Social influences in a model of body dissatisfaction, weight worry and bodily discomfort in Mexican women / Influencias sociales en un modelo de insatisfacción corporal, preocupación por el peso y malestar corporal en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the explanatory level of the variables advertising influence, verbal messages, social models and social situations as regards body dissatisfaction, weight worry, and bodily discomfort. The study was conducted in a convenience sample of 206 Mexican women with an average age of 22.12 years (SD = 4.21). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on the dependent ones in three hypothetical models proposed. In the case of the model proposed for body dissatisfaction, it was found that the set of vari ables had 79% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/gl = .877; GFI = .982; CFI = .978; AGFI = .980; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .079). The model for weight worry had 62% of variance explained and an acceptable goodness of fit (χ2/gl = 1.556; GFI = .981; CFI = .975; AGFI = .978; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .080). Finally, the model for bodily discomfort had 72% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness of fit (χ2/gl = .173; GFI = .976; CFI = .969; AGFI = .972; SRMR = .062; RMSEA = .072). It is concluded that social influences have a significant impact on body image. Verbal messages had the strongest impact on the variables studied.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el grado explicativo de las variables "influencia de la publicidad", "mensajes verbales", "modelos sociales" y "situaciones sociales" frente a la insatisfacción corporal, la preocupación por el peso y el malestar corporal en una muestra seleccionada por conveniencia de 206 mujeres mexicanas con promedio de edad de 22.12 años (DT = 4.21). Específicamente, se utilizó un modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para identificar los efectos directos e indirectos de las variables independientes sobre las dependientes en tres modelos hipotéticos propuestos, y como resultados se encontró que el conjunto de variables tuvo un valor explicativo de 79 % para el modelo planteado para la insatisfacción corporal, con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = .877; GFI = .982; CFI = .978; AGFI = .980; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .079); de 62 % para el modelo de preocupación por el peso, con una adecuada bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = 1.556; GFI = .981; CFI = .975; AGFI = .978; SRMR = .068; RMSEA = .080); y de 72 % para el modelo de malestar corporal, con buenos valores de bondad de ajuste (χ2/gl = .173; GFI = .976; CFI = .969; AGFI = .972; SRMR = .062; RMSEA = .072). Se concluye que las influencias sociales tienen un impacto significativo en la imagen corporal y que los mensajes verbales presentan un mayor impacto en las variables estudiadas.

Tríada oscura de personalidad, satisfacción laboral y cinismo organizacional: un modelo estructural / Dark Triad of Personality, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Cynicism: A Structural Model

Resumen Se analizó el impacto del cinismo organizacional sobre las relaciones entre la tríada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo, psicopatía) y la satisfacción laboral, en una muestra de 343 trabajadores argentinos. Se plantearon hipótesis sobre relaciones directas e indirectas que fueron probadas mediante análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados confirmaron que la tríada predice el cinismo (maquiavelismo: ϒ = 0.39, p < 0.01; psicopatía: ϒ = 0.22, p < 0.01; narcisismo: ϒ = 0.14; p < 0.05), y que el cinismo mediatiza completamente las relaciones entre la tríada y la satisfacción laboral (maquiavelismo: z = -4.51, p < 0.001; psicopatía: z = -3.24, p < 0.001; narcisismo: z = -1.78, p < 0.05). Se discuten las implicancias prácticas de los hallazgos y se sugieren nuevas líneas de investigación futura.

Abstract The impact of organizational cynicism on the relationship between dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and job satisfaction was analysed. It was study a sample of 343 Argentinean workers. Hypotheses on direct and indirect relationships were tested by structural equation modelling. The results confirmed that the dark triad predicts cynicism (machiavellianism: ϒ = 0.39, p < 0.01; psychopathy: ϒ = 0.22, p < 0.01; narcissism: ϒ = 0.14; p < 0.05); and that cynicism fully mediates the relationship between the dark side and job satisfaction (machiavellianism: z = -4.51, p < 0.001; psychopathy: z = -3.24, p < 0.001; narcissism: z = -1.78, p < 0.05). Practical implications of findings are discussed and new lines for future studies are suggested.

Embracing diversity:the abundance and pathway for medical humanity / 中华医学教育探索杂志

As an important element of contemporary values, "embracing diversity" has driven over-whelming attention from different fields of society, especially in medical field. Before seeking medical help, every patient has prediction, worry and expectation for the treatment to come, which is determined by their diversity. This article includes three sections to layer and substantiate the concept of "embracing diversity"— cultural diversity, socioeconomic diversity and philosophy diversity. Cultural diversity focuses on the concern about religion, LGBT and alternative medicine. Socioeconomic diversity illustrates the thought for patient's educational level, profession, changes in their living condition and so on. Philosophy diversity asks for the respect of people's lifestyle and their medical choice in the end of life.

