson Regression with Robust variance was employed to evaluate the association. Results: the prevalence of early food introduction in the study population was 64%, with cow's milk, water/tea and infant formula being the most prevalent foods. It was observed that the variable pacifier use (PR = 1.21; 95%CI = 1.02-1.43) showed a positive association with early feeding, while the variables bottle use (PR = 0.08; 95%CI = 0.02-0.28) and breastfeeding orientation (PR = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.63-0.95) showed a negative and inverse association with the studied outcome. Conclusion: despite the superiority of breast milk over other forms of feeding children under six months of age, the results of this study revealed a high prevalence of early introduction of food in the studied population and its association with the use of pacifiers. It is suggested that actions to promote and protect exclusive breastfeeding take place since the prenatal period, also highlighting the risks of introducing food early.

Impact of breastfeeding on respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in infants of Muslim mothers of Kolkata, India

Background: Breast milk contains some proteins whose functions are not nutritive but anti-infective, which prevents infants from infections. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate an association between the occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory tract infection (RTI) and breastfeeding among infants of Muslim mothers in Kolkata. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among mother–infant pairs of a total of 540 numbers in Muslim-dominated urban slums of Kolkata. The study period was from November 1, 2017, to October 31, 2018. Results: The findings indicated that 82.22% of breastfed infants had no diarrhea, and the absence of RTI was observed in 69.81%. It was also noted that both episodes of diarrhea and RTI in infants become less when the duration of breastfeeding increases. The study also significantly (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03) revealed that the occurrence of diarrhea and RTI was found to have lower incidence in colostrum-fed babies. Out of 391 colostrum- fed babies, about 85.42% had no diarrhea, and the absence of RTI was noticed in 72.12%. In conclusion, breast milk gives protection to babies against diarrheal diseases and RTI. It is the most appropriate food for infants. Conclusions: It is concluded that the prevention of RTI and diarrhea in infants, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), early initiation of breastfeeding, and avoidance of bottle feeding should be the best practice to be recommended. To explore appropriate intervention strategies for reinforcing early initiation and continuation of EBF from birth to 6 months of life.

Impacto del abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva sobre la salud de los lactantes / Impact of exclusive breastfeeding withdrawal on the health of babies

Introducción: El abandono de la lactancia materna es uno de los problemas que enfrenta el Sistema Nacional de Salud en Cuba por las consecuencias desfavorables que representa para la salud de los lactantes. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva y las afectaciones en la salud de los lactantes. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, en 105 lactantes del Policlínico Aleida Fernández Chardiet nacidos en 2019, cuyas madres dejaron de utilizar la lactancia materna exclusiva antes del sexto mes. Las variables utilizadas fueron edad materna, tiempo de duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva, las enfermedades más frecuentes diagnosticadas en el niño y la necesidad de ingresos hospitalarios. Se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica de independencia Chi Cuadrado para demostrar la relación entre variables. Resultados: Predominó el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva antes de los 3 meses y no se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre esta y las afecciones más frecuentes de los lactantes (las IRA en 40 por ciento y las EDA en 23,8 por ciento). El 55,2 por ciento necesitó ingreso hospitalario antes del sexto mes y la relación con el abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: El abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva afecta la salud de los lactantes y aunque las afecciones no tuvieron una relación estadísticamente significativa con aquella sí tienen una elevada frecuencia en estos niños de tan corta edad(AU)

Introduction: Breastfeeding withdrawal is one of the challenges faced by the Cuban National Health System due to its adverse consequences on the health of babies. Objective: To identify the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding withdrawal and health disorders in babies. Material and Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out on 105 breastfed babies from "Aleida Fernández Chardiet" Policlinic who were born in 2019 and were precociously weaned from exclusive breastfeeding before the sixth month. The variables used were: maternal age, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, most frequent diseases diagnosed in the child, and need for hospital admission. The chi-squared non-parametric independence test was used to show the relationship among variables. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding withdrawal before the third month was predominant (71, 4 percent); the most frequent diseases diagnosed were respiratory diseases and diarrheas (40 percent and 23,8 percent, respectively); about half the babies required hospital admission (55,2 percent) before the sixth month; the relationship with early withdrawal of breastfeeding was statistically significant. Conclusions: Early withdrawal of breastfeeding has negative effects on the health of babies. Although the illnesses did not have a statistically significant relationship with it, a high frequency of their incidence was found in such young babies(AU)

Associação da adesão das regiões do brasil à rede cegonha com a mortalidade materna e outros indicadores de saúde / Association of adhesion to the cegonha network in brazil with maternal mortality and other health indicators / Asociación de adhesión a la redcegonha en brasil con mortalidad materna y otros indicadores de salud

Introdução:As taxas de morbimortalidade materna, no Brasil, são evidenciadas pelo processo de trabalho intervencionista e por desigualdades socioculturais entre as regiões do país.Objetivo:Avaliar a adesão das regiões do Brasil à Rede Cegonha associada à mortalidade materna e aos indicadores de aleitamento materno exclusivo e cobertura da Atenção Básica.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, do tipo transversal, onde foram analisados o comportamento da adesão à Rede cegonha, entre os anos de 2012 e 2017, associado a indicadores de saúde materna. Resultados:Percebeu-se que a adesão à Rede Cegonha coincidiu com o aumento da cobertura da atenção básica nas regiões do Brasil. Houve associação da adesão ao programa com a diminuição da mortalidade materna com o passar dos anos, com destaque para as regiões Sul e Sudeste do país. Ainda, a distribuição de coeficiente de aleitamento materno exclusivo revelou-se em crescimento em todas as regiões, com dados discrepantes na região sul. Conclusões:Observam-se os impactos da Rede Cegonha no Brasil dentro do recorte temporal estabelecido, expressos pela diminuição dos índices de mortalidade e melhoria dos indicadores de saúde, apesar das limitações institucionais e culturais encontradas (AU).

Introduction: Maternal morbidity and mortality rates in Brazil are evidenced by the interventionist work process and by sociocultural inequalities between the regions of the country. Objective:To evaluate the adhesion of regions of Brazil to rede cegonha associated with maternal mortality and indicators of exclusive breastfeeding and coverage of Primary Care. Methodology: This is an ecological, cross-sectional study, which analyzed the behavior of adhesion to the Stork Network between 2012 and 2017, associated with maternal health indicators. Results: It was noticed that the adhesion to Stork Network coincided with the increase in the coverage of Primary Care in the regions of Brazil. There was an association between adherence to the program and a decrease in maternal mortality over the years, especially in the South and Southeast regions of the country. Furthermore, the distribution of the coefficient of exclusive breastfeeding was growing in all regions, with discrepant data in the southern region. Conclusions: The impacts of Rede Cegonha in Brazil are observed within the established time frame, expressed by the decrease in mortality rates and improvement in health indicators, despite the institutional and cultural limitations found (AU).

Introducción: Las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna en Brasil se evidencian por el proceso de trabajo intervencionista y por las desigualdades socioculturales entre las regiones del país. Objetivo: Evaluar la adhesión de las regiones de Brasil a la Rede Cegonha asociada a la mortalidad materna e indicadores de lactancia materna exclusiva y cobertura de Atención Primaria.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio ecológico, transversal, que analizó el comportamiento de incorporación a la Red Cigüeña entre 2012 y 2017, asociado a indicadores de salud materna.Resultados: Se notó que la adhesión a Rede Cegonha coincidió con el aumento de la cobertura de atención primaria en las regiones de Brasil. Hubo una asociación entre la adherencia al programa y una disminución de la mortalidad materna a lo largo de los años, especialmente en las regiones Sur y Sudeste del país. Además, la distribución del coeficiente de lactancia materna exclusiva estaba creciendo en todas las regiones, con datos discrepantes en la región sur.Conclusiones: Los impactos de la Rede Cegonha en Brasil se observan dentro del marco temporal establecido, expresados por la disminución de las tasas de mortalidad y la mejora de los indicadores de salud, a pesar de las limitaciones institucionales y culturales encontradas (AU).

Prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life in a sample of women in the first 24 h postpartum during the hospital stay. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from screening phase of a birth cohort. The proportion of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months (primary outcome) derived from a negative response to the question "Would you be willing to try to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months?", in an interview conducted by previously trained interviewers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: A total of 2964 postpartum women were interviewed. The overall prevalence of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months was 17.8% (16.4-19.1%). After adjusting for maternal age and type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), no intention to exclusively breastfeed was higher in mothers with a monthly household income < 3 minimum wages (PR, 1.64; 1.35-1.98) and in those who intended to smoke 4-7 days/week after delivery (PR, 1.42; 1.11-1.83). The presence of significant newborn morbidity (PR, 0.32; 0.19-0.54) and intention to breastfeed up to 12 months (PR, 0.46; 0.38-0.55) had a protective effect against not intending to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Conclusions: Approximately 1 in every 5 mothers did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Strategies aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding should focus attention on mothers from lower economic strata and smokers.

Repercusiones de la alimentación temprana en la lactancia materna exclusiva / Impact of early initiation of breastfeeding on exclusive breastfeeding

Resumen OBJETIVO: Comparar el efecto de la alimentación temprana y su repercusión en la lactancia materna exclusiva con los cuidados neonatales convencionales en un hospital privado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio comparativo, observacional, de cohortes, prospectivo y analítico llevado a cabo en el Hospital Ángeles de Querétaro de abril 2015 a octubre de 2021. Criterios de inclusión: madres con periodos intraparto y posparto inmediato, cualquier vía de nacimiento y aplicación o no de anestesia y neonatos de uno y otro sexo, de término, sin patología neonatal o malformaciones congénitas, Apgar a los 5 minutos más o menos mayor a 7 y peso mayor de 2500 g. Criterios de exclusión: embarazos múltiples, recién nacidos con algún padecimiento después del nacimiento o condiciones que impidieron la lactancia. Para la comparación entre grupos de las variables cualitativas se aplicó la prueba de χ2 y, en su caso, corrección de Yates con estimaciones de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 1175 madres de las que 687 (58.4%) recién nacidos tomaron lactancia exclusiva y 488 (41.6%) no lo hicieron. Las características clínicas y sociodemográficas entre los dos grupos de comparación fueron similares. Sobresalió que las madres y neonatos que lograron lactancia materna exclusiva exitosa fueron los del grupo de alimentación temprana en comparación con quienes no la hicieron (91.9 vs 52.6%; p < 0.001, RR 4.85, IC95%: 3.80-6.18). CONCLUSIONES: La alimentación temprana, en la primera hora de vida, tiene un efecto benéfico, protector y positivo en la lactancia exclusiva, incluso de hasta casi cinco veces más que cuando no se consigue.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of early feeding and its impact on exclusive breastfeeding with conventional neonatal care in a private hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparative, observational, cohort, prospective and analytical study conducted at the Hospital Ángeles de Querétaro from April 2015 to October 2021. Inclusion criteria: mothers with intrapartum and immediate postpartum periods, any birth route and application or not of anesthesia and neonates of either sex, term, without neonatal pathology or congenital malformations, Apgar at 5 minutes plus or minus greater than 7 and weight greater than 2500g. Exclusion criteria: multiple pregnancies, newborns with any condition after birth or conditions that prevented breastfeeding. For the comparison between groups of qualitative variables, the 2's test was applied and, if necessary, Yates' correction with risk estimates. RESULTS: We analyzed 1175 mothers of whom 687 (58.4%) newborns were exclusively breastfed and 488 (41.6%) were not. The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics between the two comparison groups were similar. It stood out that mothers and infants who achieved successful exclusive breastfeeding were those in the early feeding group compared to those who did not (91.9 vs 52.6%; p < 0.001, RR 4.85, 95%CI: 3.80-6.18). CONCLUSIONS: Early feeding, in the first hour of life, has a beneficial, protective and positive effect on exclusive breastfeeding even up to almost five times more than when it is not achieved.

Infant feeding knowledge and practice among HIVpositive mothers attending HIV treatment centres in Lagos