Level of paranormal beliefs and its relationship with explanatory models, treatment adherence and satisfaction

Abstract Background Paranormal beliefs are common among patients with mental illness. Such beliefs may mediate conceptualization of illness, treatment satisfaction and medication adherence. Objective To study the level of paranormal beliefs and its relationship with explanatory models, treatment adherence and satisfaction using standardized assessment tool. Methods Eighty nine patients with mental illness in remission were assessed with Sociodemographic proforma, Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (RPBS), Mental Distress Explanatory Model Questionnaire (MMAS), Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction (SAPS). Results Results revealed a high level of paranormal beliefs on RPBS (Mean 83.96, SD ± 23.91). Variables that had a statistically significant group difference on the score of RPBS were domicile status (p < 05), diagnosis (p < 001), method of treatment sought before (p < 001). In a linear regression analysis four variables explained 35.4% of the variance (R2 = .38, R2Adjusted = .35, F = 13.04, p < .001) in RPBS Score. These variables were total score of MDEMQ (Beta = .308, t = 3.435, p < .001), total score of MMAS (beta = .357, t = 3. 716, p < .001) and magico-religious treatment received earlier (beta = .306, t = 3.52, p < .001) and SAPS. Discussion Based on the finding of this study, it may be concluded that the level of paranormal beliefs may vary with some demographic variables. Levels of paranormal beliefs is positively associated with explanatory models and adherence in patients with mental illness in remission.

Qualitative research on outpatients' explanatory models / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

<b><i>Abstract</i></b><br><b>Introduction</b> : The purpose of this study was to identify the function of outpatients' explanatory models by qualitative research.<br><b>Methods</b> : Medical records of ninety one patients from our department were investigated from 1st September 2011 to 28th February 2012 inclusive, and were analyzed by the modified grounded theory approach.<br><b>Results</b> : The explanatory models were categorized into three groups according to their narrative, which included the following : Diagnostic model, Pathological model and Psycho-social model. Patients in the psycho-social model had no organic diseases except one pneumonia case. In the other two models, one half of the patients had organic diseases. However, the patients' self-diagnoses were frequently incorrect. We considered that their diagnostically incorrect narratives contained potential hidden messages. We therefore generated an hypothesis that patients projected their cognitive images onto the diseases they suspected.<br><b>Conclusion</b> : We consider that a patient's self-diagnosis, such as cancer or cerebral infarction, appears to contain both medical information and a metaphorical message. Further investigation is needed to understand the meaning of such hidden messages.

Un modelo explicativo de resiliencia en jovenes y adolescentes / An explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents / Um modelo explicativo de resiliência em jovens e adolescentes

La resiliencia ha sido definida como la capacidad para superar y salir fortalecido de las adversidades. Esta capacidad es evolutiva y es influenciada por factores protectivos, tanto personales como ambientales. Si bien muchos de estos factores han sido identificados, poco se sabe acerca de las complejas interacciones entre ellos y la forma que contribuyen al desarrollo de la resiliencia. Con base en la evidencia científica más reciente, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo explicativo de la resiliencia en jóvenes y adolescentes. Cada variable introducida en el modelo asienta sus bases en la evidencia teórica o empírica publicada. Por la naturaleza de las variables incluidas (optimismo, sentido del humor, emociones positivas, bienestar, inteligencia emocional), el modelo propuesto se enmarca dentro de los lineamientos de la Psicología Positiva. Se ofrecen sugerencias teóricas, metodológicas y epistemológicas para poner a prueba el modelo...

Resilience has been defined as the ability to overcome and emerge stronger from adversity. This capability is evolutionary and is influenced by protective factors, both personal and environmental. Although many of these factors have been identified, little is known about the complex interactions between them and the way that they contribute to the development of resilience. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the objective of this work was to develop an explanatory model of resilience in youth and adolescents. Each variable introduced in the model is rooted in theoretical or empirical evidence published. By the nature of the variables included (optimism, sense of humor, positive emotions, well-being, emotional intelligence), the proposed model fits within the guidelines of Positive Psychology. Theoretical, methodological, and epistemological suggestions are offered to test the model.

Tem-se definido resiliência como a capacidade de superar as adversidades e sair delas mais fortalecido. Esta capacidade é evolutiva e é influenciada por fatores de proteção tanto pessoal como ambiental. Embora muitos desses fatores tenham sido identificados, pouco se sabe sobre as complexas interações entre eles e a maneira como contribuem para o desenvolvimento da resiliência. O bjetivo destes trabalho foi desenvolver, com base nos últimos dados científicos, um modelo explicativo da resiliência em jovens e adolescentes. Cada variável introduzida no modelo está enraizada na prova teórica ou empírica publicada. Pela natureza das variáveis incluídas (otimismo, senso de humor, emoções positivas, bem-estar e inteligência emocional), o modelo proposto enquadra-se nas diretrizes da Psicologia Positiva. Sugestões teóricas, metodológicas e epistemológicas são oferecidas para testar o modelo.