Background: Twenty five to forty percent of children will be infected with HIV in the absence of any form of intervention which is Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT). Objectives: This study determined the infant feeding knowledge and practices among HIV positive mothers attending HIV treatment centers in Lagos. Methods: A descriptive crosssectional design was used for the study. A multistage sampling technique was used to select / recruit 290 HIV positive mothers with babies between the ages of 2weeks to 18months, attending PMTCT services into the study Pre-tested interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data and analysis was done using Epi-info software. Chi-square and Fischer exact tests were used to determine association between the dependent and independent variables. The pvalue was set at 0.05. Results: Majority of the respondents (58.9%) were within the age range of 31 ­ 40 years and about half had a secondary school level of education. Exclusive formula feeding (40.3%) and exclusive breast feeding (42.4%) were feeding options known by the majority of the respondents. More than half (55.5%) of the mothers had a good knowledge of infant feeding options. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was practiced by majority (55.5%) of the respondents, 21.4% practiced exclusive formula feeding (EFF) while only 6% practiced mixed feeding (MF). Knowledge of infant feeding options and the attitude towards exclusive breast feeding being enough in the first 6 months of life were associated with infant feeding options practiced; those with good knowledge of infant feeding options did not practice MF (9.7%) (p = 0.013). Conclusion: knowledge of infant feeding options was good and poor knowledge was associated with exclusive formula feeding. Majority practiced EBF. Educational programmes targeted at improving the knowledge of HIV and infant feeding options as well as strengthening of counseling sessions at PMTCT clinic would help reduce the risk of HIV transmission to the child.

Correlates of exclusive breast feeding among nursing mothers attending child health clinic at a general hospital in Rivers State Nigeria

Background: Early initiation of breast feeding and feeding exclusively for six months have great implication for the survival, well-being and growth of new borne. Factors such as maternal age, occupation, religion, spouse age, spouse occupation, parity, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, mode of delivery (MOD) and birth order are significantly associated with exclusive breast feeding (EBF) Methodology: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among nursing mothers attending child health clinic in General Hospital Bonny, in Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria. All eligible nursing mother who presented at the clinic were enlisted for the study. Enlistment of eligible participants was done on every child welfare clinic day. Data was collected using a pretested, interviewer administered, structured questionnaire which was adapted and prepared in English Language. Categorical data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression model with statistical significance set at 0.05. Result: Results from this study identified significant association between EBF and some maternal variables such as age, occupation and religion. Spouse age and occupation were significantly associated with EBF. ANC attendance, gestational age, MOD, parity and birth order were also significant variables associated with EBF. Conclusion: Maternal variables such as age, occupation, religion, parity, MOD, ANC attendance including spouse age and occupation significantly influence EBF of new borne.

Effectiveness of Intervention Methods on Exclusive Breastfeeding among Antenatal and Postnatal Mothers: A Systematic Review

@#Introduction: The universal truth surrounding the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding has seldom been disputed. However, the success of exclusive breastfeeding has not been guaranteed despite the availability of numerous interventions. The objective of this study is to review the effectiveness of various breastfeeding promotion education delivery methods in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. Design: A systematic search of leading databases was conducted for scholarly peer-reviewed randomized trials published between January 2014 and May 2019. Data sources: Eight articles were identified as relevant, all were published in English and assessed exclusive breastfeeding. Review Methods: Articles were analyzed for overall quality of evidence using the PEDro Scale. Results: A significant increase in the duration of exclusive breastfeeding was found in seven of the eight studies, with three interventions using combination verbal and written delivery methods and four interventions delivered verbally. Conclusion: Verbal delivery method was the most effective method and many studies use combination method of verbal and written to achieve the objective of their studies.

Effectiveness of induction therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn's disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To evaluate the effectiveness of induction therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD).@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 62 children with CD who received EEN in Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from March 2013 to August 2021. The medical data included general information and height, weight, Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and serum albumin level before treatment and after 8 weeks of treatment. The changes in the above indicators were compared before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#Among the 62 children with CD, there were 39 boys (63%) and 23 girls (37%), with a mean age of (11.9±3.0) years at diagnosis. Among the 55 children who completed EEN treatment for at least 8 weeks, 48 (87%) achieved clinical remission at week 8. PCDAI at week 8 was significantly lower than that before treatment (P<0.001). Except for 17 children with involvement of the small intestine alone and 3 children with involvement of the colon who did not receive colonoscopy reexamination, the remaining 35 children with involvement of the colon received colonoscopy reexamination after the 8-week EEN treatment. Of the 35 children, 29 (83%) achieved mucosal healing. As for the 48 children who achieved clinical remission at week 8, there were significant improvements in height-for-age Z-score and body mass index-for-age Z-score at week 8 (P<0.01). As for the 7 children who did not achieve clinical remission at week 8, there were no significant changes in height-for-age Z-score and body mass index-for-age Z-score at week 8 (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 8-week EEN treatment has a good effect on clinical remission and mucosal healing in children with CD. For the children with CD achieving clinical remission, EEN can improve their height and body mass index.