Análisis crítico del Modelo de Variación Ciega y Retención Selectiva de la Creatividad / Review of the Blind Variation and Selective Retention Model of Creativity

Se informa una revisión bibliográfica realizada acerca de uno de los modelos explicativos de la creatividad desde la teoría darwiniana, el Modelo de Variación Ciega y Retención Selectiva (Blind Variation and Selective Retention -BVSR). Este modelo se encuentra inscripto en el darwinismo secundario, el cual utiliza la teoría darwiniana metafóricamente, aplicándola a los procesos cognitivos involucrados en el proceso creativo. Uno de los principales exponentes de este modelo es Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b) quien, a partir del modelo inicialmente planteado por Campbell (1960), ha desarrollado diferentes modificaciones, ampliando sus características y alcances. El estudio realizado se propuso examinar los aportes y evidencias presentadas por Simonton al modelo de BVSR, así como también, las objeciones y críticas realizadas por algunos autores reconocidos en el área de la creatividad tales como Beghetto y Plucker (2007), Gardner (1999), Martindale (1999), Mumford y Antes (2007), Russ (1999), Sternberg (1999) y Weisberg y Hass (2007).

The main objective of this work was to examine some of the most relevant articles on the blind variation and selective retention model of creativity (BVSR) presented by Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b). The BVSR model is an explanatory model of creativity grounded in a larger theoretical framework known as secondary Darwinism. Darwinian theories of creativity can be classified in two groups (Feist, 2001; Simonton, 1999a, 2005). The first group, known as primary Darwinism or primary theories of Darwinism, is directly connected with Darwin's original formulation of biological evolution (Simonton, 2005). The principal purpose of primary theories is to understand the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of species whose members are able to show creative behavior. In other words, primary theories attempt to explain how creative and aesthetic skills emerge in the human being, focusing the attention on the origin and evolution of those behaviors. On the other hand, Secondary Darwinism, "holds that creativity operates in a fashion analogous to the Darwinian Theory of Biological Evolution" (Simonton, 2005, p. 299). In this sense, the BVSR model of creativity applies Metaphorically the Darwinian Theory to the cognitive processes involved in creativity. Thus, the mechanisms underlying the generation of new ideas are similar to the mechanisms that explain biological evolution in Darwinian terms. One of the leading expert of this model is Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b), who has expanded and redefined some of the main issues considered by the original model raised by Campbell (1960). Both, Campbell as Simonton suggest that there is no teleology in the creative process as well as discovering new ideas. It's for this reason they call their Blind Variation and Selective Retention model (BVSR). The attribute of blind is intended to highlight the lack of foresight in the production of variations: the inability to generative deliberately more adaptive variations. Thus, according to Campbell's theory (1960), for the production of genuinely new knowledge is essential to generate blind variations. Simonton (1999a, 1999b, 2005, 2007a, 2007b) takes the BVSR model and suggest throughout his studies and publications some modifications that extend the original model proposed by Campbell. In this sense, this article proposes to review some contributions and evidence presented by Simonton in the last decade. Then, five of the most crucial objections are examined (individual volition, social and cultural determinism, human rationality, expertise and human emotion). In order to achieve this goal, the criticisms made by some recognized authors in the area of psychology of creativity were considered, such as: Beghetto and Plucker (2007), Gardner (1999), Martindale (1999), Mumford and Antes (2007), Russ (1999), Sternberg (1999), Weisberg and Hass (2007). Finally, taking into account the ups and downs of creative ideas when confronted with reality, it is stressed Martindale's (1999) suggestion about whether it would be desirable to take into consideration the Lamarckian perspective of evolution rather than Darwinian perspective. Maybe the fact that some ideas are selected and changed over the time, it is not the result of a blind variation process but an artificial selection process according to the purposes or objectives set previously, either by the creators, either by the social group they belong to. In this sense, Csikszentmihalyi (1996/1998) has pointed out that creativity should be understand not only as an individual's process, but as a dialectical process that take place between the individual, the domain and the field.

The Use of Professional Health Care Systems among the Elderly in Rural Communities / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This ethnography is aimed at describing the health care seeking behavior of elderly details in their socio-cultural context. The research question is "under what conditions did elderly informants decide to use certain professional health care services and how do they make use of all the available resources?" METHOD: 10 sessions of fieldwork were conducted in the two agricultural villages between Sep. 1999 and Oct. 2002. The data for this paper came from participant observation with 14 informants. In the process of analysis I used proxemic and taxonomic techniques. RESULT: Informants decided to use a certain health care system according to their folk definition of illness. They prefer to use the health services where they felt more comfortable and free. They wished to be care from intuitive and holistic healers. Social network and having health resources was also important factor. CONCLUSION: We need more comprehensive research model to reach a plausible explanation. Combined qualitative-quantitative research is needed to get practical data to develop effective health care systems for the elderly.