O princípio da partilha de saberes científicos vs. propriedade intelectual: a propósito das patentes farmacêuticas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 / The principle of sharing scientific knowledge vs. intellectual property: Regarding pharmaceutical patents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic / El principio de compartir conocimiento científico vs. propiedad intelectual: Respecto a las patentes farmacéuticas en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19

O direito de propriedade intelectual tem as suas exceções e os seus limites internos, previstos na lei. Nos últimos tempos, vem crescendo a discussão da sua compressão à luz de princípios gerais, como o interesse público, a liberdade de expressão ou a saúde pública. Dir-se-ia, pois, que estes direitos têm, também, uma função social, para além da proteção das prerrogativas dos seus titulares, o que é verdadeiro, sobretudo, para as patentes farmacêuticas. Grande parte desta discussão sempre passou, na verdade, pelas patentes farmacêuticas, sua concessão e exploração, em especial no que tange às patentes biotecnológicas. Esta discussão mais e mais se exacerbou quanto às patentes das vacinas destinadas ao tratamento contra a COVID-19. Não falta quem queira lançar mão dos meios previstos nas leis nacionais e internacionais para compelir às licenças obrigatórias das patentes e, até, à sua expropriação. Em causa, podem estar, no entanto, outros aspetos, como contratos mal negociados pela Comissão da União Europeia com algumas empresas farmacêuticas e os problemas logísticos na produção de vacinas. Por outro lado, centrar a discussão nas patentes poderá ser redutor, uma vez que há outros aspetos da propriedade intelectual a considerar. Contudo, a resposta estará, muito provavelmente, no equilíbrio entre os direitos dos titulares de patentes e o interesse público.

Intellectual property law has its exceptions and internal limits, as provided by law. In recent times, there has been a growing discussion of its compression in the light of general principles, such as public interest, freedom of expression or public health. It would be said, therefore, that these rights also have a social function, in addition to protecting the rights of their holders, which is especially true for pharmaceutical patents. Much of this discussion has always, in fact, passed through pharmaceutical patents, their granting and exploitation, especially regardingbiotechnological patents. This discussion has become increasinglyexacerbated regardingthe patents on vaccines intended for treatment against COVID-19. There is no shortage of people who want to use the means provided by national and international laws to compel mandatory patent licenses and even their expropriation. At issue, however, may be other aspects, such as contracts poorly negotiated by the European Union Commission with pharmaceutical companies and logistical problems in the production of vaccines. On the other hand, focusing the discussion on patents, can be reduced, there are other aspects of intellectual property to consider. However, the answer will most likely lie in the balance between the rights ofpatent holders and the public interest.

La ley de propiedad intelectual tiene sus excepciones y límites internos, según lo establece la ley. En los últimos tiempos, ha habido un creciente debate sobre su compresión a la luz de principios generales, como el interés público, la libertad de expresión o la salud pública. Se diría,por tanto, que estos derechos también tienen una función social, además de proteger los derechos de sus titulares, lo que es especialmente cierto para las patentes farmacéuticas. Gran parte de esta discusión siempre ha pasado, de hecho, por las patentes farmacéuticas, su concesión y explotación, especialmente en lo que respecta a las patentes biotecnológicas. Esta discusión se ha exacerbado cada vez más con respecto a las patentes de vacunas destinadas al tratamiento contra COVID-19. No hay escasez de personas que quieran utilizar los medios que brindan las leyes nacionales e internacionales para imponer licencias de patentes obligatorias e incluso su expropiación. Sin embargo, pueden estar en juego otros aspectos, como los contratos mal negociados por la Comisión de la Unión Europea con algunas empresas farmacéuticas y los problemas logísticos en la producción de vacunas. Por otro lado, centrar la discusión en las patentes, se puede reducir, hay otros aspectos de la propiedad intelectual a considerar. Sin embargo, lo más probable es que la respuesta esté en el equilibrio entre los derechos de los titulares de patentes y el interés público.

Qualidade da assistência ao parto e sua relação com a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo entre mulheres usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no município de Ribeirão Preto/SP / Quality of childbirth care and its relationship with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding among women users of the Unified Health System in the city of Ribeirão Preto / SP

O aleitamento materno exclusivo é a mais sábia estratégia natural de vínculo, afeto, proteção e nutrição para a criança é recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde até o sexto mês de vida da criança. Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal prospectivo, observacional, analítico e quantitativo que avaliou a assistência perinatal em uma maternidade de risco comum de um município do interior paulista, à luz das Boas Práticas de Atenção ao Parto e Nascimento. Utilizou-se o escore de Bologna, que combina as cinco práticas recomendadas pela OMS, a soma dessas cinco avaliações representa a qualidade da assistência, escore varia de 0 a 5, e no grupo estudado o escore médio foi de 3,1 segundo os dados coletados das 104 participantes do estudo. Na aplicação do escore de Bologna, os resultados encontrados sobre a qualidade avaliada mostraram que quanto mais próximo de 5, melhor a qualidade. A associação foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0.05) para o profissional enfermeiro na assistência perinatal e a condição de consumo de leite materno exclusivo nos 30 dias pós parto, das 78 mulheres entrevistadas, 62 delas tinham sido atendidas por enfermeiras, sendo que 100% destas consideravam o leite materno o único alimento oferecido a criança, comparado as 18 mulheres que não tiveram assistência da enfermeira, (14) 87,5% dessas mulheres responderam que consideravam o leite materno como único alimento oferecido. Os resultados indicam que a maternidade atingir padrões de qualidade condizentes com um modelo de atendimento viável recomendado pela OMS. Demonstrou-se também que o parto atendido pelo profissional enfermeiro, determinou que houvesse maiores escores de qualidade na assistência e que aumentassem o tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo

Exclusive breastfeeding is the wisest natural strategy of bonding, affection, protection and nutrition for the child and is recommended by the World Health Organization until the child's sixth month of life. A prospective, observational, analytical and quantitative longitudinal study was carried out, and that evaluated perinatal care in a maternity hospital of common risk in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo, in the light of Good Practices in Childbirth and Birth Care. The Bologna score was used, which combines the five practices recommended by the WHO, the sum of these five assessments represents the quality of care, the score ranges from 0 to 5, and in the studied group the average score was 3.1 according to the data collected from the 104 study participants. When applying the Bologna Score, the results found on the quality assessed were closer to 5, the better quality. The association was statistically significant (p <0.05) for the professional nurse in perinatal care and the condition of exclusive breast milk consumption in the 30 days postpartum, of the 78 women interviewed, 62 of them had been attended by nurses, 100% of whom they considered breast milk as the only food offered to the child, compared to the 18 women who did not have assistance from the nurse, (14) 87.5% of these women answered that they considered breast milk as the only food offered. The results indicate that motherhood reaches quality standards consistent with a viable care model recommended by WHO. It was also shown that the delivery attended by the professional nurse, determined that there were higher scores on quality of care and that they increase the time of exclusive breastfeeding

Determinants of the introduction of early complementary feeding before and after the third month of life: a multinomial analysis

The introduction of early complementary feeding (ECF) is determined by different factors depending on when it occurs. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with the introduction of ECF in two different moments of the infant's life: from zero to three and from four to five months of age. A cohort with 3,306 dyads studied in the BRISA survey in São Luis/MA in 2010 was used. Questionnaires were applied at birth and at follow-up when the infants were 15 to 36 months of age of women with more than 20 weeks of gestational age, residing in this municipality. A multivariate model of multinomial logistic regression was used to verify associations between independent variables and ECF at 0 to 3 months and at 4 to 5 months of age. A hierarchical analysis model was used to select variables for confounding adjustment. Variables with a P-value <0.05 were considered significant. For ECF introduced between 0-3 months, the variables "use of pacifier", "maternal paid activity", "smoking", and "postpartum pregnancy" were identified as risk factors. The variables "use of pacifier" and "maternal paid activity" remained associated as a risk for ECF introduced from 4-5 months. The variable 'mother without partner' (RR=1.26 and P=0.04) represented a risk factor for ECF only for the 4-5 months period. Although each period presented specific risk factors, the use of pacifier and maternal professional activity were associated in the two periods studied, indicating their importance for the introduction of ECF.